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Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
A Review Of The Toxicity Of Ingredients In E-Cigarettes, Including Those Ingredients Having The Fda's "Generally Recognized As Safe (Gras)" Regulatory Status For Use In Food., Nada O F Kassem, Robert M. Strongin, Andrea M. Stroup, Marielle C. Brinkman, Ahmad El-Hellani, Hanno C. Erythropel, Arash Etemadi, Vernat Exil, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Noura O. Kassem, Theodore P. Klupinski, Sandy Liles, Thivanka Muthumalage, Alexandra Noël, David H. Peyton, Qixin Wang, Multiple Additional Authors
A Review Of The Toxicity Of Ingredients In E-Cigarettes, Including Those Ingredients Having The Fda's "Generally Recognized As Safe (Gras)" Regulatory Status For Use In Food., Nada O F Kassem, Robert M. Strongin, Andrea M. Stroup, Marielle C. Brinkman, Ahmad El-Hellani, Hanno C. Erythropel, Arash Etemadi, Vernat Exil, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Noura O. Kassem, Theodore P. Klupinski, Sandy Liles, Thivanka Muthumalage, Alexandra Noël, David H. Peyton, Qixin Wang, Multiple Additional Authors
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
Some firms and marketers of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; a type of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS)) and refill liquids (e-liquids) have made claims about the safety of ingredients used in their products based on the term "GRAS or Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS). However, GRAS is a provision within the definition of a food additive under section 201(s) (21 U.S.C. 321(s)) of the U.S. Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). Food additives and GRAS substances are by the FD&C Act definition intended for use in food, thus safety is based on oral consumption; the term GRAS cannot serve …
Chemical And Physiological Interactions Between E-Liquid Constituents: Cause For Concern?, Robert M. Strongin, Eva Sharma, Hanno C. Erythropel, Nada O F Kassem, Alexandra Noël, D H. Peyton, Irfan Rahman
Chemical And Physiological Interactions Between E-Liquid Constituents: Cause For Concern?, Robert M. Strongin, Eva Sharma, Hanno C. Erythropel, Nada O F Kassem, Alexandra Noël, D H. Peyton, Irfan Rahman
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
Studies of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) toxicity have largely focused on individual components such as flavour additives, base e-liquid ingredients (propylene glycol, glycerol), device characteristics (eg, model, components, wattage), use behaviour, etc. However, vaping involves inhalation of chemical mixtures and interactions between compounds can occur that can lead to different toxicities than toxicity of the individual components. Methods based on the additive toxicity of individual chemical components to estimate the health risks of complex mixtures can result in the overestimation or underestimation of exposure risks, since interactions between components are under-investigated. In the case of ENDS, the potential of …
Comparison Of Emissions Across Tobacco Products: A Slippery Slope In Tobacco Control, Ahmad El-Hellani, Ayomipo Adeniji, Hanno C. Erythropel, Thomas Lamb, Qixin Wang, Vladimir Mikheev, Robert Strongin, Multiple Additional Authors
Comparison Of Emissions Across Tobacco Products: A Slippery Slope In Tobacco Control, Ahmad El-Hellani, Ayomipo Adeniji, Hanno C. Erythropel, Thomas Lamb, Qixin Wang, Vladimir Mikheev, Robert Strongin, Multiple Additional Authors
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
In this narrative review, we highlight the challenges of comparing emissions from different tobacco products under controlled laboratory settings (using smoking/ vaping machines). We focus on tobacco products that generate inhalable smoke or aerosol, such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. We discuss challenges associated with sample generation including variability of smoking/vaping machines, lack of standardized adaptors that connect smoking/vaping machines to different tobacco products, puffing protocols that are not representative of actual use, and sample generation session length (minutes or number of puffs) that depends on product characteristics. We also discuss the challenges of physically …
Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, And Nicotine In Unused And Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years And Effects Of Ph, Monique Williams, Wentai Luo, Kevin J. Mcwhirter, Omeka Ikegbu, Prue Talbot
Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, And Nicotine In Unused And Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5–10 Years And Effects Of Ph, Monique Williams, Wentai Luo, Kevin J. Mcwhirter, Omeka Ikegbu, Prue Talbot
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
The concentrations of elements/metals, nicotine, flavor chemicals and acids were compared in the e-liquids of unused and used first-generation electronic cigarettes (ECs) that were stored for 5–10 years. Metal analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; nicotine and flavor chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Of the 22 elements analyzed, 10 (aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, zinc) were often found in the e-liquids. Five elements had the highest average concentrations: copper (1161.6 mg/L), zinc (295.8 mg/L), tin (287.6 mg/L), nickel (71.1 mg/L), and lead (50.3 mg/L). Nicotine concentrations were always lower …
A First-Tier Framework For Assessing Toxicological Risk From Vaporized Cannabis Concentrates, Shawna Vreeke, David M. Faulkner, Robert Strongin, Echoleah Rufer
A First-Tier Framework For Assessing Toxicological Risk From Vaporized Cannabis Concentrates, Shawna Vreeke, David M. Faulkner, Robert Strongin, Echoleah Rufer
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
Vaporization is an increasingly prevalent means to consume cannabis, but there is little guidance for manufacturers or regulators to evaluate additive safety. This paper presents a first-tier framework for regulators and cannabis manufacturers without significant toxicological expertise to conduct risk assessments and prioritize additives in cannabis concentrates for acceptance, elimination, or further evaluation. Cannabinoids and contaminants (e.g., solvents, pesticides, etc.) are excluded from this framework because of the complexity involved in their assessment; theirs would not be a first-tier toxicological assessment. Further, several U.S. state regulators have provided guidance for major cannabinoids and contaminants. Toxicological risk assessment of cannabis concentrate …
Chemical Interactions And Cytotoxicity Of Terpene And Diluent Vaping Ingredients, Yanira Baldovinos, Alexandra Archer, James C. Salamanca, Robert M. Strongin, Christie Sayes
Chemical Interactions And Cytotoxicity Of Terpene And Diluent Vaping Ingredients, Yanira Baldovinos, Alexandra Archer, James C. Salamanca, Robert M. Strongin, Christie Sayes
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
Vaping devices have risen in popularity since their inception in 2007. The practice involves using a variety of commercially available devices. Internal heating systems in devices aerosolize e-liquid formulations of complex mixtures including an active ingredient (e.g., THC, CBD, and nicotine), diluents (or cutting agents), solvents, and flavoring agents (e.g., terpenes and aldehydes). The vaping toxicology literature consists of cytotoxicity studies of individual chemicals and commercial formulas. Because of the variation of e-liquid composition, there is a limited understanding of the toxicity of ingredient combinations. This study analyzed the cytotoxic effects after exposure to individual and binary mixtures of a …
A Simple Predictive Model For Estimating Relative E-Cigarette Toxic Carbonyl Levels, Shawna Vreeke, Xijing Zhu, Robert Strongin
A Simple Predictive Model For Estimating Relative E-Cigarette Toxic Carbonyl Levels, Shawna Vreeke, Xijing Zhu, Robert Strongin
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
E-cigarette devices are wide ranging, leading to significant differences in levels of toxic carbonyls in their respective aerosols. Power can be a useful method in predicting relative toxin concentrations within the same device, but does not correlate well to inter-device levels. Herein, we have developed a simple mathematical model utilizing parameters of an e-cigarette’s coil and wick in order to predict relative levels of e-liquid solvent degradation. Model 1, which is coil length/(wick surface area*wraps), performed in the moderate-to-substantial range as a predictive tool (R2 = 0.69). Twelve devices, spanning a range of coil and wick styles, were analyzed. …
Toxic Ketene Gas Forms On Vaping Vitamin E Acetate Prompting Interest In Its Possible Role In The Evali Outbreak, Robert Strongin
Toxic Ketene Gas Forms On Vaping Vitamin E Acetate Prompting Interest In Its Possible Role In The Evali Outbreak, Robert Strongin
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
Recent efforts by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and state authorities have led to the determination that vitamin E acetate (VEA) is strongly associated with e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) (1). VEA has been found in nearly all patient lung fluid samples analyzed and not observed in lung fluid from healthy cohorts. Despite strong evidence linking VEA to EVALI, its putative role as a causative agent has yet to be determined. To address the key issue of whether VEA is a just marker or a significant mediator …
A Simple Predictive Model For Estimating Relative E-Cigarette Toxic Carbonyl Levels, Shawna Vreeke, Xijing Zhu, Robert Strongin
A Simple Predictive Model For Estimating Relative E-Cigarette Toxic Carbonyl Levels, Shawna Vreeke, Xijing Zhu, Robert Strongin
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
E-cigarette devices are wide ranging, leading to significant differences in levels of toxic carbonyls in their respective aerosols. Power can be a useful method in predicting relative toxin concentrations within the same device, but does not correlate well to inter-device levels. Herein, we have developed a simple mathematical model utilizing parameters of an e-cigarette’s coil and wick in order to predict relative levels of e-liquid solvent degradation. Model 1, which is coil length/(wick surface area*wraps), performed in the moderate-to-substantial range as a predictive tool (R2 = 0.69). Twelve devices, spanning a range of coil and wick styles, were analyzed. Model …
E-Cigarette Chemistry And Analytical Detection, Robert M. Strongin
E-Cigarette Chemistry And Analytical Detection, Robert M. Strongin
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
The study of e-cigarette aerosol properties can inform public health while longer-term epidemiological investigations are ongoing. The determination of aerosol levels of known toxins, as well as of molecules with unknown inhalation toxicity profiles, affords specific information for estimating the risks of e-cigarettes and for uncovering areas that should be prioritized for further investigation.
E-Cigarettes Can Emit Formaldehyde At High Levels Under Conditions That Have Been Reported To Be Non-Averse To Users, James C. Salamanca, Jiries Meehan-Attrash, Shawna Vreeke, Jorge O. Escobedo, David H. Peyton, Robert M. Strongin
E-Cigarettes Can Emit Formaldehyde At High Levels Under Conditions That Have Been Reported To Be Non-Averse To Users, James C. Salamanca, Jiries Meehan-Attrash, Shawna Vreeke, Jorge O. Escobedo, David H. Peyton, Robert M. Strongin
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
E-cigarette aerosol emission studies typically focus on benchmarking toxicant levels versus those of cigarettes. However, such studies do not fully account for the distinct chemical makeup of e-liquids and their unique properties. These approaches often conclude that there are fewer and lower levels of toxins produced by e-cigarettes than by cigarettes. In 2015, we reported the discovery of new hemiacetals derived from the reaction of formaldehyde and the e-liquid solvents. The main finding was that they constituted a significant proportion of potentially undetected formaldehyde. Moreover, unlike gaseous formaldehyde, the hemiacetals reside in the aerosol particulate phase, and thus are capable …
E‑Cigarette Airflow Rate Modulates Toxicant Profiles And Can Lead To Concerning Levels Of Solvent Consumption, Tetiana Korzun, Maryana Lazurko, Tetiana Korzun, Ian Munhenzva, Kelley Barsanti, Yilin Huang, R. Paul Jensen, Jorge O. Escobedo, Wentai Luo, David H. Peyton, Robert M. Strongin
E‑Cigarette Airflow Rate Modulates Toxicant Profiles And Can Lead To Concerning Levels Of Solvent Consumption, Tetiana Korzun, Maryana Lazurko, Tetiana Korzun, Ian Munhenzva, Kelley Barsanti, Yilin Huang, R. Paul Jensen, Jorge O. Escobedo, Wentai Luo, David H. Peyton, Robert M. Strongin
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
Electronic cigarettes enabling enhanced airflow have grown in popularity in recent years. The objective of this study is to show that flow rates modulate the levels of specific aerosol toxicants produced in electronic cigarettes. Flow rates used in various laboratory investigations involving e-cigarettes have varied widely to date, and can thus promote interlaboratory variability in aerosol product profiles. The thermal decomposition of hydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde is less favorable at lower temperatures, supporting the observations of these products at higher flow rates/lower heating coil temperatures. Higher temperatures promote the formation of acetaldehyde from hydroxyacetone and formaldehyde from both hydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde. …
Boiling Points Of The Propylene Glycol + Glycerol System At 1 Atmosphere Pressure: 188.6–292 °C Without And With Added Water Or Nicotine, Anna K. Duell, James F. Pankow, Samantha M. Gillette, David H. Peyton
Boiling Points Of The Propylene Glycol + Glycerol System At 1 Atmosphere Pressure: 188.6–292 °C Without And With Added Water Or Nicotine, Anna K. Duell, James F. Pankow, Samantha M. Gillette, David H. Peyton
Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations
No abstract provided.