Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Boron Phosphate And Aluminum Phosphate Aerogels, David A. Lindquist, Steven M. Poindexter, Sterling S. Rooke, D. Ritchie Stockdale, Kirk B. Babb, Alison L. Smoot, William E. Young

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Anhydrous sol-gel condensation of triethyl phosphate [(CH3CH2O)3PO] with boron trichloride (BCL3 ) or triethyl aluminum [(CH3CH2 ) 3A1] in organic solvents, led to formation of metallophosphate gels. The pore fluid of the gels was removed under supercritical conditions in a pressurized vessel to form aerogels. The aerogels were then calcined at progressively higher temperatures to produce high surface area phosphates. Since the initial gel reagent mixtures contained several NMR active nuclei, the condensation chemistry prior to the gel point was monitored by solution nB NMR. The surface areas, distribution of pore sizes, and total pore volumes of the aerogel products …

Merging Conservation With Production In Remnant Bush, Anne Morgan, Alison Fuss

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Exports of cutflowers and foliage from Western Australia are now worth about $17 million a year. A third of this is picked from the bush, either on Crown Land or areas of remnant bush on private property. While the industry's future lies in cultivation, bush picking is likely to remain important for some years. This can provide both extra income for farmers and benefit the environment - as long as care is taken

Lupin Stubbles : Getting The Best With Weaner Sheep, Keith Croker, Colin Mcdonald, Jeremy Allen

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Sweet lupins are now grown on about a million hectares in Western Australia each year. If half of the State's seven million weaners were grazed as recommended on half of the lupin stubbles, it could generate about $15 million from reduced supplementary feeding, greater wool production and other advantages. But correct management is important, particularly knowing when to take weaners out. Research by the Department over the last five years is now indicating how this should be done.

Cover - Table Of Contents

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

Front Matter

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

Influence Of Reduced Leaching On Growth Of Seedlings Of Black Locust Inoculated With Rhizobia, William R. Graves, Sandra R. Anfinson

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Seedlings of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were inoculated with compatible rhizobia and irrigated twice each week with solution containing either 50 or 150 mg nitrogen/L. Leaching fraction treatments of 0, 0.2, or 0.4 were maintained for 6 weeks. Seedlings supplied 50 mg nitrogen/L grew poorly compared co planes supplied 150 mg nitrogen/L regardless of leaching fraction. Dry masses of shoots and of entire planes were lower for seedlings in the 0 and 0.2 leaching fraction treatments compared with chose in the 0.4 treatment. Neither leaching fraction nor applied nitrogen concentration appeared co affect the number of nodules per plant, …

Age And Developmental History Of Iowa Fens, C. A. Thompson, E. A. Bettis Iii

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Iowa fens are small, mineorotrophic peatlands maintained by shallow groundwater. Eighteen fen sites located across northern Iowa were mapped and radiocarbon dated to assess the timing of initial peat accumulation. The radiocarbon ages span the Holocene, ranging from 1,240 to 10,900 B.P.; however most fens postdate 5,000 yr B.P. The dominance of late-Holocene ages suggests that Holocene climatic change may have strongly influenced the record of peat accumulation. During the mid-Holocene Iowa was warmer and drier than at present, and peat was degraded or accumulated slowly in fens. The range of ages also implies that the commencement and subsequent rate …

Some Conjectures Concerning Triangular Numbers, Bruce Brandt

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Strong empirical evidence supports conjectures that certain number patterns always hold. These patterns concern the function cr, defined by the equation cr(n) = n - m2, m2 being the nearest square to n, on the domain of the triangular numbers. Triangular squares or triangular numbers of the form m2+m are also mentioned in most of the conjectures. One of the conjectures, for example, is that the sum of cr over the triangular numbers up to a triangular square is 0. Some of these patterns can be described by strings of symbols, such as "S" and "L," formed by first writing …

Supplement To "Some Conjectures Concerning Triangular Numbers", Bruce Brandt

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

In a previous paper (1), I stated many conjectures about triangular numbers. Since submitting that paper I have discovered many more results, including generalizations, which are presented here.

Variations In Meteorological Elements During Three Minnesota Partial Eclipses, L. E. Newman, J. E. Ljungkull, D. G. Baker, D. L. Ruschy, J. A. Zandlo

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

The University of Minnesota climatological observatory on the St. Paul campus has been in the path of four partial eclipses, ranging from 500/4 to 91 % of totality (the area of the covered sun) since operations began in 1960. Three of the four partial eclipses occurred while the atmosphere at St. Paul was essentially cloud-free. Measurements made during the three partial eclipses include incoming and reflected solar radiation, incoming and outgoing longwave radiation, air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction. Of the partial eclipses for which the effects could be measured, only the one of 30 …

The Importance Of Understanding Climate And The Use Of Climate Information, Stanley A. Changnon

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

In this paper, the interrelated issues of understanding climate and its importance are addressed through consideration of three factors. Considered first are the general views of climate, as seen by three principal groups who deal with climatic conditions; the public, the weather-sensitive sectors, and the scientific community. The second consideration is how the atmospheric sciences community and climatologists specifically, have helped society function. Finally, activities and knowledge of climate which are changing over time, are assessed. I want to stress these are views· developed over 43 years as an atmospheric scientist. I have had the privilege of conducting a wide …

Building A Research Community For Outdoor Education (Preface), Anderson B. Young

Research in Outdoor Education

A preface to the journal "Research in Outdoor Education," volume 2 is presented by the author on behalf of the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors (CEO) Research Committee.

Outdoor Education Research: Implications For Social/Educational And Natural Resource Policy, Alan Ewert, Leo Mcavoy

Research in Outdoor Education

This paper discusses the relationships between outdoor education and public policy from the perspectives of natural resource management and social/educational systems. We present a historical and contempo­rary look at policy issues and conclude with recommendations on how the field of outdoor education can have a greater impact in the area of public policy.

(Keynote Presentation)

The Influence Of Outdoor Education On Curriculum Integration: A Case Study, Bert Horwood

Research in Outdoor Education

An ethnographic study of a high school program showed three factors from the outdoor component that enhanced curriculum integration: the inescapable consequences of students decisions in the outdoors, personal growth, and the sense of wonder experienced by students in their encounters with themselves and the natural world.

Front Matter, Coalition For Education In The Outdoors (Ceo)

Research in Outdoor Education

The Coalition for Education in the Outdoors initiated a Research Task Force in 1990 with the purpose of supporting the conduct of research in the field and the dissemination of the results. The symposium at Bradford Woods and these Proceedings offer evidence of the success of this task force. At the first symposium in 1992, there was general agreement that the symposium be a regular occurrence. The 1994 Symposium and these Proceedings are indicators of the Coalition's continued support of research in outdoor education. Information on future events will be available through the Coalition Office.

This article includes the Editors, …

Multicultural Education Through Shared Adventure, Alan N. Wright

Research in Outdoor Education

This paper explores a framework for using adventure education methods to achieve the multicultural edu­cation goals of increased understanding of one's own cultural heritage and a reduction in prejudice toward others. A cultural identity self is proposed for self-concept models. Prejudice reduction for shared adven­ture is expected based on the contact hypothesis and cooperative learning research.

The Relationship Of Continuum Scaling Scores And Certainty Scaling Scores On The Outdoor Situational Fear Inventory, Anderson B. Young, Thomas Quinn, Thomas W. Steele

Research in Outdoor Education

This study examined the reliability and relationship of two methods of scaling the Outdoor Situational Fear Inventory-continuum scaling and the more easily scored certainty method of scaling. With either scaling method, the OSFI and its subscales were reliable as measured by Cronbach's alpha. The relation­ships of the two instruments' overall and subscale scores were strong.

The Great Outdoors And Beyond: Common Threads In Leadership Training On Land, In The Air, And In Space, Cheryl Irwin, Maurice Phipps

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate a systematic approach to learning leadership in the outdoors. A single-case design was used with an expert from a related field taking part in an expedition using the Experiential Leadership Education approach to learn the "people" skills of leadership.

Outward Bound: The Congruence Of Principles And Practice, Cheryl A. Estes

Research in Outdoor Education

A questionnaire was developed to determine how well principles were conveyed during standard courses at two Outward Bound schools. Results showed that the principles of the schools were important and conveyed. Comparisons showed some differences in perception regarding the principles of compassion, cooperation, en­vironmental awareness, and service. Recommendations for further research were made.

Moods Of Outdoor Short Course Participants, Chris Cashel

Research in Outdoor Education

A purpose of this study was to demon­strate the cycle of mood states displayed by outdoor short course participants. It was hy­pothesized that participants on short courses experience fluctuations of mood states. Moods would follow a predictable cycle and will complete a range of moods. Mood states were assessed using the POMS (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971).

The Status Of Evaluation In Aca Accredited Camping Programs, Karla A. Henderson, M. Deborah Bialeschki

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this descriptive evaluation project was to determine the current status of evaluation in American Camping Association accredited camps. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from a systematic random sample of camps. The results showed that camp directors placed emphasis on evaluations for helping them improve various aspects of the camp related to staff, program, facilities, and/or administration.

Learning About Ethical Outdoor Leadership, Karen Fox, Mark Reed

Research in Outdoor Education

Outdoor adventure programming has responded to changing societal and individ­ual needs by enlarging the goals and objec­tives of programs beyond the boundaries of the outdoor trip. Program missions, goals and objectives regularly include integrating people with and without disabilities, rein­forcing appropriate school and societal be­haviour in youth at risk, enhancing the self­ esteem of young people, teaching environ­mentally sound behaviour, and enhancing restorative healing for women survivors of abuse and people with terminal illness. These broader goals and objectives place different demands upon the outdoor leader and situate an outdoor trip within a larger context. This larger context connects out­door …

Moods Of 3-Week And 5-Week Outdoor Expedition Participants, Pamela E. Foti, Suzanne R. Daiss

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this research project was to investigate and document the cycle of mood states displayed by outdoor recreation expedition participants. It was hypothesized that an individual's moods pass through a predictable cycle during the beginning, middle, and end phases of a 3-week to 5-week outdoor expedition.This cycle would include fluctuations in mood states such as anger/hostility, confusion/bewilderment, de­pression/dejection, fatigue, tension/anxiety, and vigor. It was anticipated that ten­sion/anxiety would be high in the beginning, medium to high in the middle, and then low at the end. Depression/dejection was ex­pected to be low in the beginning, high in the middle, …

Anxiety And Outdoor Adventure: A Study Of State Anxiety And Activity Performance, Ben F. Tholkes

Research in Outdoor Education

This study explored the relationship between participant anxiety and perfor­mance in an outdoor adventure activity (a high ropes course). It has been widely sug­gested that a correlation exists between anxiety and performance of complex motor tasks during a physical activity (Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990).

Methods, Measures, And Madness: Possiblities For Outdoor Education Research, Karla Henderson, Karen Fox

Research in Outdoor Education

In this keynote presentation, the authors outlined the "Top Ten Reasons Why We Need More and Better Outdoor Education Research Methods and Measures" as the basis for our further discussion.

Wilderness Leadershiptraining:Influence On Judgment And Decision Making, Mike Mcgowan, Rogene Mckiernan

Research in Outdoor Education

A repeated measures design was used to examine changes in the level of moral deci­sion making attributed to participation in the ECOEE field studies program.

How Deep Ecology And Critical Social Theory Come Together In Outdoor Travel Guiding: On Thediscovery Of Being A Researcher, Bob Henderson

Research in Outdoor Education

The author describes planned research:

With 10 years of reviewing and keeping selections from the travel journals of over 50 trips, winter and summer, it seems appropri­ate at this time to address an Outdoor Edu­cation Research Symposium with a story of realization and research findings that speak to a liberation from oppressive cultural forces for a radically new conception of self (of "being a researcher"). Influences of nar­rative inquiry, emancipatory research, fem­inist theory and perspectival heuristic studies are all involved in shaping the ways of knowing, ways of teaching, and ways of valuing presented here as a new approach to …

On Evaluating Environmental Education, Ilka List

Research in Outdoor Education

Are we doing what we think we are doing in our outdoor environmental education programs? We need answers in order to improve our programs, as well as to convince funding organizations that we de­serve their money. Although most funding agencies know how difficult it is to evaluate qualitative experience, they still ask us to try. I think that children's art can provide such a tool. Although many people are not at all familiar with interpreting children's art, the skill is not difficult to learn, and the artwork reveals a great deal.

Reconnecting With Nature: A Vision For The Future, Coalition For Education In The Outdoors (Ceo)

Research in Outdoor Education

Conference Announcement for the Second Coalition for Education in the Outdoors National Conference held in October, 1994.

Camp Peregrine Research: An Investigation Of The Development Of Environmental Empathy, Diana Sweet Wilson

Research in Outdoor Education

Our research goal at Mohonk Preserve' s Camp Peregrine during the past five years has been to discover bet­ter ways to give children opportunity to experience the environment that results in a deep empathy for the organisms and their physical habitats. Empathy for non-human characters involves the focusing of attention on the other and the assumption of the role of the other, as well as cognitive activities that lead to understanding of the other's sit­uati9n (Hoffman, 1993). We link adventure, scientific inquiry, and storytelling to ac­complish these goals.