Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

1976

Environmental Health and Protection

Articles 31 - 56 of 56

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters Mar 1976

Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Predictive and conceptual models are used to examine the contamination, toxicology, and residues of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in relation to its application in vertebrate pest control programs on forest and pastoral lands.

As a pesticide, the toxin appears to be neither mobile nor persistent. Exceedingly slender opportunities exist therefore for significant contamination of susceptible components of the environment.

Go to article

Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie Mar 1976

Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

A review of the literature reveals that over 60 chemicals have been used for the capture of wild animals, but only 30 of the most widely used chemicals are discussed in the present paper. For practical considerations these chemicals can be classified as being either (l) neuromuscular blocking agents, or (2) central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Some common neuromuscular blocking agents are d-tubocurarine, gallamine, succiny1choline, and nicotine. M99 and its derivatives, phencyclidine, and xylazine are some of the more commonly used CNS depressants. Neuromuscular blocking agents have a relatively rapid onset and short duration of action but they do not …

Go to article

Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima Mar 1976

Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Current rodent control practices for the Hawaiian sugar industry revolve around the use of single grain baits containing anticoagulants in bait stations and zinc phosphide for aerial applications. Neither type of control programs as they are now applied has been very effective against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) which is becoming a major problem species for the industry. As a result, we have sought a more effective anticoagulant, to which the Norway rat is more susceptible, and an improved method of bait distribution. With knowledge of the month-to-month variation in the field rodents' gestation rate, a new control …

Go to article

The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson Mar 1976

The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

The justification and economics of the operational animal damage control program in California as conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are discussed. Emphasis is given to the necessity for use of the steel trap. Nearly 83 percent of the depredators are taken by trapping. Annual agricultural losses due to predation were estimated at $4.7 million in California for Fiscal Year 1975. The projected cost-benefit ratio was 1:3.9.

Go to article

The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade Mar 1976

The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Private aerial hunting of predators for protection of livestock began before 1925 in the western United States. Apparently, it was first used in professional control programs in 1942. Inclement weather, dense vegetation and rough terrain are limiting factors and helicopters are more versatile than fixed-wing aircraft. When it can be employed, aerial hunting is unsurpassed as an immediate control method where livestock losses are severe and the need for control is urgent.

Go to article

The Role Of Private Consultants In Vertebrate Pest Problems In Canada, D.E. Alsager Mar 1976

The Role Of Private Consultants In Vertebrate Pest Problems In Canada, D.E. Alsager

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

An in depth look at the principal requirements of an orderly and systematic approach to vertebrate pest problems in Canada is presented (Part I) as a prerequisite to a proposed theoretical model illustrating the involvement of various agencies. A model depicting how these agencies could best utilize their available resources towards the development of improved vertebrate pest control technology is presented in Part II. The involvement of private consultants in vertebrate pestology is relatively new (and perhaps unappreciated), yet offers substantial potential in the development of selected facets of the vertebrate pest field. The proposed roles of other agencies are …

Go to article

Laboratory And Field Investigations With Difenacoum, A Promising New Rodenticide, John O. Bull Mar 1976

Laboratory And Field Investigations With Difenacoum, A Promising New Rodenticide, John O. Bull

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Difenacoum is a new rodenticide recently introduced on the British market; it is one of the most potent of a series of hydroxycoumarin-based anticoagulants. Difenacoum is effective against laboratory rats and mice resistant to conventional anticoagulants and has a marked selectivity in favor of non-target species. Vitamin K1 is an effective antidote and the hazard of secondary poisoning is minimal. Laboratory and field trials confirm difenacoum's efficacy against wild resistant strains. Further work is in progress to evaluate the efficacy of difenacoum against other rodent pest species.

Go to article

4-Aminopyrioine For Protecting Crops From Birds-A Current Review, Jerome F. Besser Mar 1976

4-Aminopyrioine For Protecting Crops From Birds-A Current Review, Jerome F. Besser

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

4-aminopyridine, a chemical frightening agent, has proved effective for protecting field corn, sweet corn, sunflowers, peanuts, and pecans from attack by birds, chiefly blackbirds. Problems in more effective use of the product, Avitrol FC Corn Chops 99, by growers include restricted availability; a restricted number of certified applicators, few of whom have the time to attain an adequate knowledge of bird damage problems and to put forth a concerted and maintained baiting effort that is necessary to obtain the best results; a weakness in use directions that causes much of the bait to be squandered or used less effectively; and …

Go to article

Experimental Use Of Sodium Cyanide Spring-Loaded Ejector Mechanism For Coyote Control In California, Jerry P. Clark Mar 1976

Experimental Use Of Sodium Cyanide Spring-Loaded Ejector Mechanism For Coyote Control In California, Jerry P. Clark

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, as amended, granted the California Department of Food and Agriculture an experimental permit to obtain data to support registration of sodium cyanide as a predacide. The program was implemented by the Tehama County Department of Agriculture. The experimental permit provided for use of not more than 300 sodium cyanide spring-loaded ejector mechanisms (SCSLEM) and 1,800 sodium cyanide capsules. The permit was issued April 1, 1974 and expired June 1, 1975.

The program objectives were to: (l) measure the usefulness of the SCSLEM as a method …

Go to article

Training For High School Students In Animal Damage Control, Stanley Christensen, Clark P. Allen Mar 1976

Training For High School Students In Animal Damage Control, Stanley Christensen, Clark P. Allen

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

The training program was started in 1973 for students in Advance Agriculture Occupations classes. Several state and federal agencies were involved in the planning and have since been involved in the training program. The program stresses the practical approach with a variety of field work and related classroom work. Classroom work covers all problems involved in animal damage control. The program is still in the innovative stage, but it seems to be fulfilling a need.

Go to article

Conference Participants Mar 1976

Conference Participants

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

The Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference drew a registered attendance of 278, with an estimated additional 50-75 persons who attended portions of the conference but did not register. As in past conferences, the attendance was made up of individuals having varying interests in vertebrate pest control problems from thirty-six states plus the District of Columbia. Participants from Canada, Denmark, Egypt, England, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan and West Germany contributed greatly to the success of the conference and provided further exchange of information on an international level.

Go to article

Methiocarb: Its Current Status As A Bird Repellent, Frederick T. Crase, Richard W. Dehaven Mar 1976

Methiocarb: Its Current Status As A Bird Repellent, Frederick T. Crase, Richard W. Dehaven

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Studies by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the efficacy of methiocarb for reducing bird damage to sprouting corn, rice, soybeans, lettuce, and sugar beets, and to ripening rice, grain sorghum, wheat, cherries, grapes, and blueberries have shown it to be an effective, broad-spectrum bird repellent and crop protectant. The short-term plans of the Service for the further development and testing of methiocarb are reviewed. Also discussed is some of the rationale behind the use of chemical repellents to prevent agricultural damage by birds.

Go to article

Effects Of Building Design And Quality On Nuisance Bird Problems, Aelred D. Geis Mar 1976

Effects Of Building Design And Quality On Nuisance Bird Problems, Aelred D. Geis

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Breeding populations of nuisance bird species were related to various types, designs, and quality of building construction in Columbia, Maryland. Since there were differences in the various parts of this new, planned city in types, builders, and architectural designs, it affords an excellent opportunity to study the effect these factors have on bird populations. Breeding starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and pigeons (Columba livia) were unevenly distributed throughout the city, being concentrated in those specific areas with buildings having design or quality features that were favorable to these species. Specific examples of …

Go to article

Vampire Bat Control Programs In Latin America, Rodrigo Gonzalez, G. Clay Mitchell Mar 1976

Vampire Bat Control Programs In Latin America, Rodrigo Gonzalez, G. Clay Mitchell

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Studies in Mexico in 1972 showed that diphacinone (Diphenadione)1 (2-diphenylacetyl-1, 3-indandione) was effective in reducing both vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) populations and the incidence of bat-transmitted rabies in cattle. Two highly selective methods were developed: treating cattle systemically and treating vampire bats topically. Since 1972, Denver Wildlife Research Center personnel have assisted Latin American Ministries of Agriculture in developing control campaigns. Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Venezuela, and Nicaragua have either undertaken or are considering operational vampire bat control programs.

Go to article

Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill Mar 1976

Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Strychnine alkaloid baits were consumed by both captive and wild beaver without any apparent hesitation. An approximate minimal acute lethal dose of sodium monofluoro-acetate to beaver of mixed ages and sex was 0.202 mg/kg. Trapping beaver on four study area watersheds in Alabama with No. 330 conibear traps for approximately two weeks in winter during two successive years essentially eliminated beaver. Older individuals were trapped the first year, maturing juveniles and the remaining few adults were trapped the second year, and there was very little reproduction between the trapping periods. Trapping, with its recreational appeal, and income and food potential …

Go to article

The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett Mar 1976

The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

California State legislation as passed in 1971 established the Agricultural Pest Control Advisors Licensing program with the intent of providing agriculture with competent and professional personnel who make pest control recommendations. Today, nearly 4,000 advisors are licensed in California and approximately 1350 are licensed vertebrate pest control advisors. Recent amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act will add new responsibilities to the advisor by requiring certification of both private and commercial applicators throughout the U.S. beginning in 1977. More than one-half of the vertebrate pest control advisors are employed in agrichemical sales while the remainder are employed by …

Go to article

Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram Mar 1976

Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

The manner in which an experiment is conducted determines the inferences that can be made from the results of the analysis of the experiment. This paper emphasizes the critical need in pest-damage control (PDC) experiments for a detailed planning process (i.e., the design of experiments) by exampling improper designs that prohibit a researcher from making valid inferences about his hypotheses of interest. Emphasis is placed on identification of experimental units, determination of restrictions on the randomization procedure, and specification of treatment forms of pest control materials. A list of some specific actions to strengthen PDC experiments is given.

Go to article

Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little Mar 1976

Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

On behalf of the Monterey County Grape Growers Association, I wish to thank you for inviting us here and giving us a chance to tell the world, so to speak, about our local program of bird control: how we got there, where we are, and where we want to go. First, let me give you a little history of the grape industry in our county.

Go to article

Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny Mar 1976

Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Sodium cyanide was cancelled for use in predator control in March 1972 along with strychnine and 1080 mainly because of the indiscriminate use of these poisons which posed an imminent hazard and danger to the environment. After due consideration, the EPA Administrator in January 1974 authorized approval of experimental use permits (under Section 5 of FIFRA as amended) for use of sodium cyanide in the M-44 device (SCSLEM) in order to accumulate information necessary to support registration consideration. Subsequently nine permits were issued for this purpose. In August 1975, a public hearing was held in Washington, D.C. to respond to …

Go to article

Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund Mar 1976

Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Common methods for mole control are baiting with earthworms impregnated with thallium sulphate or strychnine, gassing with pellets developing phosphine, and trapping. Seasonal cycles in burrowing activity make it difficult to evaluate results of expensive control campaigns and may give a false impression of efficiency.

Go to article

Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern Mar 1976

Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

An attempt was made to identify the olfactory cues produced by Douglas-fir seeds which attract deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to the seeds. The olfactometers used are described, and the merits of different statistical analyses of the data are discussed. The odors produced by whole Douglas-fir seed and by the endosperm were preferred among the fractions tested to date. Deer mice were repelled by Douglas-fir turpentine, cedar oil, and, to a lesser degree, one extract.

Go to article

Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank Mar 1976

Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

During application by airplane excessive amounts of zinc phosphide were lost from the bait registered to control rat damage in Hawaiian sugarcane. The losses created unnecessary hazards and potentially reduced the efficacy of the control program. In a series of screening tests, alternate adhesives, adhesive concentrations, and bait mixing procedures were evaluated for zinc phosphide retention, acceptance by rats, phosphine residues in sugarcane and operational effectiveness. A formulation was developed that reduced zinc phosphide losses 32% during application, increased acceptance by rats, left residues in sugarcane below the established tolerance and equaled or exceeded the performance of the original formulation.

Go to article

Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer Mar 1976

Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Attempts to reduce populations of Spermophilus beldingi oregonus have centered around the application of Compound 10.80 and strychnine baits. Additional population reduction techniques were investigated for possible employment into the squirrel program. Techniques which show much promise are: hand baited chopped gree bait (.01% chlorophacinone) broadcast (10 pounds per acre) and hand baited grain bait with .01% chlorophacinone and .05% fumarin, and bait stations using .01%, .05% chlorophacinone grain bait (100 and 200 foot spacing) and .05% fumarin grain bait (100 foot spacing).

In addition, the concentration of Compound 1080 on chopped green bait can be reduced to 1/4 oz. …

Go to article

Criteria For Rodent Bait Selection, W.R. Smythe Mar 1976

Criteria For Rodent Bait Selection, W.R. Smythe

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

World food shortages become more acute each year, and all too often, rodents are present to take their unwarranted share. To counter this, we must refine our rodent control methods to make them more efficient. To this end, correct bait selection is essential. Grain baits must be selected for purity and acceptability. Grain alterations must be carefully controlled, as well as any additives. Multi-ingredient or composition baits must be checked for size, hardness, protein content and additives. The selection of trap baits is critical for the success of trapping program. In general, fresh coconut is the best bait, but on-site …

Go to article

Keynote Address—The Role Of Education In Vertebrate Pest Control, Gustav A. Swanson Mar 1976

Keynote Address—The Role Of Education In Vertebrate Pest Control, Gustav A. Swanson

Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)

Lack of adequate information is emphasized as a major problem in attaining effective control of damage by vertebrate pests, and it is stressed that the problem is widespread in all elements of the public, including those directly involved, like producers and government officials, as well as those only indirectly involved, like the average citizen. A number of specific examples are cited to illustrate the problems of uninformed or inadequately informed publics.

Go to article

Chlorofluorocarbon Effects On Cardiac, Pulmonary, And Respiratory Patients, Mildred E. Olson Jan 1976

Chlorofluorocarbon Effects On Cardiac, Pulmonary, And Respiratory Patients, Mildred E. Olson

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Research results from studies of the physiological effects of aerosal propellants on animals and people are summarized. The papers selected for this summary were published between 1968 and 1975. Effects of the 15 chlorofluorocarbons used as propellants have been recorded on the cardiac, pulmonary and respiratory functions of a number of animal species as well as man. The fifteen propellants have been classified into four groups on the basis of their degree of toxicity. Fluorocarbon 11, the most frequently used propellant, is in group 1, the most toxic. The relative toxicity of each of the 14 other propellants compared with …

Go to article

First Prev