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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Integrating Livestock And Cropping Systems: Interseeding Cereal Rye Into Corn For Late Season Grazing, K. J. Soder
Integrating Livestock And Cropping Systems: Interseeding Cereal Rye Into Corn For Late Season Grazing, K. J. Soder
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Corn (Zea mays) grown for grain is harvested too late in the year in many temperate regions to establish a cover crop to provide winter ground cover and an opportunity for late season grazing. The objective of this project is to evaluate the effect of interseeding cereal rye (Secale cereale) into corn for use as grazed forage after corn grain harvest on corn grain yield and additional grazing day/ha. In a 4-year study, corn was planted (64,246 plants/ha) in spring on two, 4.8-ha fields in central Pennsylvania. Cereal rye was interseeded (135 kg/ha) into the corn …
Forage Management For Extending The Grazing Season, David W. Koch, C. M. Lux, J. W. Flake
Forage Management For Extending The Grazing Season, David W. Koch, C. M. Lux, J. W. Flake
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Studies were conducted to determine ways to extend grazing season with forages adequate to meet the needs of grazing animals and to reduce the cost of livestock production. Perennial grasses were swathed, windrowed and left in the field until they were winter-grazed with bred heifers. Corn (Zea mays L.) was stockpiled for winter grazing with lambs and ewes. Windrowed grasses increased in acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compared with stored hay, but crude protein content, heifer weight gain and body condition change was similar for both forages. An economic value of $218 ha-1 from …
Alternative Cropping Systems With Self Reseeding Annual Legumes In A Mediterranean Environment, E. Campiglia, F. Caporali, R. Mancinelli
Alternative Cropping Systems With Self Reseeding Annual Legumes In A Mediterranean Environment, E. Campiglia, F. Caporali, R. Mancinelli
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Self-reseeding winter annual legumes (subclover and snail medic) have the potential to induce a significant shift towards a less energy-intensive and more environmentally friendly management in the modern and specialized cereal cropping systems. Nevertheless their use is practically unknown in mixed stands with winter cereals, where they can contribute to supply nitrogen and to reduce herbicides input. We conceived an alternative cropping system where an annual legume performs, respectively, as living mulch in a winter cereal (winter wheat), as a cover crop after reseeding and as dry mulch for the succeeding summer cereal (corn). Trials carried out at the Tuscia …
Forage Production From Perennial Vs. Annual Crop R~ On In Sandy Soils In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah
Forage Production From Perennial Vs. Annual Crop R~ On In Sandy Soils In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Forage production was studied on newly reclaimed sandy soil in Egypt trom perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and two annual crop rotations. The cropping systems were: A) lucerne, B) berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in the winter followed by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum R. Br. Emend. Stantz.) in the summer and C) triticale (XX Triticosecale Wittm.) (forage cut + grain harvest) in the winter followed by maize (Zea mays L.) (grain + stover) in the summer. Mean annual dry matter yields (t ha-1 ) were 20.65, 26.59 and 27.48 from A, B and C, respectively. However, …
Carry-Over Effect In Forage Rotations On Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah
Carry-Over Effect In Forage Rotations On Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
This study was carried out to investigate the carry-over effect of a preceding crop on the productivity of the following crop in various rotations in newly reclaimed lands in Egypt. The productivity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), maize (Zea mays L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in summer season were much higher following berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) or lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) than after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in both years of the study. Soyabean was the best summer …
Supplementation Of Dairy Cows Under Alfalfa Grazing Conditions With Ground Corn, A. R. Castillo, L. A. Romero, O. R. Quaino, E. A. Comeron, M. C. Gaggiotti
Supplementation Of Dairy Cows Under Alfalfa Grazing Conditions With Ground Corn, A. R. Castillo, L. A. Romero, O. R. Quaino, E. A. Comeron, M. C. Gaggiotti
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Two trials were carried out during the Autumn of 1991 and 1992 to investigate the effects of corn supplementation on lactational performance of dairy cows under alfalfa grazing. Forty two multiparous Holstein cows with 30-60 days in milk were used in a randomized continuous design with covariance analysis. The treatments were 0.0, 3.5 and 7.0 kg.day-1 of corn grain supplementation (T1, T2 and T3 respectively) in 1991 and 0.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 kg.day-1 (T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively) in 1992. Six cows per treatment were used divided in 3 cows per grazing paddock. Dry matter (DM) …
The Effect Of Feed Supplementation And Sward Characteristics On The Ingestive Behaviour Of Grazing Ewes, C. H. E. C. Poli, Marta G. Da Rocha, C. C. Pires, Luis H. E. Farinatti, D. Montagner, G. Bica
The Effect Of Feed Supplementation And Sward Characteristics On The Ingestive Behaviour Of Grazing Ewes, C. H. E. C. Poli, Marta G. Da Rocha, C. C. Pires, Luis H. E. Farinatti, D. Montagner, G. Bica
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of protein/energy supplementation and sward physical characteristics on grazing behaviour of lactating ewes grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The experiment was carried out in the spring of 1999 at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The grazing behaviour was assessed in two periods: 2 and 3 September, and 8 and 9 October of 1999, using a group of twelve yearling ewes. Groups of four ewes were either supplemented (with 1% of the animals live weight) with soybean meal (protein source), with corn (energy source) or not supplemented. The …
Comparison Of Production And Cost Between Conventional And Organic Forage Crops, Jong-Duk Kim, C. H. Kwon, S. H. Chae, C. H. Kim
Comparison Of Production And Cost Between Conventional And Organic Forage Crops, Jong-Duk Kim, C. H. Kwon, S. H. Chae, C. H. Kim
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
No abstract provided.
Clopyralid Uptake Of Contaminated Compost‐Fertilised Corn, Ryuichi Uegaki, Munehiro Ebato, Madoka Sutoh, Yimin Cai
Clopyralid Uptake Of Contaminated Compost‐Fertilised Corn, Ryuichi Uegaki, Munehiro Ebato, Madoka Sutoh, Yimin Cai
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
No abstract provided.
Subsoiling Of No-Tilled Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock
Subsoiling Of No-Tilled Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock
Soil Science News and Views
No-tillage corn production has become very popular in Kentucky because of the advantages it offers producers. Currently, over half of the corn in Kentucky is planted by this method and even a higher percentage is no-till planted on erodible lands. Because of this, many fields have received little tillage in the last 10 to 20 years. Many producers wonder if soil compaction increases with time on these long-term no-tilled fields due to annual trafficking by heavy equipment. Subsoiling implements have become available that allow subsurface tillage while preserving the surface mulch layer. This practice allows for continued no-till planting while …
How Accurate Are Uk's Nitrogen Recommendations For Corn?, Kenneth L. Wells, James E. Dollarhide, David C. Ditsch
How Accurate Are Uk's Nitrogen Recommendations For Corn?, Kenneth L. Wells, James E. Dollarhide, David C. Ditsch
Soil Science News and Views
Average corn yields produced on soils with high yield potential have steadily been increasing in Kentucky during the past several years. Yields from such soils in years with adequate amounts of rainfall well distributed over the growing season (May-September) may average 180 to 200 bushels per acre. A bushel of corn with crude protein content of 8 to 9% contains about 1.3 to 1.4% total nitrogen (N) on a dry matter basis. This is about 0.6 to 0.7 lbs total N per bushel of corn (at 15.5% moisture), or 108 to 126 lbs N per acre for a 180 bu/A …
No-Tilling Corn Into Hairy Vetch: Fertilizer Nitrogen Substitution Without Penalty Due To Delayed Planting, H. M. Saha, John H. Grove
No-Tilling Corn Into Hairy Vetch: Fertilizer Nitrogen Substitution Without Penalty Due To Delayed Planting, H. M. Saha, John H. Grove
Soil Science News and Views
Previous studies conducted in Kentucky have shown that hairy vetch is an agronomically viable winter legume cover crop for notill corn production. However, to fully realize the benefits of this cover crop it is necessary to allow enough time for it to accumulate biomass and nitrogen (N) before no-till corn is planted. Thus, early corn planting may not always be feasible. Since delaying corn planting after May 15 in Kentucky usually leads to a decline in corn grain yields, the main question addressed in this study (one for which little information was available) was whether the benefits provided by hairy …
Control Of Rodents In No-Till Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock
Control Of Rodents In No-Till Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock
Soil Science News and Views
The prairie vole is probably the primary rodent that reduces no-till crop plant stands in Kentucky. Because the vole requires a full canopy cover for protection from predators, established grass or legume sod fields and field borders (including wheat or rye stubble, set-aside and cover crop seedings) provide an ideal habitat.
An Estimate Of The Source And Uptake Of Nitrogen In Continuous No-Till Com Grain Production, Kenneth L. Wells
An Estimate Of The Source And Uptake Of Nitrogen In Continuous No-Till Com Grain Production, Kenneth L. Wells
Soil Science News and Views
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a maximum nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) content of 10 parts per million (ppm) for safe drinking water. Because of this, the effect of commercial nitrogen (N) fertilizers in agricultural production as a contributor of NO3-N to surface and groundwater is now being widely examined. Since corn production in the US is the largest single source of fertilizer N use, averaging perhaps 100-150 lbs N/A on the 70-80 million acres of corn produced annually, an understanding of N utilization and losses in corn production is helpful in determining the role …
Estimated Nutrient Content And Uptake By Kentucky's Crops, Kenneth L. Wells, William O. Thom
Estimated Nutrient Content And Uptake By Kentucky's Crops, Kenneth L. Wells, William O. Thom
Soil Science News and Views
A commonly asked question by crop producers is, "how many pounds of plant nutrients do my crops take up?" While the absolute answer to this varies by yield and soil fertility, useful estimates can be made from research data to enable a producer to have a "ballpark" value for nutrient up-take by some of the major crops of Kentucky. The following tables contain estimates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),and potassium (K) contained in certain crops and the amount of N, phosphate (P2O5), and potash (K,O) taken up by tobacco, corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa hay, clover grass …
Row Cleaners In No-Till Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock, James H. Herbek, Tim Gray
Row Cleaners In No-Till Corn, Lloyd W. Murdock, James H. Herbek, Tim Gray
Soil Science News and Views
Row cleaners are planter attachments mounted in front of the double-disc openers on planters. They are designed to move most of the surface residue to the sides of the row, allowing no-till planting into a band with a fairly clean surface. This attachment is best suited for wet, cool soils to allow a more rapid warming of the soil surface, on rough soil to allow some smoothing before planting, and in heavy residue to prevent "hairpinning" of residue into the planting slot. There is evidence that cleaning the residue from the row raises soil temperatures which results in quicker corn …
Poultry Litter As A Nitrogen Source For Corn, Monroe Rasnake, Larry Reber
Poultry Litter As A Nitrogen Source For Corn, Monroe Rasnake, Larry Reber
Soil Science News and Views
Development of an intensive poultry production industry in western and south-central Kentucky will make poultry litter available to many farmers. It is estimated that 45, 000 tons per year will be produced just in the Jackson Purchase Area. One of the most efficient uses of this litter is as a nitrogen fertilizer source for corn.
Current Research On Soil Nitrate Testing For Corn In Kentucky, John H. Grove
Current Research On Soil Nitrate Testing For Corn In Kentucky, John H. Grove
Soil Science News and Views
Concern has been expressed that growers do not have the "slte-specific" information they need for more efficient nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on a field-by-field basis. Soil testing has routinely been used to guide recommendations for phosphorus, potassium, and lime additions to individual fields, but effective soil N test procedures have long eluded soil scientists working in warm, humid regions with substantial winter rainfall. Now, recent research suggests that a new soil test procedure has some potential to guide fertilizer N applications for corn. The purpose of this report is to define the concept of soil nitrate testing; to describe how …
Effectiveness Of Surface Application Of Phosphorus And Potassium On Yield Of No-Till Corn Grown On Soils Testing Low Or Medium Below A Depth Of 3 Inches, Grant W. Thomas
Effectiveness Of Surface Application Of Phosphorus And Potassium On Yield Of No-Till Corn Grown On Soils Testing Low Or Medium Below A Depth Of 3 Inches, Grant W. Thomas
Soil Science News and Views
When crops are grown continuously under no-tillage or very minimum tillage, there is a tendency for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to become concentrated at or near the soil surface. This occurs when P and K fertilizers are broadcast on the surface and not mixed with the soil as would occur with plowing. The result is a stratification of P and K such that the surface few inches become very high in those nutrients, but soil test levels remain largely unaffected below that. The question is whether high yields of no-till crops can be obtained under these conditions.
The Effect Of Fall And Spring Tillage Of A Compacted Soil On Corn And Tobacco Yields, Kenneth L. Wells, Roy V. Catlett
The Effect Of Fall And Spring Tillage Of A Compacted Soil On Corn And Tobacco Yields, Kenneth L. Wells, Roy V. Catlett
Soil Science News and Views
Soil compaction is being diagnosed in increasing instances as the cause of poor crop performance in Kentucky. While the basic causes of compaction can usually be identified, it is much more difficult to prescribe techniques to solve the problem. Following identification of compacted soil as being the cause of poor corn growth in a field in Shelby County, Kentucky, a study was conducted to compare three tillage tools on production of corn and tobacco. The compacted zone was within the top 6-inch layer of soil.
Movement Of Triazine Herbicides In Conventional, Reduced Tillage, And No-Tillage Corn Production, William W. Witt, K. W. Sander
Movement Of Triazine Herbicides In Conventional, Reduced Tillage, And No-Tillage Corn Production, William W. Witt, K. W. Sander
Soil Science News and Views
Herbicides are applied to over 90 percent of the corn acreage in Kentucky and triazine herbicides are used the most. Conservation tillage methods are often used to prevent soil erosion and to conserve soil water. However, as tillage is decreased the dependence on herbicides for weed control often increases. Minimizing herbicide movement from the application sites to non-target areas, such as ground and surface waters, is necessary to maintain optimum water quality.
Will Liming Acid Soils Now Be Adequate For Spring Needs?, Kenneth L. Wells, J. L. Sims
Will Liming Acid Soils Now Be Adequate For Spring Needs?, Kenneth L. Wells, J. L. Sims
Soil Science News and Views
Each spring many farmers are faced with seeding forages, corn, and soybeans, and transplanting tobacco into acid soils. The choices are either to go ahead with planting and do nothing, don't plant, or to try some liming practice and hope that it works. The results from planting without doing anything may be disastrous or result in limited crop performance. While not planting is a viable option for some producers, most cannot afford this choice. The question most often faced is, "Will liming now do any good for this year's crop?"
How Much Fertilizer Ls Needed For Corn?, Kenneth L. Wells, Keenan Turner
How Much Fertilizer Ls Needed For Corn?, Kenneth L. Wells, Keenan Turner
Soil Science News and Views
Corn producers are faced each year with the decision of how much money to invest in fertilizer for use on their crop. Differing philosophies used by those who make fertilizer recommendations often leave the grower bewildered as to what is best to do. It is not unusual for a producer to be told by his agricultural extension agent that he doesn't need any phosphate and potash on fields which test high in these nutrients while other sources may recommend fertilizer use. The philosophy behind the zero P-K recommendation made by extension agents in such cases is based on University of …
Effect Of Crop Rotation On Corn And Soybean Yields, James H. Herbek, Lloyd W. Murdock, T. Gray
Effect Of Crop Rotation On Corn And Soybean Yields, James H. Herbek, Lloyd W. Murdock, T. Gray
Soil Science News and Views
Yield of both corn and soybeans has been shown to increase when grown in a rotation as compared to continuous cropping of either of the two crops. These yield improvements are commonly associated with fewer disease, insect and weed problems; better soil tilth; and in the case of corn, a nitrogen contribution from the preceding soybean crop. One or a combination of these factors are believed to have an effect. In the past few decades the yield benefits of rotations were often overlooked as fertilizers and pesticides were used as a substitute for crop rotation. However, research has shown that …
Carryover Effect Of New Soybean Herbicides On Corn, William W. Witt, J. A. Mills, G. L. Schmitz
Carryover Effect Of New Soybean Herbicides On Corn, William W. Witt, J. A. Mills, G. L. Schmitz
Soil Science News and Views
Scepter, Canopy, Gemini, Classic, and Command are new soybean herbicides which were introduced in 1986 and are being used in Kentucky. These herbicides have gained widespread popularity because of their excellent control of cocklebur, pigweeds, morningglories, and velvetleaf. In addition, they can be applied in a variety of ways which makes them attractive to the soybean producer. However, these herbicides do have potential shortcomings in that they can persist in the soil for several months and cause injury to rotational crops such as corn or wheat. Since greater than 60% of the soybeans grown in Kentucky are rotated to corn, …
Soil Erosion With Different Tillage And Cropping Systems, Monroe Rasnake, Wilbur Frye, David C. Ditsch, Robert L. Blevins
Soil Erosion With Different Tillage And Cropping Systems, Monroe Rasnake, Wilbur Frye, David C. Ditsch, Robert L. Blevins
Soil Science News and Views
Corn and soybeans are produced on approximately three million acres of Kentucky farmland each year. L 1ttle soil loss occurs when these crops are grown on nearly level or gently sloping land. However, much of the grain production is on sloping land that is cultivated every year and often excessive soil erosion occurs. If a field is allowed to erode excessively for several years, the soil usually becomes less productive. Soil removed in runoff may pollute lakes and streams or cover highly productive soil with low quality sediments.
After 15 Years Of No-Tillage Corn, Robert L. Blevins
After 15 Years Of No-Tillage Corn, Robert L. Blevins
Soil Science News and Views
Farmers shifting from a system of agricultural production that includes intensive tillage operations to a reduced or no-tillage system are often concerned about how this change may affect soil properties and productivity. No-tillage leaves the residues and fertilizers on the soil surface with no mechanical incorporation and may result in soil properties greatly different from plowed soils.
Effect Of Irrigation On Corn, Soybeans And Alfalfa Yields In Kentucky, Lloyd W. Murdock
Effect Of Irrigation On Corn, Soybeans And Alfalfa Yields In Kentucky, Lloyd W. Murdock
Soil Science News and Views
Irrigation is not widely used in Kentucky for two reasons: 1) high average yearly rainfall, and 2) lack of easily accessible and dependable water sources. However, even with the high yearly rainfall, droughts do occur during the growing season. According to past history, they are more likely to occur in West Kentucky than Central Kentucky and least likely to occur in East Kentucky.
Nitrogen Placement For No-Till Corn, Kenneth L. Wells
Nitrogen Placement For No-Till Corn, Kenneth L. Wells
Soil Science News and Views
An estimated 18 to 20 percent of all corn grown in Kentucky is no-till planted. This 400 to 500 thousand acres is directly planted into sod, residues from the previous year, or a winter cover crop. Many field trials have been conducted by University of Kentucky agronomists during the past 15 years to determine nitrogen fertilization practices best suited for this kind of corn production. These recommendations are published annually in "AGR-1 Lime and Fertilizer Recommendations," and call for 25 lbs more actual fertilizer N per acre than conventional corn. This is largely justified by: (1) a greater potential for …
Anhydrous Ammonia Use For Corn, William O. Thom
Anhydrous Ammonia Use For Corn, William O. Thom
Soil Science News and Views
Anhydrous ammonia is the most concentrated form of nitrogen fertilizer available to corn producers in many areas of Kentucky. It is a simple chemical compound made up of one part nitrogen and three parts hydrogen (NH3), existing as a gas at normal outdoor temperatures. This makes it necessary to store and handle the material in closed containers under pressure. The product contains 82% nitrogen, making it one of the highest analysis and most economical fertilizers available for corn production.