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Articles 1 - 28 of 28
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Discovering Significant Topics From Legal Decisions With Selective Inference, Jerrold Tsin Howe Soh
Discovering Significant Topics From Legal Decisions With Selective Inference, Jerrold Tsin Howe Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
We propose and evaluate an automated pipeline for discovering significant topics from legal decision texts by passing features synthesized with topic models through penalized regressions and post-selection significance tests. The method identifies case topics significantly correlated with outcomes, topic-word distributions which can be manually interpreted to gain insights about significant topics, and case-topic weights which can be used to identify representative cases for each topic. We demonstrate the method on a new dataset of domain name disputes and a canonical dataset of European Court of Human Rights violation cases. Topic models based on latent semantic analysis as well as language …
Earth Steward: Will Steffen's Contributions To Earth System Science, Governance And Law, W.J. Boonstra, P. Magalhães, B. J. Preston, J. Taylor Rockström
Earth Steward: Will Steffen's Contributions To Earth System Science, Governance And Law, W.J. Boonstra, P. Magalhães, B. J. Preston, J. Taylor Rockström
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In January 2023, the world lost one of its most influential environmental scientists, Will Steffen. Recognised by his peers as the ‘Father of Earth System Science’, Steffen exemplified the ethic of planetary stewardship (Stockholm Resilience Centre 2023; Fig. 1). This ethic was especially evident, not only in Steffen’s scholarship, but also in his contributions to creating institutions that respect the reality of a single integrated Earth System and aim to govern human behaviour accordingly (Steffen 2016). This article commemorates Will Steffen’s scientific work in Earth System Science, and places it in the larger context of his contributions to governance and …
Regulating Artificial Intelligence In International Investment Law, Mark Mclaughlin
Regulating Artificial Intelligence In International Investment Law, Mark Mclaughlin
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and international investment treaties is an uncharted territory of international law. Concerns over the national security, safety, and privacy implications of AI are spurring regulators into action around the world. States have imposed restrictions on data transfer, utilised automated decision-making, mandated algorithmic transparency, and limited market access. This article explores the interaction between AI regulation and standards of investment protection. It is argued that the current framework provides an unpredictable legal environment in which to adjudicate the contested norms and ethics of AI. Treaties should be recalibrated to reinforce their anti-protectionist origins, embed human-centric …
Of Inventorship And Patent Ownership: Examining The Intersection Between Artificial Intelligence And Patent Law, Cheng Lim Saw, Zheng Wen Samuel Chan
Of Inventorship And Patent Ownership: Examining The Intersection Between Artificial Intelligence And Patent Law, Cheng Lim Saw, Zheng Wen Samuel Chan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Artificial intelligence (“AI”) has garnered much attention in recent years, with capabilities spanning the operation of self-driving cars to the emulation of the great artistic masters of old. The field has now been ostensibly enlarged in light of the professed abilities of AI machines to autonomously generate patentable inventions. This article examines the present state of AI technology and the suitability of existing patent law frameworks in accommodating it. Looking ahead, the authors also offer two recommendations in a bid to anticipate and resolve the challenges that future developments in AI technology might pose to patent law. In particular, the …
Legal Dispositionism And Artificially-Intelligent Attributions, Jerrold Soh
Legal Dispositionism And Artificially-Intelligent Attributions, Jerrold Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
It is conventionally argued that because an artificially-intelligent (AI) system acts autonomously, its makers cannot easily be held liable should the system's actions harm. Since the system cannot be liable on its own account either, existing laws expose victims to accountability gaps and need to be reformed. Recent legal instruments have nonetheless established obligations against AI developers and providers. Drawing on attribution theory, this paper examines how these seemingly opposing positions are shaped by the ways in which AI systems are conceptualised. Specifically, folk dispositionism underpins conventional legal discourse on AI liability, personality, publications, and inventions and leads us towards …
Forks Over Knives: Predictive Inconsistency In Criminal Justice Algorithmic Risk Assessment Tools, Travis Greene, Galit Shmueli, Jan Fell, Ching-Fu Lin, Han-Wei Liu
Forks Over Knives: Predictive Inconsistency In Criminal Justice Algorithmic Risk Assessment Tools, Travis Greene, Galit Shmueli, Jan Fell, Ching-Fu Lin, Han-Wei Liu
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Big data and algorithmic risk prediction tools promise to improve criminal justice systems by reducing human biases and inconsistencies in decision-making. Yet different, equally justifiable choices when developing, testing and deploying these socio-technical tools can lead to disparate predicted risk scores for the same individual. Synthesising diverse perspectives from machine learning, statistics, sociology, criminology, law, philosophy and economics, we conceptualise this phenomenon as predictive inconsistency. We describe sources of predictive inconsistency at different stages of algorithmic risk assessment tool development and deployment and consider how future technological developments may amplify predictive inconsistency. We argue, however, that in a diverse and …
User Guided Abductive Proof Generation For Answer Set Programming Queries, Avishkar Mahajan, Martin Strecker, Meng Weng (Huang Mingrong) Wong
User Guided Abductive Proof Generation For Answer Set Programming Queries, Avishkar Mahajan, Martin Strecker, Meng Weng (Huang Mingrong) Wong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
We present a method for generating possible proofs of a query with respect to a given Answer Set Programming (ASP) rule set using an abductive process where the space of abducibles is automatically constructed just from the input rules alone. Given a (possibly empty) set of user provided facts, our method infers any additional facts that may be needed for the entailment of a query and then outputs these extra facts, without the user needing to explicitly specify the space of all abducibles. We also present a method to generate a set of directed edges corresponding to the justification graph …
Gauging The Acceptance Of Contact Tracing Technology: An Empirical Study Of Singapore Residents’ Concerns With Sharing Their Information And Willingness To Trust, Ee-Ing Ong, Wee Ling Loo
Gauging The Acceptance Of Contact Tracing Technology: An Empirical Study Of Singapore Residents’ Concerns With Sharing Their Information And Willingness To Trust, Ee-Ing Ong, Wee Ling Loo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments began implementing various forms of contact tracing technology. Singapore’s implementation of its contact tracing technology, TraceTogether, however, was met with significant concern by its population, with regard to privacy and data security. This concern did not fit with the general perception that Singaporeans have a high level of trust in its government. We explore this disconnect, using responses to our survey (conducted pre-COVID-19) in which we asked participants about their level of concern with the government and business collecting certain categories of personal data. The results show that respondents had less concern with …
Building Legal Datasets, Jerrold Soh
Building Legal Datasets, Jerrold Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Data-centric AI calls for better, not just bigger, datasets. As data protection laws with extra-territorial reach proliferate worldwide, ensuring datasets are legal is an increasingly crucial yet overlooked component of “better”. To help dataset builders become more willing and able to navigate this complex legal space, this paper reviews key legal obligations surrounding ML datasets, examines the practical impact of data laws on ML pipelines, and offers a framework for building legal datasets.
An Agenda For Research And Action Toward Diverse And Just Futures For Life On Earth, Carina Wyborn, J. Montana, N. Kalas, S. Clement, F. Davila, N. Knowles, E. Louder, M. Balan, J. Chambers, L. Christel, T. Forsyth, G. Henderson, S. Izquierdo Tort, Michelle Mei Ling Lim, Et Al
An Agenda For Research And Action Toward Diverse And Just Futures For Life On Earth, Carina Wyborn, J. Montana, N. Kalas, S. Clement, F. Davila, N. Knowles, E. Louder, M. Balan, J. Chambers, L. Christel, T. Forsyth, G. Henderson, S. Izquierdo Tort, Michelle Mei Ling Lim, Et Al
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Decades of research and policy interventions on biodiversity have insufficiently addressed the dual issues of biodiversity degradation and social justice. New approaches are therefore needed. We devised a research and action agenda that calls for a collective task of revisiting biodiversity toward the goal of sustaining diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Revisiting biodiversity involves critically reflecting on past and present research, policy, and practice concerning biodiversity to inspire creative thinking about the future. The agenda was developed through a 2-year dialogue process that involved close to 300 experts from diverse disciplines and locations. This process was informed …
Simulating Subject Communities In Case Law Citation Networks, Jerrold Tsin Howe Soh
Simulating Subject Communities In Case Law Citation Networks, Jerrold Tsin Howe Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
We propose and evaluate generative models for case law citation networks that account for legal authority, subject relevance, and time decay. Since Common Law systems rely heavily on citations to precedent, case law citation networks present a special type of citation graph which existing models do not adequately reproduce. We describe a general framework for simulating node and edge generation processes in such networks, including a procedure for simulating case subjects, and experiment with four methods of modelling subject relevance: using subject similarity as linear features, as fitness coefficients, constraining the citable graph by subject, and computing subject-sensitive PageRank scores. …
Trust In And Ethical Design Of Carebots: The Case For Ethics Of Care, Gary Kok Yew Chan
Trust In And Ethical Design Of Carebots: The Case For Ethics Of Care, Gary Kok Yew Chan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The paper has two main objectives: to examine the challenges arising from the use of carebots as well as to discuss how the design of carebots can deal with these challenges. First, it notes that the use of carebots to take care of the physical and mental health of the elderly, children and the disabled as well as to serve as assistive tools and social companions encounter a few main challenges. They relate to the extent of the care robots’ ability to care for humans, potential deception by robot morphology and communications, (over)reliance on or attachment to robots, and the …
Why Do Robots Have Smiley Faces?, Mark Findlay
Why Do Robots Have Smiley Faces?, Mark Findlay
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The author discussed why engineers and designers provide machines with the semblance of friendliness, and why it takes more than that for humans to trust AI. The ground-breaking AI in community research and policy initiative by CAIDG, supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Emerging Areas Research Projects Funding Initiative, seeks to understand how and why trust can be established when humans and machines come together.
Culturally Diverse Expert Teams Have Yet To Bring Comprehensive Linguistic Diversity To Intergovernmental Ecosystem Assessments, Abigail J. Lynch, Fernández-Llamazares Álvaro, Ignacio Palomo, Pedro Jaureguiberry, Amano Tatsuya, Zeenatul Basher, Michelle Lim, Tuyeni Heita Mwampamba, Aibek Samakov, Odirilwe Selomane, Michelle Mei Ling Lim
Culturally Diverse Expert Teams Have Yet To Bring Comprehensive Linguistic Diversity To Intergovernmental Ecosystem Assessments, Abigail J. Lynch, Fernández-Llamazares Álvaro, Ignacio Palomo, Pedro Jaureguiberry, Amano Tatsuya, Zeenatul Basher, Michelle Lim, Tuyeni Heita Mwampamba, Aibek Samakov, Odirilwe Selomane, Michelle Mei Ling Lim
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Multicultural representation is a stated goal of many global scientific assessment processes. These processes aim to mobilize a broader, more diverse knowledge base and increase legitimacy and inclusiveness of these assessment processes. Often, enhancing cultural diversity is encouraged through involvement of diverse expert teams and sources of knowledge in different languages. In this article, we examine linguistic diversity, as one representation of cultural diversity, in the eight published assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Our results show that the IPBES assessment outputs are disproportionately filtered through English-language literature and authors from Anglophone countries. To …
Revisiting The Law Of Confidence In Singapore And A Proposal For A New Tort Of Misuse Of Private Information, Cheng Lim Saw, Zheng Wen Samuel Chan, Wen Min Chai
Revisiting The Law Of Confidence In Singapore And A Proposal For A New Tort Of Misuse Of Private Information, Cheng Lim Saw, Zheng Wen Samuel Chan, Wen Min Chai
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article critically examines the recent Court of Appeal decision in I-Admin (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Hong Ying Ting [2020] 1 SLR 1130 and its implications for the law of confidence. The article begins by setting out the decision at first instance, and then on appeal. It argues that the Court of Appeal’s “modified approach” fails to meaningfully engage the plaintiff ’s wrongful gain interest and places the law’s emphasis primarily, if not wholly, on the plaintiff ’s wrongful loss interest. The new framework also appears to have been influenced by English jurisprudence, which has had a long but unhelpful …
Coronavirus: Pandemics, Artificial Intelligence And Personal Data: How To Manage Pandemics Using Ai And What That Means For Personal Data Protection, Warren B. Chik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This chapter discusses the hearing of essential and urgent court matters in the Singapore courts during the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 march 2020, the Singapore judiciary notified courst users that remote hearings were to be implemented for certain types of hearings by means of video and telephone conferencing facilities. Court users were also provided with indicative lists of matters which might be considered essential and urgent.
An Ecosystem Approach To Ethical Ai And Data Use: Experimental Reflections, Mark Findlay, Josephine Seah
An Ecosystem Approach To Ethical Ai And Data Use: Experimental Reflections, Mark Findlay, Josephine Seah
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
While we have witnessed a rapid growth of ethics documents meant to guide artificial intelligence (AI) development, the promotion of AI ethics has nonetheless proceeded with little input from AI practitioners themselves. Given the proliferation of AI for Social Good initiatives, this is an emerging gap that needs to be addressed in order to develop more meaningful ethical approaches to AI use and development. This paper offers a methodology-a 'shared fairness' approach-aimed at identifying AI practitioners' needs when it comes to confronting and resolving ethical challenges and to find a third space where their operational language can be married with …
Rethinking Mistake In The Age Of Algorithms: Quoine Pte Ltd V B2c2 Ltd, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Rethinking Mistake In The Age Of Algorithms: Quoine Pte Ltd V B2c2 Ltd, Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Good traders remove emotion from the decision-making process. Automated trading algorithms have enabled this, allowing one to trade round the clock, and without the constant need to monitor one’s investments. But software has gremlins. Given the vast amounts of money involved in such trades, it was only a matter of time before disputes involving automated trading software came before the courts. The decision in Quoine v B2C2 (“Quoine”) represents the first time an apex court in the Commonwealth has ruled on the applicability of contractual principles to situations involving automated trading software.
Coronavirus: Pandemics, Artificial Intelligence And Personal Data: How To Manage Pandemics Using Ai And What That Means For Personal Data Protection, Warren B. Chik
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This chapter discusses the hearing of essential and urgent court matters in the Singapore courts during the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 march 2020, the Singapore judiciary notified courst users that remote hearings were to be implemented for certain types of hearings by means of video and telephone conferencing facilities. Court users were also provided with indicative lists of matters which might be considered essential and urgent.
Imagining Transformative Biodiversity Futures, Carina Wyborn, Federico Davila, Laura Pereira, Michelle Mei Ling Lim, Et Al.
Imagining Transformative Biodiversity Futures, Carina Wyborn, Federico Davila, Laura Pereira, Michelle Mei Ling Lim, Et Al.
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Biodiversity research is replete with scientific studies depicting future trajectories of decline that have failed to mobilize transformative change. Imagination and creativity can foster new ways to address longstanding problems to create better futures for people and the planet.
Busting Myths And Dispelling Doubts About Covid-19, Mark Findlay
Busting Myths And Dispelling Doubts About Covid-19, Mark Findlay
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The Centre for AI and Data Governance (CAIDG) at Singapore Management University (SMU) has embarked over past months on a programme of research designed to confront concerns about the pandemic and its control. Our interest is primarily directed to the ways in which AI-assisted technologies and mass data sharing have become a feature of pandemic control strategies. We want to know what impact these developments are having on community confidence and health safety. In developing this work, we have come across many myths that need busting.
Learning Unsupervised Video Object Segmentation Through Visual Attention, Wenguan Wang, Hongmei Song, Shuyang Zhao, Jianbing Shen, Sanyuan Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Haibin Ling
Learning Unsupervised Video Object Segmentation Through Visual Attention, Wenguan Wang, Hongmei Song, Shuyang Zhao, Jianbing Shen, Sanyuan Zhao, Steven C. H. Hoi, Haibin Ling
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper conducts a systematic study on the role of visual attention in Unsupervised Video Object Segmentation (UVOS) tasks. By elaborately annotating three popular video segmentation datasets (DAVIS, Youtube-Objects and SegTrack V2) with dynamic eye-tracking data in the UVOS setting, for the first time, we quantitatively verified the high consistency of visual attention behavior among human observers, and found strong correlation between human attention and explicit primary object judgements during dynamic, task-driven viewing. Such novel observations provide an in-depth insight into the underlying rationale behind UVOS. Inspired by these findings, we decouple UVOS into two sub-tasks: UVOS-driven Dynamic Visual Attention …
Salient Object Detection With Pyramid Attention And Salient Edges, Wenguan Wang, Shuyang Zhao, Jianbing Shen, Steven C. H. Hoi, Ali Borji
Salient Object Detection With Pyramid Attention And Salient Edges, Wenguan Wang, Shuyang Zhao, Jianbing Shen, Steven C. H. Hoi, Ali Borji
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper presents a new method for detecting salient objects in images using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The proposed network, named PAGE-Net, offers two key contributions. The first is the exploitation of an essential pyramid attention structure for salient object detection. This enables the network to concentrate more on salient regions while considering multi-scale saliency information. Such a stacked attention design provides a powerful tool to efficiently improve the representation ability of the corresponding network layer with an enlarged receptive field. The second contribution lies in the emphasis on the importance of salient edges. Salient edge information offers a strong …
Automation Tax Vs Robot-Tax, Vincent Ooi
Automation Tax Vs Robot-Tax, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The positive impact of developments in technology on the economy has historically outweighed the disruptive impact on employment. Society has benefited from the efficiency gains derived from the application of technology in production, while workers displaced by these technologies have largely been successfully retrained and employed in other jobs. However, the pace of development of the “Fourth Industrial Revolution” now presents a risk of mass displacement of human labour, particularly in tasks that are repetitive and menial. The “Fourth Industrial Revolution” is characterised by significant progress in a closely-linked cluster of areas such as robot dexterity, machine learning, processing power, …
Privacy-Preserving Attribute-Based Keyword Search In Shared Multi-Owner Setting, Yibin Miao, Ximeng Liu, Robert H. Deng, Robert H. Deng, Jjguo Li, Hongwei Li, Jianfeng Ma
Privacy-Preserving Attribute-Based Keyword Search In Shared Multi-Owner Setting, Yibin Miao, Ximeng Liu, Robert H. Deng, Robert H. Deng, Jjguo Li, Hongwei Li, Jianfeng Ma
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Keyword Search (CP-ABKS) facilitates search queries and supports fine-grained access control over encrypted data in the cloud. However, prior CP-ABKS schemes were designed to support unshared multi-owner setting, and cannot be directly applied in the shared multi-owner setting (where each record is accredited by a fixed number of data owners), without incurring high computational and storage costs. In addition, due to privacy concerns on access policies, most existing schemes are vulnerable to off-line keyword-guessing attacks if the keyword space is of polynomial size. Furthermore, it is difficult to identify malicious users who leak the secret keys when more …
Personal Data Protection Act 2012: Understanding The Consent Obligation, Man Yip
Personal Data Protection Act 2012: Understanding The Consent Obligation, Man Yip
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The Personal Data Protection Act 20121 (“PDPA”) provides the baseline standards of protection of personal data and works in tandem with existing law to provide comprehensive protection. The birth of the legislation clearly signals Singapore’s commitment to protect the collection, use and disclosure of personal data in the age of big data and its awareness of the importance of such protection in strengthening Singapore’s position as a leading commercial hub. Significantly, the PDPA protection model balances “both the rights of individuals to protect their personal data” against “the needs of organisations to collect, use or disclose personal data for legitimate …
2014 Future Earth Young Scientists Conference On Integrated Science And Knowledge Co-Production For Ecosystems And Human Well-Being, Ivy Shiue, Et. Al.
2014 Future Earth Young Scientists Conference On Integrated Science And Knowledge Co-Production For Ecosystems And Human Well-Being, Ivy Shiue, Et. Al.
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Effective integration in science and knowledge co-production is a challenge that crosses research boundaries, climate regions, languages and cultures. Early career scientists are crucial in the identification of, and engagement with, obstacles and opportunities in the development of innovative solutions to complex and interconnected problems. On 25–31 May 2014, International Council for Science and International Social Science Council, in collaboration with the International Network of Next-Generation Ecologists and Institute for New Economic Thinking: Young Scholars Initiative, assembled a group of early career researchers with diverse backgrounds and research perspectives to reflect on and debate relevant issues around ecosystems and human …
Strengthening The Legal And Institutional Effectiveness For Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation In The ‘Heart Of Borneo’, Michelle Mei Ling Lim
Strengthening The Legal And Institutional Effectiveness For Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation In The ‘Heart Of Borneo’, Michelle Mei Ling Lim
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The Heart of Borneo ('HoB') transboundary initiative spans the territory of Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. In this article I evaluate the HoB against governance criteria for effective transboundary conservation. This approach provides the framework for proposing what complementary reforms may be needed to improve the effectiveness of the initiative. Governance issues and the lack of political buy-in are identified as the most significant impediments to successful transboundary biodiversity conservation in the HoB. A further limitation stems from the failure to develop meaningful legal instruments and supporting institutions. This article recommends improvements to legal instruments and the evaluation and design of …