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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Analyzing The Shark Paleoecology Of Coastal Georgia From The Miocene And Pliocene Epochs, Joshua Lee Clark, Benjamin Angalet Dec 2023

Analyzing The Shark Paleoecology Of Coastal Georgia From The Miocene And Pliocene Epochs, Joshua Lee Clark, Benjamin Angalet

Georgia Journal of Science

The field of shark paleoecology often yields indecisive conclusions based on the limited fossilization of their anatomical structures, with the exception of their teeth. The majority of the Atlantic coast has been studied regarding the presence of certain prehistoric shark species from the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene epochs. However, information pertaining to the Georgia coast and understanding its potential community structure is relatively understudied. This study was conducted in which thousands of fossil shark specimens and subsequent marine fauna were collected from dredge spoils created by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE): Savannah District. A total of 5,127 fossil …


Perovskite Cspbbr3 Solar Cells With Novel Hole-Transporting Layer Of Metal Complexes, Liqiu Zheng, Evynn S. Jackson, Ny'kesha S. Warren, Robert Owor, Zhongrui Li Nov 2023

Perovskite Cspbbr3 Solar Cells With Novel Hole-Transporting Layer Of Metal Complexes, Liqiu Zheng, Evynn S. Jackson, Ny'kesha S. Warren, Robert Owor, Zhongrui Li

Georgia Journal of Science

For the first time, the novel application of Schiff-base copper complexes in all-inorganic perovskite CsBrBr3 solar cells has been explored and turns out they could be utilized as effective hole-transporting materials. Schiff-base copper complexes with halogen ligands (R=Cl and Br) are synthesized with an ease approach at a low cost, both of which exhibit decent power conversion efficiency of 4.55% and 5.71%, respectively, when being constructed into solar devices as hole transport layers. Thanks to high thermal/chemical stability of those Schiff-base metal complexes, the strengthened stability was achieved which is comparable to that of carbon-based CsBrBr3 solar cells. …


Comparing A Georgia Reservoir With Solar-Powered Mixers To Another Without Mixers: Assessing Thermal And Oxygen Saturation And Nutrient Dispersion, Melissa Hage, Jordan Hasty, Hannah Miller Oct 2023

Comparing A Georgia Reservoir With Solar-Powered Mixers To Another Without Mixers: Assessing Thermal And Oxygen Saturation And Nutrient Dispersion, Melissa Hage, Jordan Hasty, Hannah Miller

Georgia Journal of Science

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing over the last 50 years due to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and increasing temperatures. One HAB control method is the use of solar-powered mixers. In this study we investigated the timing of thermal stratification, depth of the thermocline and oxycline, and dispersion of nutrients within the water column by comparing two reservoirs in Georgia, U.S.A. over a three-year period – Lake Varner (LV), which utilizes mixers, and Hard Labor Creek Reservoir (HLCR), which does not. Our data show that the onset of thermal stratification is within ± 2 days and appears at the same …


Making The Error Bar Overlap Myth A Reality: Comparative Confidence Intervals, Frank S. Corotto Aug 2023

Making The Error Bar Overlap Myth A Reality: Comparative Confidence Intervals, Frank S. Corotto

Georgia Journal of Science

Many interpret error bars to mean that if they do not overlap the difference is statistically “significant”. This overlap rule is really an overlap myth; the rule does not hold true for any conventional type of error bar. There are rules of thumb for estimating P values, but it would be better to show error bars for which the overlap rule holds true. Here I explain how to calculate comparative confidence intervals which, when plotted as error bars, let us judge significance based on overlap or separation. Others have published on these intervals (the mathematical basis goes back to John …


Optimization Of A Ball's Launch In Sports, Andrew C. Smith, Javier E. Hasbun Aug 2023

Optimization Of A Ball's Launch In Sports, Andrew C. Smith, Javier E. Hasbun

Georgia Journal of Science

Newton's laws are used to study the effects of air resistance on an object's motion. In ball-related sports such as baseball, soccer, etc., understanding the effects of air resistance is essential to optimize ball launch performance. This performance optimization can be studied by identifying the minimal time it takes for a ball with speed to travel a certain distance. We work with two models that apply to an object's motion. One of the models assumes a linear air drag while a second model makes use of a quadratic air drag. We do investigate known differential equations for when the Magnus …


Application Of A Diatomic Molecule Model Potential To A Series Of Homo- And Heterodiatomic Molecules, Dorien E. Carpenter, Javier E. Hasbun Jul 2023

Application Of A Diatomic Molecule Model Potential To A Series Of Homo- And Heterodiatomic Molecules, Dorien E. Carpenter, Javier E. Hasbun

Georgia Journal of Science

We apply a one-dimensional classical model of a diatomic molecule model potential with modifications to H2, HF, LiF, N2, and CO. We obtain the unknown parameters of this model by digitizing plots of the potential curves for the molecules from a published, Hartree-Fock based theoretical electron correlation calculation (Piris 2017). We then apply the method of successive approximations to the model in order to calculate the wavenumber for each molecule in the series. The wavenumber depends on a parameter which in turn depends on the initial conditions. The value of this parameter for each individual molecule …


A Mathematical Model For Mosquito Population Dynamics, Christian Evans, Jemal Mohammed-Awel, Andreas Lazari Apr 2023

A Mathematical Model For Mosquito Population Dynamics, Christian Evans, Jemal Mohammed-Awel, Andreas Lazari

Georgia Journal of Science

In this study, a deterministic mathematical model for mosquito population dynamics is presented. The use of chemical insecticide to control population is incorporated into the model. It is assumed that there is insecticide sensitive (sensitive-type) and insecticide resistant (resistant-type) mosquitoes in the environment. Conditions for the existence and stability of four equilibria of the model have been established. Numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the analytical results and the implications, in terms of mosquito control in the environment, are discussed.


Perovskite Solar Cells, Liqiu Zheng Dr., Tyler Hurst, Zhongrui Li Aug 2022

Perovskite Solar Cells, Liqiu Zheng Dr., Tyler Hurst, Zhongrui Li

Georgia Journal of Science

The semiconductor perovskite CsPbBr2I was doped with Mn2+ to modulate its optical and photovoltaic performance. The Mn2+-doped CsPb0.9Mn0.1Br2I exhibited improved crystalline quality. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy of Mn2+-doped CsPb0.9Mn0.1Br2I revealed enhanced absorption capacity. Although the efficiency was not as good as desired, the enhanced light absorption of CsPb0.9Mn0.1Br2I still boosted the photovoltaic performance when it was utilized as a light absorber in perovskite solar cells, along with a low-cost carbon electrode. Compared with its counterpart …


Synthesis, Characterization, And Bioactivity Of 3-Substituted Coumarins As An Undergraduate Project, Karsen King, Nicholas Campbell, Ronald Okoth, Wathsala Medawala May 2022

Synthesis, Characterization, And Bioactivity Of 3-Substituted Coumarins As An Undergraduate Project, Karsen King, Nicholas Campbell, Ronald Okoth, Wathsala Medawala

Georgia Journal of Science

Coumarins are an important class of phytochemicals, a chemical defense presumed to be secreted by plants. More recently, Coumarins have gathered popularity for their basis in anti-cancer agents. This paper dives into the organic synthesis of two 3-substituted coumarins from o-vanillin using the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The 3-substituted coumarin were characterized using melting point analysis, 1H-NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In addition, the anticancer activity of synthesized 3-substituted coumarin compounds were assayed against topoisomeraseIIα, which is the target enzyme of FDA approved anti-cancer drug etoposide since it is an active enzyme in cancer cell replication. The demonstrated procedures can be …


The Best Linear Approximation To Y= √X On The Interval [0, B] Using The Minimax Error, Hyounkyun Oh May 2022

The Best Linear Approximation To Y= √X On The Interval [0, B] Using The Minimax Error, Hyounkyun Oh

Georgia Journal of Science

This study discusses how to find the best linear approximation y=mx+b to a fundamental function y=sqrt(x) on the interval [0,b], especially using the minimax error in Numerical Analysis. For this aim we employ two mathematical techniques: a) using the MATLAB code, positioning m and n values of the smallest maximum error on a broad range of m, and n value matrix in a rough scale and then repeatedly refining the regions in the smaller scales and b) Finding three-point fitting line to a set of non-colinear three points. We see that both results are successfully obtained and identical …


Student-Developed Laboratory Activities Using Rolling Object On An Inclined Plane To Improve Student Learning, Qing Shao, Joseph Ametepe Apr 2022

Student-Developed Laboratory Activities Using Rolling Object On An Inclined Plane To Improve Student Learning, Qing Shao, Joseph Ametepe

Georgia Journal of Science

This work presents an alternative method of teaching undergraduate introductory physics laboratory. Students are presented with an experimental scenario “Rolling object on an inclined plane” and guided to develop their own laboratory activities in a studio-style setting. The overall goal of this alternative approach is to shift part of the learning responsibility to students. Through guided self-developed activities, students establish the connections between different physics concepts. Such a shift makes students active participants in the classroom, allows them to explore ideas independently, and discover through doing the exploring. Furthermore, the pedagogy is aimed at (i) motivating and actively engaging students …


Double And Triple Bouncing Spinning Soccer Ball, Shafat A. Mubin Jul 2021

Double And Triple Bouncing Spinning Soccer Ball, Shafat A. Mubin

Georgia Journal of Science

The trajectories of soccer ball penalty kicks that strike one of the goal-posts while rolling along the surface are simulated and analyzed using conservation of linear and angular momenta. The reflected trajectories upon collisions with the goalpost are calculated and used to determine whether double or triple bounces take place. The analysis is iterated for a range of initial launch speeds, angular velocities, and normal and tangential coefficients of restitution of the goalpost-ball collisions. It is observed that double bounces can take place for almost any combination of the above parameters if the soccer ball strikes the appropriate narrow sectors …


Erratum: A Non-Linear Approximate Solution To The Damped Pendulum Derived Using The Method Of Successive Approximations [Georgia Journal Of Science, Vol. 76, No. 2, Article 9], Javier E. Hasbun Mar 2021

Erratum: A Non-Linear Approximate Solution To The Damped Pendulum Derived Using The Method Of Successive Approximations [Georgia Journal Of Science, Vol. 76, No. 2, Article 9], Javier E. Hasbun

Georgia Journal of Science

In an earlier publication [Hill and Hasbun, 2018] considered an approximate solution to the damped pendulum, named the improved modified method of successive approximations (IMMSA), and compared it to an approximation from the work of [Johannessen, 2014]. Here, a correction is made to that comparison due to an error made in calculating Johannessen's approximation.


Estimating The Size Of Georgia's Resident Canada Goose Population, Gregory D. Balkcom Feb 2021

Estimating The Size Of Georgia's Resident Canada Goose Population, Gregory D. Balkcom

Georgia Journal of Science

Canada geese (Branta canadensis) are an important waterfowl species in Georgia, and are hunted across the state. To meet management objectives, managers need to understand the impacts of hunting regulations on the population of interest. Therefore, reliable population estimates are necessary. Population size can be estimated by various methods, including aerial surveys, ground surveys, or population indices such as the Lincoln Estimator. I used annual estimates of resident Canada goose harvest in Georgia from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Harvest Information Program along with banding and recovery data from the Bird Banding Laboratory in a bias-adjusted version …


Ranking Volatility In Building Energy Consumption Using Ensemble Learning And Information Entropy, Kunal Sharma, Jung-Ho Lewe Aug 2020

Ranking Volatility In Building Energy Consumption Using Ensemble Learning And Information Entropy, Kunal Sharma, Jung-Ho Lewe

Georgia Journal of Science

Given the rise in building energy consumption and demand worldwide, energy inefficiency detection has become extremely important. A significant portion of the energy used in commercial buildings is wasted as a result of poor maintenance, degradation or improperly controlled equipment. Most facilities employ sensors to track energy consumption across multiple buildings. Smart fault detection and diagnostic systems use various anomaly detection techniques to discover point anomalies in consumption. While these systems work reasonably well in detecting equipment anomalies over short-term intervals, further exploration is needed in finding methods that consider long-term consumption to detect anomalous buildings. This paper presents a …


A Preliminary Investigation Of The Impact Of Forest Management Practices On Microhabitat Abiotic Variables In The Southern Appalachian Mountains, Jasmine Williamson, Allison Bailey, Jacob Lougee, David Patterson, Jessica Patterson Jul 2020

A Preliminary Investigation Of The Impact Of Forest Management Practices On Microhabitat Abiotic Variables In The Southern Appalachian Mountains, Jasmine Williamson, Allison Bailey, Jacob Lougee, David Patterson, Jessica Patterson

Georgia Journal of Science

Existing research has demonstrated that forest management practices (e.g., clear-cutting, planting) can dramatically impact animal communities. This is particularly the case with amphibian populations due to their sensitivity to microhabitat alterations. However, few studies have investigated the manner by which forest management practices impact the abiotic variables most relevant to healthy amphibian populations. In this study we investigated how spatially localized forest management practices (i.e., at the scale of hundreds of meters) alter the microhabitat variables that have been shown important to amphibian population distributions. We assessed the relationship between forest composition and microhabitat abiotic variables across three localities with …


Demonstration Of A Distributed Bragg Reflector For Polyvinylcarbazole And Cadmium Sulfide Layers: Modeling And Comparison To Experimental Results, Javier E. Hasbun, L. Ajith Desilva Jun 2020

Demonstration Of A Distributed Bragg Reflector For Polyvinylcarbazole And Cadmium Sulfide Layers: Modeling And Comparison To Experimental Results, Javier E. Hasbun, L. Ajith Desilva

Georgia Journal of Science

Light wave propagation in a periodically stratified medium has many applications in physics, mathematics, and engineering. The subject is of interest to students, teachers, and researchers, as it presents a great opportunity to focus on principles of optics and to understand the basics of mathematical modeling. A complete theory of wave propagation can be derived using Born’s optics theory. We employed that theory to determine the reflectivity of a one-dimensional distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and do simulations using MATLAB. A DBR is a photonic crystal consisting of alternating layers of materials with different refractive indices. In this study, we modeled …


A Southeastern North America River Community Forty-Thousand Years Ago, Zack J. Quirk, Dennis B. Blanton Apr 2020

A Southeastern North America River Community Forty-Thousand Years Ago, Zack J. Quirk, Dennis B. Blanton

Georgia Journal of Science

Understanding how past communities have been shaped by environmental alterations can provide insight into the impacts of future climate change. Local climate and river systems have changed significantly over the last glacial maximum, but little is known about the communities of the Georgian Coastal Plain earlier in the period. Plant fossils from Coffee Bluff, a Quaternary organic river deposit of the Ocmulgee River in southeastern Georgia, were used to determine past environmental and climatic conditions. The paleoflora were found imbedded in a mud matrix and were removed by a slaking method; they were later identified and separated to respective ecological …


An Experiential Report On The Thayer Method Of Teaching Across College-Level Chemistry, Biology, Math, And Physics Courses, Kevin P. O'Halloran, Sairam Tangirala, Fengjie Sun, Leonard E. Anagho, Gerald Agbegha, Clay Runck, David Roth, Amy H. Erickson Apr 2020

An Experiential Report On The Thayer Method Of Teaching Across College-Level Chemistry, Biology, Math, And Physics Courses, Kevin P. O'Halloran, Sairam Tangirala, Fengjie Sun, Leonard E. Anagho, Gerald Agbegha, Clay Runck, David Roth, Amy H. Erickson

Georgia Journal of Science

The Thayer method of instruction is a little-known active learning technique that dates back to 1817 at the U.S. Military Academy. This study describes the implementation and statistical evaluation of an adaptation of the Thayer method in a variety of college science and math courses. All courses had five characteristics in common: (i) students were given a daily reading schedule and instructed to prepare before class, (ii) each class started with a question and answer session, (iii) class time minimized the use of lecture, (iv) class time maximized the use of active learning, and (v) students were frequently quizzed. A …


A Review Of Ball Lightning Models, Hasitha Mahabaduge Dec 2019

A Review Of Ball Lightning Models, Hasitha Mahabaduge

Georgia Journal of Science

Ball lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the atmosphere. However due to its brevity and rarity, its occurrence is not well understood. Three models based on electromagnetic properties are discussed in this paper to explain the rare phenomenon of ball lightning. The first model incorporates the idea of electron bunching, electrons moving with different velocities. This creates a plasma bubble by recombining electrons with ionized gas to form plasma that is stabilized by a standing microwave. The second model explains the idea of streamers being tangled and linked in a magnetic field while stabilized by the conservation of …


Effect Of Synthesized 3-Hydroxyflavone Solutions On The Performance Of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Hasitha Mahabaduge Oct 2019

Effect Of Synthesized 3-Hydroxyflavone Solutions On The Performance Of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Hasitha Mahabaduge

Georgia Journal of Science

We investigated the influence of synthesized dye combination 3-hydroxyflavone with potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide as photosynthesizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs are classified as hybrid inorganic/organic photovoltaic cells that have been reported to have lower production costs and efficiency as high as 12%. Annealed titanium dioxide pastes on fluorine doped tin oxide was used as the front layer of the completed devices and the performance of 3-hydroxyflavone with potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide was compared with the performance of dyes extracted from berries. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the absorbance of the respective absorber dyes. 3-Hydroxyflavone in …


Dental And Mandibular Anomalies In White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) From Central Georgia, Patrick M. Powers, Alfred J. Mead Oct 2019

Dental And Mandibular Anomalies In White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) From Central Georgia, Patrick M. Powers, Alfred J. Mead

Georgia Journal of Science

The frequency of dental and mandibular anomalies in free-ranging white-tailed deer in the southeastern United States is not well documented. Characteristic irregularities include supernumerary and missing teeth, malocclusion, root abscesses due to bacterial infections, and tooth or bone damage due to trauma. In the present study, we examined 778 white-tailed deer dentaries collected from the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge in central Georgia. All dentaries were inspected for lesions, tooth irregularities, developmental anomalies, and other pathologies. Thirty-two dentaries (4.1%) displayed signs of dental or bone abnormalities. More abnormalities were associated with infection or injury (22/778, 2.8%) compared to unusual tooth development …


Art Is I, Science Is We, Imani Beverly, Bryan Briones, Ronald E. Mickens Sep 2019

Art Is I, Science Is We, Imani Beverly, Bryan Briones, Ronald E. Mickens

Georgia Journal of Science

The expression of the title has been used for some time to produce a concise summary of the major distinction between “art” and “science.” Our goal is to give a fuller and deeper understanding of this statement by discussing its meaning and interpretation within the context of a precise definition of science. We conclude that “Art is I, science is we,” captures accurately the fundamental difference between these two disciplines.


A Brief Review Of Modern Uses Of Scattering Techniques, Daniel M. Wade, Dereth J. Drake Jun 2019

A Brief Review Of Modern Uses Of Scattering Techniques, Daniel M. Wade, Dereth J. Drake

Georgia Journal of Science

Thomson, Rayleigh, Mie, and Raman scattering are commonly used in several disciplines in science and engineering. The techniques involve the scattering of electromagnetic radiation or particles in a sample. This paper provides a brief history for each scattering method, describes the traditional laboratory approach for implementation, and discusses current uses and variations of these four techniques.


Eocene Terrestrial Mammals From Central Georgia, Parker D. Rhinehart, Alfred J. Mead, Dennis Parmley Jun 2019

Eocene Terrestrial Mammals From Central Georgia, Parker D. Rhinehart, Alfred J. Mead, Dennis Parmley

Georgia Journal of Science

Descriptions of fossils of Eocene terrestrial mammals from the southeastern United States are rare, and particularly so in the Eocene sediments of Georgia. Here we describe a small collection of fossilized teeth and tooth fragments representing four mammalian taxa. The fossils were recovered by surface collecting overburden sediments and screen washing in situ Clinchfield Formation sediments exposed in an inactive kaolin mine, Hardie Mine, in Wilkinson County, Georgia. The Clinchfield Formation has been described as a Late Eocene coastal unit with abundant gastropods, bivalves, sharks, and rays. This is the first detailed description of terrestrial mammals from this unit. Although …


Measurement Of Solar Spectral Irradiance And Surface Ozone At Carrollton, Georgia, Usa, During The Great American Eclipse On 21 August 2017, Kirthi Tennakone, L Ajith Desilva, Charles A. Zander*, Shea Rose, Austin B. Kerlin Mar 2019

Measurement Of Solar Spectral Irradiance And Surface Ozone At Carrollton, Georgia, Usa, During The Great American Eclipse On 21 August 2017, Kirthi Tennakone, L Ajith Desilva, Charles A. Zander*, Shea Rose, Austin B. Kerlin

Georgia Journal of Science

Measurements conducted at the University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Georgia, during the time of the solar eclipse of 21st August 2017 demonstrated that the integrated spectral irradiance in defined wavelength ranges in the ultraviolet and visible calculated as a fraction of the total irradiance reached a minimum at maximum obscuration of the Sun, whereas in an infrared range it was maximum. The method of analysis adopted supports the view that the changes in spectral irradiance during highly obscured partial phases is a consequence of limb darkening. In a surface ozone measurement, a minimum in ozone concentration occurred 30 +_ …


Accumulation And Effects Of Dissolved And Nanoparticle Silver And Copper In Two Marine Seaweed Species, Samreen Siddiqui, Gretchen K. Bielmyer-Fraser Jan 2019

Accumulation And Effects Of Dissolved And Nanoparticle Silver And Copper In Two Marine Seaweed Species, Samreen Siddiqui, Gretchen K. Bielmyer-Fraser

Georgia Journal of Science

This study investigated the accumulation and effects of metal nanoparticles in two seaweed species, Ulva lactuca and Agardhiella subulata. Both seaweeds were exposed to silver nitrate (AgNO3), silver nanoparticles, and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles for 48 h. Metal accumulation occurred in both seaweed species in a concentration-dependent manner after 48 h exposure to each form of metal. In several cases, seaweeds exposed to AgNO3 (the dissolved form) accumulated comparatively higher tissue Ag concentration than seaweed exposed to Ag nanoparticles; and A. subulata had higher tissue Ag concentrations than U. lactuca after exposure to AgNO3 for …


A Nonlinear Approximate Solution To The Damped Pendulum Derived Using The Method Of Successive Approximations, Justin A. Hill, Javier E. Hasbun 8394092 Sep 2018

A Nonlinear Approximate Solution To The Damped Pendulum Derived Using The Method Of Successive Approximations, Justin A. Hill, Javier E. Hasbun 8394092

Georgia Journal of Science

An approximate analytic solution to the damped pendulum is derived using the method of successive approximations to obtain a nonlinear approximation for the system. We take the approximate solution to the undamped pendulum using the method of successive approximations and compare it to the damped pendulum solution when a linear approximation is used. By looking at these two solutions, we can make an educated guess about the form of the general, approximate solution to the nonlinear damped pendulum. By adjusting the initial guesses and the initial conditions, we derive approximate solutions in three ways. Using MATLAB, the approximate solutions are …


Effects Of A Prescribed Burn On The Adult Butterfly Assemblage Of A Coastal Grassland, J. Nicole Desha, Joseph Colbert, Kimberly M. Andrews, Scott Coleman, C. Tate Holbrook Sep 2017

Effects Of A Prescribed Burn On The Adult Butterfly Assemblage Of A Coastal Grassland, J. Nicole Desha, Joseph Colbert, Kimberly M. Andrews, Scott Coleman, C. Tate Holbrook

Georgia Journal of Science

Coastal grasslands are globally threatened by development and natural succession. In the southeastern United States, these increasingly rare ecosystems are being managed using prescribed fire, but ecological responses to fire management are largely unknown, particularly among nontargeted species. We tested for short-term effects of controlled burning on the abundance and species richness of adult butterflies, which utilize coastal grasslands for nectaring resources and as migratory stopover sites. In February 2015, four plots of coastal grassland on Little St. Simons Island, GA were burned and paired with unburned (control) plots of equal size. Throughout the following summer-fall flight season, we conducted …


Photoelectric Magnitude Measurements Of The Lunar Eclipses On May 16, 2003 And Oct. 28, 2004, Richard W. Schmude Jr. Jul 2017

Photoelectric Magnitude Measurements Of The Lunar Eclipses On May 16, 2003 And Oct. 28, 2004, Richard W. Schmude Jr.

Georgia Journal of Science

The Moon's brightness dropped by 10.73 ± 0.07 and 10.61 ± 0.15 magnitudes during the total lunar eclipses on May 16, 2003 and Oct. 28, 2004 respectively. These magnitude drops are close to the corresponding value for the Jan., 2000 total lunar eclipse and indi­cate that not much change in the transparency of the atmosphere has occurred in the last 4 years.