Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Downhole Logging As A Paeoceanographic Tool On Ocean Drilling Program Leg 138: Interface Between High-Resolution Stratigraphy And Regional Syntheses, Mitchell Lyle, Larry A. Mayer, Nicklas G. Pisias, T. K. Hagelberg, Kathleen A. Dadey, Stephen F. Bloomer, Shipboard Scientific Party

Affiliate Scholarship

On Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 138, standard shipboard procedures were modified to allow for the real-time monitoring of several laboratory core-scanning systems that provide centimeter-scale measurements of saturated bulk density, magnetic susceptibility and digital color reflectance. These continuous, high-resolution data sets were used to ensure the proper offset of multiple holes and to splice together complete sedimentary sections. Typically, the spliced, continuous sediment sections were found to be about 10% longer than the section drilled, as measured by the length of the drill string. While the source of this elongation is not yet fully understood, it must be compensated …

Downhole Logging As A Paeoceanographic Tool On Ocean Drilling Program Leg 138: Interface Between High-Resolution Stratigraphy And Regional Syntheses, Mitchell Lyle, Larry A. Mayer, Nicklas G. Pisias, T. K. Hagelberg, Kathleen A. Dadey, Stephen F. Bloomer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

On Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 138, standard shipboard procedures were modified to allow for the real-time monitoring of several laboratory core-scanning systems that provide centimeter-scale measurements of saturated bulk density, magnetic susceptibility and digital color reflectance. These continuous, high-resolution data sets were used to ensure the proper offset of multiple holes and to splice together complete sedimentary sections. Typically, the spliced, continuousediment sections were found to be about 10% longer than the section drilled, as measured by the length of the drill string. While the source of this elongation is not yet fully understood, it must be compensated for …

Ground Water Flow And Water Resources Investigation Of The Auburn, Summers And Shakertown Springs Karst Ground Water Basins, Logan And Simpson Counties, Kentucky, William Howcroft

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The City of Auburn is faced with a number of problems relating to its dependency on two karst springs, Auburn and Summers Springs, to meet its water requirements. Besides being extremely vulnerable to contamination, the springs often discharge and insufficient volume of water needed for public consumption and dilution of the City’s treated wastewater. Thus the City wishes to find an additional source of water and views nearby Shakertown Spring as a possibility. The study has three main objectives: 1) delineation of the Auburn, Summers, and Shakertown Springs ground water basins, 2) determination of the volume of available water at …

Remote Detection Of Coral 'Bleaching' Using Pulsed-Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy, J. T. Hardy, F. E. Hoge, J. K. Yungel, Richard E. Dodge

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Despite their biological and economic importance coral reefs are increasingly threatened by human activities. Recently, 'bleaching' of reefs, i.e. loss of photosynthetic pigmentation, has occurred at numerous globally-distributed sites. A number of environmental stressors, including increased water temperature, can induce bleaching. Several investigators have suggested that the widespread occurrence of coral bleaching represents an early warning signal of global greenhouse warming. Regardless of the cause, the extent of coral bleaching, both regionally and globally, needs to be documented and monitored. We conducted laboratory studies to evaluate the potential of using remotely-sensed laser-induced fluorescence to monitor coral pigmentation. Five species of …

Southern Nevada Effluent Wetlands: A Proposed Cooperative Venture Between The Bureau Of Reclamation & City Of Las Vegas, Bureau Of Reclamation

Publications (WR)

Throughout North America there is a growing interest in constructed wetlands, both as relatively inexpensive, low-maintenance systems for removing nutrients from wastewater, and as a means of using municipal wastewater to enhance wildlife habitat and create public use opportunities. Because wetlands appear to have good potential as a component in the overall management of scarce water resources, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) has undertaken several cooperative research and demonstration projects to evaluate their effectiveness in a variety of local environments.

While a number of projects have demonstrated that wetlands can be beneficially employed to improve water quality, few such projects …

Podocerus Kleidus, New Species From The Florida Keys (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Dulichiidae), James Darwin Thomas, J. L. Barnard

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Podocerus kleidus, a new species from high-current channels in the Florida Keys, is described. The species is very close to P. fulanus from marine channels in California but differs in the strongly cleft coxa I.

Chesapeake Bay Wave Climate : Wolf Trap Wave Station, Report And Summary Of Wave Observations November 6, 1989 Through August 2, 1990, John D. Boon, D. A. Hepworth, F. H. Farmer

Reports

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science, in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, has identified as one of its major goals the systematic study of hydrodynamic processes that affect recreational, shoreline and benthic resources in the coastal zone of the Commonwealth. In pursuit of that goal, a long-term study of the wave climate in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay was initiated in 1988 with support from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration through the Coastal Zone Management Program administered by the Virginia Council on the Environment (Grant No. NA89AA-D-CZ134).

Beryllium 7 And Lead 210 In The Western Hemisphere Arctic Atmosphere: Observations From Three Recent Aircraft-Based Sampling Programs, Jack E. Dibb, R. Talbot, G L. Gregory

Earth Sciences

Concentrations of the natural radionuclides ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb were determined in aerosol samples collected in the western hemisphere Arctic during the recent NOAA Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP 3) and NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment/Arctic Boundary Layer Expeditions (GTE/ABLE 3A and ABLE 3B) missions. Beryllium 7 showed a free tropospheric concentration maximum between 4 and 5 km in the summer of 1990. Previous ⁷Be data obtained in the late 1950s and early 1960s also indicated a similar vertical distribution of ⁷Be near 70°N. Injection of stratospheric air through tropopause folds associated with the Arctic jet …

Arkansas Agricultural Chemical Ground-Water Management Plan, Gerald King, Darryl Little, Tim Jessup, Charles Armstrong

Technical Reports

The Arkansas Agricultural Chemical Ground-Water Management Plan (SMP) is based on the Draft State Pesticide Ground- Water Management Plan Guidance and The Pesticides and Ground-Water Protection Strategy prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The need for a plan to protect ground water from contamination by agricultural chemicals and agents arises from evidence nationwide that using these chemicals can, in some instances, lead to contamination. In February 1988, EPA proposed a strategy to regulate certain pesticides by prohibiting their use in areas vulnerable to leaching unless a state develops and implements an acceptable management plan. The advantage of a …

Seasonal And Latitudinal Variations Of Gravity Wave-Driven Fluctuations In Oh Nightglow, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., R. L. Walterscheid, G. Schubert

Publications

The seasonal and latitudinal variations of the gravity wave-driven fluctuations in the OH nightglow are investigated theoretically using a model that accounts for emission from an extended OH layer and includes the effects of eddy diffusivities in the gravity wave dynamics. The mean (unperturbed) state is obtained from a two-dimensional, nighttime model so that mean-state number densities, temperatures and eddy diffusivities are all self-consistent. Seasonal and latitudinal variations in the background OH nightglow emission and in the propagation and dissipation characteristics of the gravity waves influence how the OH nightglow modulations due to gravity waves depend on season and latitude. …

The Gulf Stream Front, Its Role In Larval Fish Survival And Recruitment In Florida: Hydrographic Station And Plankton Data, Denis William Frazel, M. Elizabeth Clarke, G. S. Kleppel, Peter B. Ortner, John M. Braker, Carol A. Burkart, Gayle Louise Stone

Technical Reports

The goal of this project was to develop a clearer understanding of the role that the Gulf Stream system plays in larval fish survival and recruitment in Florida waters. The specific objectives of this study were to:

1. Determine whether the biomass of fish larva, other zooplankton, microzooplankton and phytoplankton is higher at the shoreward front of the Gulf Stream than on either side of it.
2. Characterize the assemblages of fish larvae predators and prey both at the front and on either side of it.
3. Determine if the composition, abundance and size frequency distribution of larval and juvenile fishes in the …

Relationship Between Ground And Surface Water Quality In Karst Systems, Richard L. Meyer

Technical Reports

Springs in Northwest Arkansas may originate from relatively small fractures in rock strata or from cave systems. The water emerging from these springs is frequently used as water sources for plants, animals and humans. The quality of the ground water source and the emerging water are uncertain and frequently unknown. In addition, the opportunity to monitor changes in water quality during flow from origin (water entering the cave) to emergence is uncommon. Cave systems with definable drainage basins and accessible sampling points near the midpoint of the cave are also uncommon. Examining the interface between the quality of surface water …

Dissolved Oxygen Measurements In The Machipongo River System Near Willis Wharf, Virginia, Bruce Neilson, Cheol Mo, Rodney Jackson

Reports

Most aquatic organisms require· oxygen to survive and consequently, the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the water is one of the most important measures of water quality. Sources of oxygen are the atmosphere and photosynthesis. Oxygen is consumed by plants and animals during respiration and by microorganisms that decompose organic matter. The more sources and sinks of oxygen, the more difficult it is to understand and predict the oxygen dynamics of a river system. Grossly polluted systems turn out to be quite simple, because the pollutant source dominates. Natural, unimpacted systems often show a balance between a number of sources …

Fact Sheet No.2: Water Quality And Poultry Disposal Pits, T. C. Daniel, D. R. Edwards, D. J. Nichols, K. F. Steele, Steve Wilkes

Technical Reports

Disposing of poultry that die during grow out is a serious management problem for poultry producers in Northwest Arkansas and across the country. Poultry disposal can affect water quality and the health of wildlife, livestock and people.

Arkansas Agricultural Chemical Ground-Water Management Plan - Appendices, Gerald King, Darryl Little, Tim Jessup, Charles Armstrong

Technical Reports

The Arkansas Agricultural Chemical Ground-Water Management Plan (SMP) is based on the Draft State Pesticide Ground- Water Management Plan Guidance and The Pesticides and Ground-Water Protection Strategy prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The need for a plan to protect ground water from contamination by agricultural chemicals and agents arises from evidence nationwide that using these chemicals can, in some instances, lead to contamination. In February 1988, EPA proposed a strategy to regulate certain pesticides by prohibiting their use in areas vulnerable to leaching unless a state develops and implements an acceptable management plan. The advantage of a …

Differential Phase Estimation With The Seamarc Ii Bathymetric Sidescan Sonar System, M A. Masnadi-Shirazi, Christian De Moustier, Pierre Cervenka, Stanley H. Zisk

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

A maximum-likelihood estimator is used to extract differential phase measurements from noisy seafloor echoes received at pairs of transducers mounted on either side of the SeaMARC II bathymetricsidescan sonar system. Carrier frequencies for each side are about 1 kHz apart, and echoes from a transmitted pulse 2 ms long are analyzed. For each side, phase difference sequences are derived from the full complex data consisting of base-banded and digitized quadrature components of the received echoes. With less bias and a lower variance, this method is shown to be more efficient than a uniform mean estimator. It also does not exhibit …

Gis Characterization Of Beaver Watershed, H. D. Scott, J. M. Mckimmey

Technical Reports

Beaver Reservoir watershed is located in Northwest Arkansas including portions of Madison, Washington, Benton, Carroll, Franklin and Crawford counties. This watershed is important to the Northwest Arkansas region because it supplies most of the drinking water for the major towns and cities, and several rural water systems. The watershed consists of 308,971 ha with elevations ranging from approximately 341 m to 731 m above mean sea level. It includes the Springfield Plateau and the Boston Mountains provinces within the Ozark Plateau physiographic region. There are approximately 581 km of streams, 532 km of shore line, and 3712 km of roads …

Evaluation Of The Water Quality Impacts Of Land Application Of Poultry Litter, T. C. Daniels, D. R. Edwards

Technical Reports

Evaluating the effect of land application of animal waste on water quality is fraught with inherent variability due to differing infiltration rates, slope, rainfall intensity and etc . Simulated rainfall technology has been used in erosion research for decades. Generally, this technology is used on plots of sufficient size (25 x 5 m) to develop rill and interrill erosion. The object of this investigation was to adapt and modify existing rainfall simulation technology used in soil erosion research for use in evaluating water quality impacts of land application of animal waste, and to test, evaluate and demonstrate it's scientific validity. …

Effect Of Land Application Of Poultry Waste On Pesticide Loss, T. C. Daniel, D. R. Edwards

Technical Reports

The poultry industry in Arkansas is a large, concentrated, growing industry that produces a high volume of fecal waste. Most of this waste is surface applied as pasture fertilizer. Pesticides are commonly used in the poultry industry for fly and litter beetle contro land are often a component of the surface-applied poultry waste. No information exists in the scientific literature regarding the transport of this pesticide component to nearby water supplies.Our research focused on cyromazine, a feed-through larvicide used to control flies in caged-layer hen houses. Tetrachlorvinphos and carbaryl are also used in poultry waste, but these pesticides have a …

A Three-Dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code : Theoretical And Computational Aspects, John M. Hamrick

Reports

This report describes and documents the theoretical and computational aspects of a three-dimensional computer code for environmental fluid flows. The code solves the three-dimensional primitive variable v1ertically hydrostatic equations of motion for turbulent flow in a coordinate system which is curvilinear and orthogonal in the horizontal plane and stretched to follow bottom topography and free surface displacement in the vertical direction which is aligned with the gravitational vector. A second moment turbulence closure scheme relates turbulent viscosity and diffusivity to the turbulence intensity and a turbulence length scale. Transport equations for the turbulence intensity and length scale as well as …

Temporal And Spatial Variations In Chesapeake Bay Water Quality: A Video Data Report, Sarah E. Rennie, Bruce Neilson

Reports

Over the past two years we have been developing computer programs to investigate various scientific visualization techniques as applied to estuarine data. The original impetus was to be able to visualize the results of the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model under development at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary (VIMS). We quickly recognized the superior ability of certain graphic approaches, especially pseudocolor animation, to efficiently transmit a tremendous amount of information to the viewer, allowing the scientist to gain an insight into the dynamics of the data not otherwise available. We decided to apply this technique to …

Water Quality In Chesapeake Bay : Virginia Portion, Water Year 1988 : A Report To The Virginia Water Control Board, Kevin Curling, Bruce Neilson

Reports

The purpose of this report is to characterize water quality conditions during the 1988 water year, October 1987 through September 1988. For the most part, the information is provided in graphical format. Only data for the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay is included. No data analysis or interpretation is included, since this is the stated purpose of several other reports. This report will be useful to both scientists and managers who need ready access to some portion of the data on a regular basis. With this report it is possible to quickly examine seasonal patterns, compare conditions at two stations, …

Evaluation And Verification Of Bottom Acoustic Reverberation Statistics Predicted By The Point Scattering Model, Dimitri Alexandrou, Christian De Moustier, G Haralabus

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The point scatteringmodel offers a parameterization of the reverberation probability density function (pdf) in terms of the coefficient of excess (kurtosis) and a coherent component represented by a harmonic process with random phase. In this paper the potential utility of this parametrization is investigated in the context of seafloor characterization. The problem of separating out the effect of each parameter is discussed. Computer simulations are used to verify model predictions on the reverberation quadrature, envelope, and phase pdf. As part of the verification study, the scatterer density was determined from the kurtosis of the reverberation quadrature pdf. A statistical analysis …

The Accumulation Of 210pb At Summit, Greenland Since 1855, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

The decay corrected activity of 210Pb at the time of deposition shows considerable short term variability, but no clear seasonal or annual periodicity. 210Pb activity in surface snow at this site has averaged 0.7 pCi kg-1 since 1927, but the period 1915-1927 is characterized by a steady decline from higher levels. The average annual accumulation of 210Pb has markedly declined since at least 1870. Similar observation at Dye 3 suggest that 210Pb accumulation has decreased throughout this century over much of the Greenland Ice Sheet. If the records of 210Pb in the firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet are mainly …

Reconnaissance Survey Of Nitrate Concentrations In Ground Water In Howard And Pike Counties, Arkansas, Travis Thornton, Kenneth F. Steele

Technical Reports

In recent years, the rapid growth of poultry and hog production in Arkansas has caused concern regarding nitrate contamination of the ground water. In the study area of Pike and Howard Counties, the number of hogs has increased from 3,300 hogs in 1970 to 75,000 hogs in 1990. Poultr¥ production for the area has increased from 38,933,000 per year 1n 1970 to 62,774,000 per year in 1990. As animal production increases, so does the amount of animal waste that must be disposed. Hog production is of particular concern. Typical hog operations store concentrated animal waste in lagoons prior to land …

Marine Sediment Classification Using The Chirp Sonar, Lester R. Leblanc, Larry A. Mayer, Manuel Rufino, Steven G. Schock, John King

Affiliate Scholarship

The chirpsonar is a calibrated wideband digital FMsonar that provides quantitative, high‐resolution, low‐noise subbottom data. In addition, it generates an acoustic pulse with special frequency domain weighting that provides nearly constant resolution with depth. The chirpsonar was developed with the objective of remote acoustic classification of seafloor sediments. In addition to producing high‐resolution images, the calibrated digitally recorded data are processed to estimate surficial reflection coefficients as well as a complete sediment acoustic impulse profile. In this paper, surficial sediments in Narragansett Bay, RI are used to provide ground truth for an acoustic model. Quantitative acoustic returns from the chirpsonar …

Anthropogenic Sulfate And Asian Dust Signals In Snow From Tien Shan, Northwest China, Cameron P. Wake, Paul Andrew Mayewski, Wang Ping, Yang Qinzhao, Han Jiankang, Xie Zichu

Earth Science Faculty Scholarship

Snow samples were collected from a 0.5 m snowpack at Glacier No. 1 and near Bogda Feng, eastern Tien Shan, northwest China. Samples that were melted in the field were analyzed for chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and microparticles. Eight samples were returned frozen and were analyzed for the above ions plus ammonium, acetate, formate, methylsulfonate, and hydrogen peroxide. There was no significant difference in measured major ion concentrations between the melted and frozen samples. Measured cations in both sets of samples were two to three times greater than measured anions. Calcium and sodium are the dominant cations …

Identification Of The Subspecies Of Oreochromis Niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae) Using Restriction Endonuclease Analysis Of Mitochondrial Dna, Seifu Seyoum, Irv Kornfield

Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship

Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to characterize differentiation among the seven described subspecies of Oreochromis niloticus from East Africa and Egypt. Mitochondrial DNAs of 14 populations were examined with 42 restriction endonucleases. Two subspecies of Oreochromis spilurus were also examined. Approximately 8% of the mitochondrial genome of O. niloticus (17 070 ± 40 base pairs) was assayed; 29 (70%) of the 42 restriction enzymes that were examined displayed restriction phenotypes that varied among the samples analyzed. Several endonucleases produced restriction phenotypes which were diagnostic for the described subspecies of O. niloticus, though a few samples did …

A Numerical Study Of The Variability And The Separation Of The Gulf Stream, Induced By Surface Atmospheric Forcing And Lateral Boundary Flows, Tal Ezer, George L. Mellor

CCPO Publications

A primitive equation model is used to study the effects of surface and lateral forcing on the variability and the climatology of the Gulf Stream system. The model is an eddy-resolving, coastal ocean model that includes thermohaline dynamics and a second-order turbulence closure scheme to provide vertical mixing. The surface forcing consists of wind stress and heat fluxes obtained from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). Sensitivity studies are performed by driving the model with different forcing (e.g., annual versus zero surface forcing or monthly versus annual forcing). The model climatology, obtained from a five-year simulation of each case, is …

Effects Of Wind, Density, And Bathymetry On A One-Layer Southern Ocean Model, John M. Klinck

CCPO Publications

Steady solutions from a one-layer, wind-driven, primitive equation model are analyzed to determine the importance of wind forcing, pressure gradient force due to the climatological density distribution and bottom form drag on circulation in the Southern Ocean. Five simulations are discussed: three wind-forced simulations, with differing bathymetry (flat bottom, 15% bathymetry, and full bathymetry), one case with full bathymetry forced with the density-induced pressure force, and one case with full bathymetry forced by both wind and density-induced pressure gradients. The simulations presented here confirm the previous speculation (Munk and Palmen, 1951) that form drag is effective in balancing the driving …