Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

A Progression Of Avian Radar Studies At Airfields, Edward J. Zakrajsek, Carolyn Matkovich, Andreas Smith

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

We used our Mobile Avian Radar Systems on two different projects this past year. A study at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, used the old configuration, with a vertical-scanning radar and our image-processing technique. A study at Vancouver International Airport, B.C. used the new configuration with both vertical and surveillance radars and our new radar data processing technique. The Robins study was a preliminary assessment of seasonal bird-hazards, especially regarding the altitude distribution of birds near the airfield. Data was collected. The Vancouver study was a preliminary survey and system evaluation for the development of a real- time, dedicated Airport …

Need For Certification Program For Persons Conducting Wildlife Hazard Management Activities At Airports, John Ostrom

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

With the complexity of tools, information and resources available to airports today, there comes a need for standardization for those persons involved in Airport Wildlife Hazard Management. One approach to standardization would be the creation of a multi-level certification program to provide the basic necessary information, training and resources to anyone involved in Airport Wildlife Hazard Management. In order to create and manage this program, the basic structure of Bird Strike Committee USA (BSC USA) would need to evolve into a more formal organization. This reorganization would create the foundation for BSC USA to provide the necessary management structure and …

Even With Good Equipment, Experienced Manpower Is Necessary, Nigel Horton

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Maximized efficiency and quality assurance of equipment is essential to both the manufacturer and the end-user. Quite uniquely, one UK manufacturer of bird control equipment sought the views of the aerodrome bird control staff who used it. A simple tick-box questionnaire, designed by an independent biologist, was sent to each aerodrome and 37 returned completed forms, representing about half of known users in the UK. A simple subjective analysis of these produced some unexpected results that are presented here. The survey was not dissimilar to the original trials of bird distress calls on RAF airfields undertaken during the 1960's, thus …

A New Technology To Repel Birds: The High-Intensity Acoustic Bird Dispersion System (Hiabds), Xi Baoshu, Zhou Mingjun, Wang Jingqun, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

A High-intensity Acoustic Bird Dispersion System (HIABDS), invented by Professor Xi Baoshu, is a new nonlethal device for dispersing birds from airports and other locations. The device employs a unique electro-pneumatic loudspeaker which can amplify recorded wildlife vocalizations or artificial sounds of varying frequencies to high power levels and project them over long distances. The sound pressure reaches 135 dB at 10-m distance. In China, HIABDS is being used at Lanzhou Airport to disperse upland buzzards (Buteo hemilasius), whose numbers declined by 80% after 1 year of deployment. During 2001-2002, HIABDS was used at Tianjin Binhai International Airport …

Strides In Bird Hazard Control At Entebbe International Airport, Gloria Korabo Bitebekezi

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

The location of Entebbe International Airport within the Entebbe peninsula bird sanctuary would make it one of the most bird-strike prone airports in the world. However the airport actually has a relatively clean strike record. Since 1998, the number of bird strike incidents that caused damage to aircraft has been on the decline. This paper illustrates the methods used at Entebbe International Airport and their effectiveness in controlling different species of birds.

Bird Hazard Control Program At Panama Airports, Esteban Godinez

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

ICAO Bird Information System (IBIS) has been conduced at Panama airports since 1996. Bird strike notifications, technical reports as well as wildlife control procedures have been developing as essential roles of the National Bird Hazard Committee and its Wildlife Limitation Programs. Sixty-four (64) bird strikes with different aircraft were recorded and sent to ICAO so far, while an additional 154 collisions (71%) were not reported to ICAO because of the failure to determine the aircraft involved. Among the birds struck at airports, the most outstanding species are the common barn owl (Tyto alba) and the black vulture (Coragyps …

Wildlife Hazard Management In Micronesia: Aviation Safety In Uncharted Territory, Daniel S. Vice

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

The islands of Micronesia support small, but growing, commercial and military aviation routes. A developing tourism industry, coupled with increased demands for military training sites, is bringing aviation traffic to remote and occasionally primitive island settings. While flight volumes are low relative to mainland settings, the nature of aviation in the islands is that of self- sufficiency and minimal infrastructure, which creates difficult flight situations. Pilots flying island routes face numerous challenges, including wildlife hazards that are generally unmitigated. Although major infrastructure and safety improvements have been made across many of the civilian airports in Micronesia, the impact of wildlife …

Bird Strikes In Courts: The Genoa Case, Valter Battistoni

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

There have not been many court cases, be it criminal or civil, concerning accidents, or even compensation for damages, following bird strikes. Generally, those involved prefer to reach an agreement out of court. The first court sentence in Italy on this subject was pronounced by the Civil Court of Genoa in 2001. The carrier had sued a number of entities (Ministry of Transport, Airport Operator, Air Traffic Control Agency) for damages resulting from a multiple impact between a BAE 146 and a flock of gulls (Larus sp.) that occurred on 7 June 1989 at Genoa Airport. On that occasion …

Canada Goose Population Management At The Minneapolis-St. Paul International And Downtown St. Paul Airports, James A. Cooper

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

A Canada goose (Branta canadensis) control program was initiated at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) in 1984, and at the Downtown St. Paul Airport (STP) in 1994. Flightless geese >16 km from these airports were trapped (MSP 1,734; STP 1,397), neck-banded (MSP 1,047; STP 502), and observed and counted weekly in fall at 22 and 6 locations >5 km from MSP and STP, respectively. Efficacy was also measured by observing fall goose flights through the operations airspace in 1984-1987 and 1998-2001 (MSP), and 1994-2001 (STP). Based on neckband origin of birds observed >2 km from the airfields, …

Monte-Carlo Simulation Of Birdstrike To Support Rule Making For Large Birds, Julian M. Reed

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

A clear need was established by the aero-engine manufacturers and the certifying authorities for a re-assessment of the published rules governing engine certification for large flocking birds. A task group was set up to address this need at the beginning of 2000. Early in this program, it was determined that a statistical approach to the rule making was required and the Monte-Carlo technique was proposed and accepted. This paper discusses the implementation of the Monte-Carlo technique to simulate bird strike events from the Rolls-Royce viewpoint and describes the various refinements that have been made in order to ensure an adequate …

Aircraft Engines And Large Flocking Birds, Richard Parker

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

This paper will present a summary of the results of the ARAC (engine) Bird Ingestion Phase II rule making effort. The effort was to evaluate the hazard to transport category aircraft, of large flocking birds, and to revise the engine certification requirements as appropriate. The paper will discuss the revision to engine certification requirements. It will also discuss the recommendation of the task group regarding the importance of continuing effort for bird control at the airport.

Potential Of Grass-Endophytes As A Bird Deterrent: Concept Testing With Canada Geese, Chris G. L. Pennell, Phil Rolston

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Problems caused by birds in the agricultural, horticultural, recreational and the aviation industries are escalating world wide as man develops environments that are attractive to birds. Chemical repellents, bird scarers, and exclusion netting are being used to keep birds away by taste, fright and containment. Habitat management using grasses with selected endophytes may be a new tool for minimizing bird nuisance problems in these industries. Canada geese (Branta Canadensis) were offered selected ryegrass/endophyte Neotyphodium lolli seed and herbage to examine the effects of known endophyte alkaloids on their feeding behavior in 2000-2001. Forty geese were captured annually, contained …

Aspects Of The Feeding Ecology Of Avifauna At An Inland Airport, South Africa, Ordino Kok, Lettie Kok

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Bloemfontein airport, situated in the central Free State, experiences the greatest number of bird-aircraft collisions at South African airports, relative to its (low) air traffic. In an attempt to rectify the situation, aspects of the feeding ecology of birds presenting a potential hazard at the airport were investigated. Plant surveys indicated that the study area can be classified as a dry Cymbopogon – Themeda veld type in a relatively good condition. Using 270 pitfall traps over a continuous period of 15 months, it was established that more than twice as many ground-living invertebrates, mainly insects, occurred in grass kept permanently …

Assessing Bird Strike Hazards In Coastal Wetlands Through Field Experiments, John Ledbetter, John Gray

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Santa Barbara Municipal Airport (SBA) is located in and adjacent to Goleta Slough, a large coastal salt marsh with limited tidal circulation. Various government and non-government agencies are pursuing a long-term project to restore the historic tidal circulation to the slough to improve ecological conditions. SBA recently completed a study to assess feasibility of conducting a controlled field experiment in the slough to evaluate the relationship between bird strike hazards and the presence of tidal and non-tidal wetlands near the airfield. The study indicated that a limited field experiment, in which new estuarine marsh areas are temporarily restored, would provide …

A Paradigm Shift In Bird Strike Prevention By The Israeli Air Force, Nicholas B. Carter, Eyal Cohen

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Over the past 20 years, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) has focused attention in bird strike prevention on collisions between aircraft and migrating birds during low-level flight operations. Only in the last 2 years has the IAF begun to tackle the problem of reducing bird-aircraft collisions at or near airfields. A dramatic shift in thinking has led the IAF to initiate complete wildlife control programs at its airbases, featuring the employment of border collies and wildlife control officers to help eliminate the risk of wildlife collisions within the control zone (CTR) of each airfield. As a crucial component of this …

Translocating Common Nighthawks At Mcconnell Air Force Base, Kansas To Reduce Aircraft Strikes, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, James E. Davis, Darryl L. York

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

McConnell Air Force Base (MAFB) experiences a unique bird/aircraft hazard problem with migrating common nighthawks (Chordeiles minor) from August-October. Nighthawks are the most commonly struck species at MAFB, representing about 38% of total reported bird/aircraft strikes and 82% of the strikes from August-October. Factors that contribute to an over abundance of nighthawks on MAFB are: abundant foraging opportunities in close proximity to the airfield, available roosting habitat for nighthawks on and around the airfield, the lack of a Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard program to address nighthawks, and the location of MAFB on a nighthawk migration route. Approaches for …

A Small Pond Off-Airfield Provides More Than Water, Nigel Horton

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Land use changes around aerodromes are becoming more problematical as conservation groups increasingly press for eco-friendly restorations, especially of water areas. Often the requirement is to encourage insects or plants or recreational use of such areas. However, these same beneficial features for biodiversity, can enhance the already considerable off-airfield bird attraction. A single case study illustrates the slow, generally unnoticed, development of a small water feature as an attraction to increasing numbers of birds and species over a period of about 10 years. This and a second study reveal how a "must feed the birds" mentality influences local bird populations. …

Automated Haze Systems With Methyl Anthranilate Eliminate Nuisance Birds In Aviation Hangars, Warehouses, Airports, Bruce E. Vergote

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Automated haze systems (The BirdHazer) combined with Methyl Anthranilate (MA) is proven effective and cost efficient as an application method for eliminating nuisance birds in aviation hangars, warehouses, and airport facilities. Proper placement of the BirdHazer system which is based on air flow circulation allows to deliver a clean, dry haze, producing a mean droplet diameter size of 5 microns , which also eliminates the possibility of permeation and any settled residue. Three preliminary test studies were successfully completed at 2 dairy barn locations, and a salt storage warehouse. The fourth testing site was conducted at a maintenance hangar at …

Responses Of Captive Birds To Candidate Perching Deterrents On Faa Llwas Units, Michael L. Avery, Ann C. Genchi

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Successful operation of the FAA’s Low-Level Windshear Alert System (LLWAS) depends largely on birds not perching on the wind-sensing units which are installed atop poles 40-45 m tall. Because new LLWAS units will be erected at airports throughout North America, anti- perching devices must deter numerous avian species ranging widely in body size and behavioral pattern. To determine the most promising devices, we conducted pen trials with brown-headed cowbirds, fish crows, barred owls, great horned-owls and black vultures. Birds were given free access to an unmodified sensor unit mounted on a tripod for 24 hours, during which the only alternative …

Evaluation Of Electrobraid Fencing As A Deer Barrier, Thomas W. Seamans, Zachary J. Patton, Kurt .. Vercauteren

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Increasing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in North America have lead to direct threats to public safety as well as agricultural losses. Fencing is often used to keep deer from causing damage at both airports and agricultural areas. Tall, chain-link fences have been used successfully but are often prohibitively expensive. Electric fences have potential to offer a less expensive alternative. We tested a new electric fence design marketed under the name ElectroBraid. This fence, comprised of 0.6-cm polyester rope with copper wire woven into it, is carried on frangible, fiberglass posts set at 15-m intervals. From January to …

“Birdstrike” – What’S The Word? (Poster), Carla Dove

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

The word(s) “bird strike”, “bird-strike”, or “birdstrike” has been used inconsistently throughout the literature for as long as birds have been colliding with aircraft. A recent search of peer-reviewed articles in the Zoological Record and Biological Abstracts dating back to 1969 resulted in 52 articles that pertained to bird-aircraft collisions. Of those, 67% used two words (bird strike); 22% used a hyphenated word (bird-strike); 5.5% used one word (birdstrike), and 5.5% actually used both two words and the hyphenated version in the same paper! A brief glance through the proceedings and abstracts of recent Bird Strike Committee Meetings also exemplifies …

Birdstrike Identification (Poster), Carla Dove

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Identification of feather evidence retrieved from birdstrikes provides essential information that allows airfield managers, engineers, pilots and government agencies to work together to prevent damaging birdstrikes. Knowing the identity of the birds that are causing problems is the first step in formulating a plan to discourage birds from interfering with aviation safety. The feather identification process is complex and involves cleaning feather material, microscopic examination, and whole feather comparisons with specimens in a museum collection. This poster presents the feather identification technique and provides information to various agencies on how and where to send birdstrike remains for identification.

Conducting An Economical Wildlife Hazard Assessment Using A Wildlife Incursion Log (Poster), Elizabeth Rogers, David Tiller

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Small and moderate-sized airports face increasing financial constraints. A need for a wildlife hazard assessment can represent a real financial hardship. We describe how a wildlife incursion log maintained by airport personnel can provide an economical means of assessing wildlife hazards in a rural landscape. Using such a log with records for 208 days, we created a relational database that could be analyzed with simple summary statistics. Using the incursion log, we examined seasonal shifts in average daily incursions (such as increased sandhill cranes in the spring), persistent year- round presence of some species (such as American crow), and the …

Environmental Analysis Of Wildlife Hazard Management Programs: Application Of Nepa And Possible Consequences For Implementing New Plans (Poster), Ken Wallace

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

The operating certificate required for airports that accommodate commercial-service air carriers stipulates that the airports be able to conduct safe operations, pursuant to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. Under Federal Aviation Regulation Part 139, most airports must prepare and implement a wildlife hazard management plan (WHMP) as part of the certification process. Required components of the WHMP include the priorities for needed habitat modification and changes in land use as a result of those modifications. Because habitat modification is often a relatively permanent procedure to reduce wildlife use of airports, it is a preferred method by airport operators for …

Successful Use Of Alarm/Alert Call Playback To End Canada Goose Problems At An Ohio Business Park (Poster), Philip C. Whitford

2002 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, 4th Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA

Burgeoning continental resident Canada goose populations have led to increases in aircraft strikes. Once on or near airfields, geese have proven difficult to move and keep away. Playback of naturally recorded alarm and alert calls of the species was coupled with multiple harassment techniques to determine if this strategy would prove effective at removal of long-term resident geese from a 24-ha business park in Dayton, Ohio. The study began 26 February 2002, following territorial establishment by the geese, and continued until the last few geese had abandoned the property as of 14 May 2002. Most geese present were reusing nest …

Likwidacja Strefy Ochronnej Huty Katowice I Zakładów Koksowniczych "Przyjaźń" W Dąbrowie Górniczej, Marian Mazur, Robert Oleniacz, Marek Bogacki

Robert Oleniacz

Legislation changes in Poland concerning the protective zones (created around industrial plants particularly harmful to the environment) were presented in the paper. Conditions connected with forming, developing and partial elimination of the protective zone existing around the "Katowice" steelworks and the coke plant Przyjaźń in Dąbrowa Górnicza (Poland) since 1978 were characterized as well.

English title: Elimination of the protective zone of the Katowice steelworks and the coke plant Przyjaźń in Dąbrowa Górnicza.

Scwds Briefs: Volume 18, Number 3 (October 2002)

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications

• Chronic Wasting Disease Update: Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Colorado; National CWD Management – USDA & USDI National Plan for Assisting States, Federal Agencies, and Tribes in Managing Chronic Wasting Disease in Free-ranging and Captive Cervids
• West Nile virus (WNV) reaches the Pacific coast
• West Nile Virus in Blue Jays
• Idaho Brucellosis Linked to Wildlife: All of the epidemiological and laboratory information clearly indicates that brucellosis-infected elk transmitted the disease to the cattle herd.
• Tularemia caused a die-off of captured wild prairie dogs this summer at a Texas commercial exotic animal facility that distributes the animals …

Creep And Creep-Recovery Models For Wood Under High Stress Levels, Zhiyong Cai, Kenneth J. Fridley, Michael O. Hunt, David V. Rosowsky

Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Faculty Research

Forty small clear southern pine specimens were loaded under third-point bending to examine creep and creep-recovery behavior for wood under high stress levels. Stress levels of between 69% and 91% of the predicted static strength were applied for 23 h with 1 h allowed for recovery, and the resulting deflection vs. time behavior was studied. The experimental creep and creep-recovery behavior was modeled using modified power law functions. The results indicate that these functions provide the best fit to both primary and secondary experimental data. The empirical models can be used to simulate the viscoelastic behavior of wood under high …

Scwds Briefs: Volume 18, Number 2 (July 2002)

Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications

• Chronic wasting disease (CWD) recently has been identified in more free-ranging and captive cervids at additional locations in New Mexico, Wisconsin, and Colorado.
• An outbreak of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus apparently has been contained in domestic poultry in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.
• West Nile Virus Continues to Spread
• Update on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wildlife
• The accurate diagnosis of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in white-tailed deer
• In June of 2002, the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund made a contribution to help support SCWDS' continuing investigations of avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM).
• …

Weryfikacja Emisji Pyłowej Z Huty Katowice I Zasięgu Jej Oddziaływania, Marian Mazur, Robert Oleniacz, Marek Bogacki, Agnieszka Łopata

Robert Oleniacz

Preliminary analysis of the results of atmospheric dispersion modeling for dust emission from the Katowice Steelworks (Poland) showed necessity of verification the particulate matter, lead and cadmium emission from the plant. The verification was limited to the substance emission sources influencing air pollution to the largest extent. Both scale of dust emission and its granulometric and chemical composition were re-evaluated. Further calculations of the air propagation for the pollutants were carried out and calculation results were compared with direct measurements. Thus the Katowice Steelworks impact on air quality and the level of total dust, lead and cadmium ground deposition was …