Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Articles 61 - 82 of 82
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Controlling Vertebrate Animal Damage In Southern Pines, Jeffrey J. Jackson
Controlling Vertebrate Animal Damage In Southern Pines, Jeffrey J. Jackson
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Certain mammals and birds may damage or destroy southern pines, causing economic losses in intensively cultured areas such as seed orchards and nurseries. Mammal pests may eat seeds; tunnel, dislodging seedlings, or chew on roots; or girdle, debark, or sever stems or branches. Bird pests may eat seeds or excavate holes in the tree trunks. The first important step is to identify the pest(s) from the damage left behind. Thereafter, various control options-from using traps and repellents to altering habitat-are available.
The Human Element In Wildlife Damage Situations, Ron J. Johnson
The Human Element In Wildlife Damage Situations, Ron J. Johnson
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The field of prevention and control of wildlife damage is changing and evolving along with clientele needs, pressures from user and non-user groups, and other factors. A theoretical overview of the field may offer an action model regarding changing trends and potential responses. I propose that three things happen every time a wildlife damage problem occurs: 1) A human activity, desire, or need is interfered with, 2) the experience fosters an opinion about a wild animal - usually negative, and 3) a decision is made to tolerate the situation or to control it. If control is selected, availability and effectiveness …
Status Of Compound Drc-1339 Registrations, C. Edward Knittle, Edward W. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone
Status Of Compound Drc-1339 Registrations, C. Edward Knittle, Edward W. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Compound DRC-1339 is a restricted-use, slow-acting avicide that is registered to control a number of avian pests. It is unique because of its selective high toxicity to most pest birds, low-to-moderate toxicity to most mammals and predatory birds, and lack of known secondary hazards when used on baits. The most widely known product containing DRC- 1339 is Purina Mills’ Starlicide Complete®, a pelleted bait used to control blackbirds and starlings in feedlots. Other DRC- 1339 registrations are held by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS), for the use of nonpelletized baits at feedlots and …
Frightening Methods And Devices/Stimuli To Prevent Mammal Damage-- A Review, Ann E. Koehler, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon
Frightening Methods And Devices/Stimuli To Prevent Mammal Damage-- A Review, Ann E. Koehler, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Various frightening stimuli, primarily visual and acoustic, have been used to prevent or alleviate damage by depredating mammals (e.g., deer (Odocoileus spp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), tree squirrels (Sciurus spp.), coyotes (Canis latrans). Frightening methods are most appropriate for use where a crop or situation needs protection from pest mammals for only a period of a few days or weeks. The ability of animals to habituate to such stimuli limits their long-term usefulness. Against nocturnal species, various types of lights and noisemakers are the most useful. Combining acoustic and visual stimuli can enhance effectiveness, while …
Lyme Disease, With Emphasis On The Western U.S., And Its Relationship To Wildlife (Abstract Only), Robert S. Lane
Lyme Disease, With Emphasis On The Western U.S., And Its Relationship To Wildlife (Abstract Only), Robert S. Lane
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
In the western United States, Lyme disease has been reported primarily from the three Pacific states, especially California, and sporadically or not at all from various mountain states. In California, surveillance for Lyme disease was initiated in 1983, but it was not made a reportable disease in this state until 1989. Nevertheless, approximately 400 human cases were reported by California State Health authorities between 1983 and 1987. In 1982, I began studying the ecology and epidemiology of Lyme disease in the far-western United States in collaboration with Dr. Willy Burgdorfer of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, and others. The …
Effects Of Field Vertebrate Pest Control On Nontarget Wildlife (With Emphasis On Bird And Rodent Control), E.E. Littrell
Effects Of Field Vertebrate Pest Control On Nontarget Wildlife (With Emphasis On Bird And Rodent Control), E.E. Littrell
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Vertebrate pest control measures may have an impact on nontarget wildlife. Bird and rodent control programs using avicides and rodenticides in California have been, and are currently being, examined by the California Department of Fish and Game on a routine basis. Each pesticide used has its deleterious side effects. This paper reviews these side effects and suggests possible future impacts which could be expected.
Reproduction And Population Structure Of Pocket Gophers (Thomomvs Bottae) From Irrigated Alfalfa Fields, Susan C. Loeb
Reproduction And Population Structure Of Pocket Gophers (Thomomvs Bottae) From Irrigated Alfalfa Fields, Susan C. Loeb
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Pocket gophers were collected from irrigated alfalfa fields (IRR) and non-irrigated fallow fields (NIRR) in Davis, California, for 2 years. Reproduction was continuous in IRR fields with very little seasonal variation in reproductive activity. In contrast, reproduction in NIRR fields occurred primarily during the rainy season (winter and spring). Females in IRR fields produced approximately twice as many litters per year (3.6-3.9) as females in NIRR habitats (1.7). The high reproductive potential of adult females in IRR fields coupled with the early age of sexual maturity among young females suggests that population recovery after control measures is likely to be …
Urban Animal Damage Control In California, John R. Maestrelli
Urban Animal Damage Control In California, John R. Maestrelli
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Requests for assistance, monetary losses attributed to wildlife, and numbers of wild animals removed from urban areas in California increased significantly between 1982 and 1989. Five species of wildlife are responsible for the majority of complaints received from the public. Because of the inherent problems associated with animal damage control in densely populated urban areas, specialized control equipment and techniques such as cage traps, crossbows and night vision goggles are utilized by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (USDA-APHISADC) personnel. Urban ADC programs help educate a large segment of the population about the need …
Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh
Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Microencapsulation materials and techniques have advanced significantly over the past two decades. Encapsulation techniques are now used in a wide range of products from drugs to perfumes and food fragrances. As an industry, microencapsulation had its beginning in the research laboratories of National Cash Register (NCR) in Dayton, Ohio, in the late 1930s. It came into commercial use in 1954 when carbonless copy paper was introduced on the market. The entire field has made enormous progress since that time. Microencapsulation and other associated controlled- release technology play an important role in time-release pesticides, giving them a delayed or longer action …
Exclusionary Methods And Materials To Protect Plants From Pest Mammals--A Review, Rex E. Marsh, Ann E. Koehler, Terrell P. Salmon
Exclusionary Methods And Materials To Protect Plants From Pest Mammals--A Review, Rex E. Marsh, Ann E. Koehler, Terrell P. Salmon
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Protecting individual plants or small clumps of plants with some type of protective material or device represents a positive nonlethal approach to damage prevention that is often much less expensive than fencing an entire garden or crop or netting over the entire area to prevent damage by such species as deer (Odocoileus spp.), rabbits (Lepus spp., Sylvilagus spp.), and ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.). This review article does not include fencing or the netting or screening of entire crops, which are subjects unto themselves. Tree trunk guards or protectors include commercial tree wraps and other materials affixed directly …
An Examination Of The Browsing Animal Problem In Australian Eucalypt And Pine Plantations, Thomas L. Montague, David C. Pollock, Wendy Wright
An Examination Of The Browsing Animal Problem In Australian Eucalypt And Pine Plantations, Thomas L. Montague, David C. Pollock, Wendy Wright
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The severity and extent of browsing damage to pine and eucalypt plantations and possible solutions are examined. Twenty-six percent of all trees surviving 9 months after planting were browsed yet only six percent had more than 50% of foliage damaged. The most common form of damage was for the foliage to be browsed or the tree bitten off with browsing damage implicated in the mortality of the 24% of trees that died. No difference in the extent of damage between Pinus radiata and eucalypts was detected. Slight differences between three Eucalypt species and two ages of seedlings were detected; however, …
Bird Problems In New Zealand–Methods Of Control, Peter C. Nelson
Bird Problems In New Zealand–Methods Of Control, Peter C. Nelson
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
New Zealand horticulturists are experiencing increasing damage to a variety of crops from a number of introduced bird species. With the advent of the increasing problem there is a need for carefully planned control operations most of which, by necessity, will be carried out by the growers themselves. This means that a variety of baits and toxins is currently being evaluated for control purposes. Growers are being trained in the use of those toxins as well as how to get more effective use from a range of bird-scare devices. Control agencies continue to carry out control of certain bird species …
Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh
Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Information concerning vertebrate pests of beekeeping was gathered from state and provincial apiary inspectors through a questionnaire. Forty-eight states and 9 provinces responded. Additional pest information has been assembled from published articles. Bears represent the major vertebrate pest based on severity of damage to colonies. Total estimated losses reported amounted to $623,000 annually. Loss estimates for the various pest species are probably grossly underestimated because many states with problems could not or did not provide loss estimates. Skunks and house mice represent the next most important species from a damage point of view, with annual damage averaging $423,050 and $100,450, …
Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki
Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
We examined the feeding behavior of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) on ears of corn (Zea mavs) artificially infested with corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea). In 30-minute aviary tests, redwings and starlings directed 39 to 79% more feeding responses to ears of corn with worms than to ears without worms but they damaged the same proportion of ears with and without worms. In 3-hour aviary tests and a field evaluation, birds damaged more ears with worms than without worms. In spite of more feeding responses directed to ears with …
Responses Of Captive Coyotes To Chemical Attractants, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard M. Engeman
Responses Of Captive Coyotes To Chemical Attractants, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard M. Engeman
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Seasonal responses of captive coyotes (Canis latrans) to 9 chemical attractants (W-U lure, TMAD, SFE, FAS, CFA, artificial smoked fish flavor, artificial beef liver flavor, yeast autolysate and decanoic acid) were evaluated. Twenty-six additional attractants were tested only during the summer. W-U lure and FAS produced the greatest total response times from coyotes during all seasons of the year. FAS and smoked fish flavor evoked the most lick-chew-bite and pulling behaviors during the summer and have potential for improving the performance of M-44 devices in warm weather.
The Status Of Lines In Bird Damage Control–A Review, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Danilo A. Aguero, Kent M. Eskridge
The Status Of Lines In Bird Damage Control–A Review, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Danilo A. Aguero, Kent M. Eskridge
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
One technique for repelling or excluding birds is to stretch wires, monofilament lines, or nylon strings across sites needing protection. Wires or lines spaced at various intervals and in various configurations have successfully repelled birds such as ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and/or herring (L. argentatus) gulls, and brant (Branta bernicla bernicla) from reservoirs, sanitary landfills, fish hatcheries, nesting areas, public places, or farm fields. Black thread has been suggested for repelling small birds such as sparrows (unspecified) from garden seedlings and bullfinches (unspecified) from fruit trees. Recent observations in New Mexico indicated that monofilament lines …
Keynote Address--Thoughts On The Future Of Vertebrate Pest Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr.
Keynote Address--Thoughts On The Future Of Vertebrate Pest Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr.
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
I greatly appreciated the invitation to attend this Conference, and to share some thoughts on the future of vertebrate pest management in the form of a Keynote Address. In making the presentation, I will dwell mostly on a single document. This document is entitled “Strategic Plan for Animal Damage Control,” and became available in December 1989, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The document is one of the products from a strategic planning process that began in APHIS about 2 years ago, and continues today. The process began at the highest level of …
An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh
An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
We evaluated the ability of underground fencing to exclude pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) from experimental plots planted with alfalfa. Fencing extending 61 cm below and 91 cm aboveground, with a 15.2-cm lip bent 90 degrees inward at the bottom, did not prevent marked and unmarked gophers from escaping, invading, or moving among six adjacent plots. Complete underground screening, in combination with gopher control, may be the only technique which ensures the complete exclusion of gophers from experimental and ornamental plots.
Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Systems Analysis And Simulation, R.H. Smith, Paula R. Cox, M. Rampaud
Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Systems Analysis And Simulation, R.H. Smith, Paula R. Cox, M. Rampaud
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Exposure, as well as toxicity, determines whether rodenticides present real environmental hazards to nontarget animals. In order to combine exposure and toxicity, a compartment model is proposed which distinguishes transfer processes from accumulation of residues. The published literature relevant to the model is analyzed, and some important gaps in knowledge are highlighted. Simple sub-models of rat feeding behavior and mortality are combined into a simulation model which generates data on both efficacy of control and build-up of residues in live rats and carcasses. The roles of feeding parameters (e.g., palatability, availability of alternative food) as well as toxicity are emphasized …
Animal Welfare And The Control Of Vertebrates, Harry V. Thompson
Animal Welfare And The Control Of Vertebrates, Harry V. Thompson
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
The relationships between man and other animals have attracted increased attention and some controversy in recent years. Their importance in biomedical research, farming, and wildlife control are discussed in the United Kingdom context.
Rodent Damage To Hawaiian Sugarcane, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Asher K. Ota
Rodent Damage To Hawaiian Sugarcane, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Asher K. Ota
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Rattus norvegicus, R. exulans, and R. rattus cause extensive damage to Hawaiian sugarcane. This paper gives an overview of the problem and briefly summarizes the history of rodent control on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations. Current baiting practices with zinc phosphide may favor the proliferation of R. norvegicus, and more effective control methods are needed for this species. A cooperative research and development program by the Denver Wildlife Research Center and the nonprofit Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association is described.
A Comparison Of Several Pocket Gopher Baits In The Field, Paul Vossen, Pierre Gadd
A Comparison Of Several Pocket Gopher Baits In The Field, Paul Vossen, Pierre Gadd
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990
Two field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulant baits in pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) control. In the first trial, burrow systems were baited once with chlorophacinone 0.005% on rolled oats and embedded in paraffin to form a wax block. The systems were arranged in a one system-wide line bordering a clean vineyard. Infestation of the vineyard was prevented for 2 months; after that, gophers did bypass the barrier of treated systems and entered the vineyard. In the second trial two anticoagulant baits, chlorophacinone 0.005% on rolled oats and embedded in paraffin, and diphacinone 0.0052% on …