Chemicals and Drugs Commons^™

Reviewing The American University Law Review On Extraterritoriality: A Critical Response To Viki Economides, Note, Tianrui Group Co. V. Itc: The Dubious Status Of Extraterritoriality And The Domestic Industry Requirement Requirement Of Section 337(Link), Jonathan R. K. Stroud

Jonathan R. K. Stroud

Recently, the Federal Circuit upheld the Commission’s decision to exclude goods based on a trade secret violation that largely happened abroad. The American University Law Review critiqued that decision on two grounds: First, that a presumption against extraterritorial application of U.S. law applied; and second, that licensing alone could not establish a domestic industry. The American University Law Review's critique remains incomplete, however, as the Federal Circuit correctly decided the case for at least two reasons. first, the Federal Circuit correctly applied the “extraterritorial presumption” canon of construction; and second, the recent Federal Circuit decision in InterDigital Communications LLC v. …

Immunizations For Adults And Children, Lynne J. Goebel, Nancy B. Norton, Maurice A. Mufson

Maurice A. Mufson

Vaccines represent the most important medical advance of the twentieth century. The time has passed when large numbers of children and adults suffered serious, life threatening illness from viruses including poliovirus, measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus and varicella zoster virus or faced lifelong disability or death from bacterial infections including Hemophilus influenzae, meningococcus and pneumococcus, all infections that can be prevented now by effective vaccines.

Immunizations For Adults And Children, Lynne J. Goebel, Nancy B. Norton, Maurice A. Mufson

Nancy B. Norton

Vaccines represent the most important medical advance of the twentieth century. The time has passed when large numbers of children and adults suffered serious, life threatening illness from viruses including poliovirus, measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus and varicella zoster virus or faced lifelong disability or death from bacterial infections including Hemophilus influenzae, meningococcus and pneumococcus, all infections that can be prevented now by effective vaccines.

Immunizations For Adults And Children, Lynne J. Goebel, Nancy B. Norton, Maurice A. Mufson

Lynne J. Goebel

Vaccines represent the most important medical advance of the twentieth century. The time has passed when large numbers of children and adults suffered serious, life threatening illness from viruses including poliovirus, measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus and varicella zoster virus or faced lifelong disability or death from bacterial infections including Hemophilus influenzae, meningococcus and pneumococcus, all infections that can be prevented now by effective vaccines.

Pharmacological Modulation Of Cgmp Levels By Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors As A Therapeutic Strategy For Treatment Of Respiratory Pathology In Cystic Fibrosis., Hongwei Yu, Jens Poschet, Graham Timmons, Jennifer Taylor-Cousar, Wojciech Ornatowski, Joseph Fazio, Elizabeth Perkett, Kari Wilson, Hugo De Jonge, Vojo Deretic

Hongwei Yu

The CFTR gene encodes a chloride channel with pleiotropic effects on cell physiology and metabolism. Here, we show that increasing cGMP levels to inhibit epithelial Na(+) channel in cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory epithelial cells corrects several aspects of the downstream pathology in CF. Cell culture models, using a range of CF cell lines and primary cells, showed that complementary pharmacological approaches to increasing intracellular cGMP, by elevating guanyl cyclase activity though reduced nitric oxide, addition of cell-permeable cGMP analogs, or inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 corrected multiple aspects of the CF pathological cascade. These included correction of defective protein glycosylation, bacterial …

Altruism Trumping Privacy Hipaa, Privacy, Big Data Set Benefits, Douglas J. Henderson

DOUGLAS J HENDERSON

The United States Government must administer a publicly held cloud networked Big Data Set of Private Health Information (PHI) in order to utilize Big Data Analytics and allow free data mining of such PHI so that the health care industry can operate most cost effectively while also meeting the health care needs of the aging United States populace with the highest quality of care.

System Dynamics Modeling Of Medical Use, Nonmedical Use And Diversion Of Prescription Opioid Analgesics, Wayne W. Wakeland, Teresa D. Schmidt, J. David Haddox

Wayne W. Wakeland

A dramatic rise in the nonmedical of pharmaceutical opioids has presented the United States with a substantial public health problem. Nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers has become increasingly prevalent in the US over the last two decades, and diversion of medicines obtained by prescription is assumed to be a major source of supply for nonmedical opioid use. Policymakers striving to protect population health by ameliorating the adverse outcomes of nonmedical use of opioid analgesics could benefit from a systems-level model which reflects the complexity of the system and incorporates the full range of available data. To address this need, …

Medical Oxymoron Or Necessary Prevention Of Repeat Sex Offenses: An Examination Of The Appropriateness Of Existing Chemical Castration Statutes, Robert Watters

Robert Watters

The current chemical castration statutes in six states are full of logical constitutional, medical and ethical questions and concerns. The basis for the criticism can be traced to how the schemes were developed compared to the those used in Europe. The castration statutes enacted after long trial and error periods are, therefore, easily discernible from those signed into law quickly as a reaction to some outside event.

Effects Of A Selective Cannabinoid Cb2 Agonist And Antagonist On Intravenous Nicotine Self Administration And Reinstatement Of Nicotine Seeking, Islam Gamaleddin, Alexander Zvonok, Alexandros Makriyannis, Steven Goldberg, Bernard Le Foll

Alexander Zvonok

Over the last decade there have been significant advances in the discovery and understanding of the cannabinoid system along with the development of pharmacologic tools that modulate its function. Characterization of the crosstalk between nicotine addiction and the cannabinoid system may have significant implications on our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine dependence. Two types of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) have been identified. CB1 receptors are expressed in the brain and modulate drug taking and drug seeking for various drugs of abuse, including nicotine. CB2 receptors have been recently identified in the brain and have been proposed to …

A Shot In Arm: Can Chemical Castration Statutes Cure Sex Offenders Legally And Ethically?, Robert Watters

Robert Watters

At least seven states have chemical castration statutes to combat recidivist sex offenders. This article is an examination of the appropriateness and effectiveness of those statutes as against the successful European models.

Lack Of Association Between Gly82ser, 1704g/T And 2184a/G Of Rage Gene Polymorphisms And Retinopathy Susceptibility In Malaysian Diabetic Patients, Rozaida @ Poh Yuen Ying

Rozaida @ Poh Yuen Ying

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease, occurring in about 60% of type 2 diabetic patients. Other than known clinical risk factors, the influence of genes has been suggested as part of the development of diabetic retinopathy. We investigated the association of Gly82Ser, 1704G/T and 2184A/G polymorphisms in the RAGE gene with retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients in Malaysia. Ninety-eight unrelated retinopathy patients and 185 unrelated healthy controls from all over Malaysia were recruited in this study. The allele and genotype frequencies of the three gene polymorphisms were investigated using PCR-RFLP. The allele frequency of the three …

Igf2bp2 Alternative Variants Associated With Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies Negative Diabetes In Malaysian Subjects, Rozaida @ Poh Yuen Ying

Rozaida @ Poh Yuen Ying

Background: The association of Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) common variants (rs4402960 and rs1470579) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been performed in different populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of alternative variants of IGF2BP2; rs6777038, rs16860234 and rs7651090 with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) negative diabetes in Malaysian Subjects. Methods/Principal Findings: IGF2BP2; rs6777038, rs16860234 and rs7651090 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 1107 GADA negative diabetic patients and 620 control subjects of Asian from Malaysia. The additive genetic model adjusted for age, race, gender and BMI showed that alternative variants; …

Paraoxonase 1 Status In Keratoconus: A Preliminary Study Of Activity And Polymorphism, Rozaida @ Poh Yuen Ying

Rozaida @ Poh Yuen Ying

OBJECTIVE: To determine the activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in keratoconus in a Malaysian population in comparison with non-keratoconic subjects. METHODS: Clinical eye examinations were performed on patients with keratoconus and non-keratoconic subjects after questionnaires were completed. Blood samples were collected and subjected to spectrophotometry analysis of paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities for the determination of the status of PON1 of every individual. RESULTS: Of the 11 keratoconic patients and 55 non-keratoconic control samples collected, eight patients of Indian ethnicity were keratoconic (73%), whereas 33 non-Indians were non-keratoconic (60%; p = 0.047). Paraoxonase activity was lower in Indians compared to the …

Erectogenic Effects Of Clerodendron Capitatum: Involvement Of Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibition, Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

No abstract provided.

Clausena Excavata Burm. F. (Rutaceae): A Review Of Its Traditional Uses, Pharmacological And Phytochemical Properties., Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

The present review describes the morphological, traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Clausena excavata (Burm. f., Rutaceae). The plant grows wild in the tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and represents one of the richest sources of medicinal natural products. It is intensively used currently in traditional medicine for treatment of different illnesses. One part or a mixture of two or more parts of the plant in the form of powder or liquid doze is usually given to the patient. Phytochemically, many pure compounds from several secondary metabolite groups of C. excavata have been isolated from different parts of the …

Chloroform Fraction Of Centratherum Anthelminticum (L.) Seed Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha And Exhibits Pleotropic Bioactivities: Inhibitory Role In Human Tumor Cells, Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

We investigated the antioxidant potential, cytotoxic effect, and TNF-α inhibition activity with NF-κB activation response in a chloroformfraction of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds (CACF). The antioxidant property of CACF was evaluated with DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP assays, which demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity of CACF was tested using theMTT assay; CACF effective inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for A549, PC-3, MCF-7, and WRL-68 cells were 31.42 ± 5.4, 22.61 ± 1.7, 8.1±0.9, and 54.93±8.3 μg/mL, respectively. CACF effectively and dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α release, in vitro and in vivo. CACF inhibited TNF-α secretion in stimulated RAW264.7macrophage supernatants with an IC50 of 0.012 μg/mL, …

In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic And Antioxidant Activities Of Boesenbergin A, A Chalcone Isolated From Boesenbergia Rotunda (L.) (Fingerroot), Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

The current in vitro study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A (BA), a chalcone derivative of known structure isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), non-small cell lung cancer (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), and normal hepatic cells (WRL-68) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of BA using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity of BA was assessed by the ORAC assay and compared to quercetin as a standard reference antioxidant. ORAC results are reported as the equivalent concentration of Trolox that produces the same level of antioxidant activity as …

Synthesis Of Chalcones With Anticancer Activities., Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

Several chalcones were synthesized and their in vitro cytotoxicity against various human cell lines, including human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, human prostate cancer cell line PC3, human adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 (colorectal cancer) and human normal liver cell line WRL-68 was evaluated. Most of the compounds being active cytotoxic agents, four of them with minimal IC50 values were chosen and studied in detail with MCF-7 cells. The compounds 1, 5, 23, and 25 were capable in eliciting apoptosis in MCF-7 cells as shown by multiparameter cytotoxicity assay and caspase-3/7, -8, and -9 activities …

Cucurbitacin L 2-O- Glucoside Demonstrates Apoptogenesis In Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells (Ht-29): Involvement Of Reactive Oxygen And Nitrogen Species Regulation, Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

Emerging evidence suggests that reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species can contribute to diverse signalling pathways of inflammatory and tumour cells. Cucurbitacins are a group of highly oxygenated triterpenes. Many plants used in folk medicine to treat cancer have been found to contain cucurbitacins displaying potentially important anti-inflammatory actions. The current study was designed to investigate the anti-ROS and -RNS effects of cucurbitacin L 2-O-β-glucoside (CLG) and the role of these signaling factors in the apoptogenic effects of CLG on human colon cancer cells (HT-29). This natural cucurbitacin was isolated purely from Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (Cucurbitaceae). The results …

Dentatin Induces Apoptosis In Prostate Cancer Cells Via Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl, Survivin Downregulation, Caspase-9, -3/7 Activation And Nf-Kb Inhibition., Dr Syam Mohan

Syam Mohan

This study was set to investigate antiproliferative potential of dentatin (a natural coumarin isolated from Clausena excavata Burm. F) against prostate cancer and to delineate the underlying mechanism of action. Treatment with dentatin dose-dependently inhibited cell growth of PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines, whereas it showed less cytotoxic effects on normal prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1). The inhibitory effect of dentatin on prostate cancer cell growth was due to induction of apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V staining and cell shrinkage. We found that dentatin-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulated expression levels of antiapoptotic molecules …

The Use Of A Ditopic Gd(Iii) Paramagnetic Probe For Investigating Α-Bungarotoxin Surface Accessibility, Andrea Bernini, Ottavia Spiga, Vincenzo Venditti, Filippo Prischi, Mauro Botta, Gianluca Croce, Angela Pui-Ling Tong, Wing-Talk Wong, Neri Niccolai

Vincenzo Venditti

Protein surface accessibility is a critical parameter which drives all intermolecular interaction processes. In this respect a big deal of information has been derived by analyzing paramagnetic perturbation profiles obtained from NMR protein spectra, particularly in the case that the effects due to different soluble paramagnets can be compared. Here Gd2L7, a neutral ditopic paramagnetic NMR probe, has been characterized in terms of structure and relaxivity and its paramagnetic perturbations on α-bungarotoxin CαH signals in 1H–13C HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) spectra have been analyzed. Then, these signal attenuations have been compared with the ones previously obtained in the presence …

An Efficient Protocol For Incorporation Of An Unnatural Amino Acid In Perdeuterated Recombinant Proteins Using Glucose-Based Media, Vincenzo Venditti, Nicolas L. Fawzi, G. Marius Clore

Vincenzo Venditti

The in vivo incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins is a well-established technique requiring an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair specific for the unnatural amino acid that is incorporated at a position encoded by a TAG amber codon. Although this technology provides unique opportunities to engineer protein structures, poor protein yields are usually obtained in deuterated media, hampering its application in the protein NMR field. Here, we describe a novel protocol for incorporating unnatural amino acids into fully deuterated proteins using glucose-based media (which are relevant to the production, for example, of amino acid-specific methyl-labeled proteins used in the study …

Conformational Selection And Substrate Binding Regulate The Monomer/Dimer Equilibrium Of The C-Terminal Domain Of Escherichia Coli Enzyme I, Vincenzo Venditti, G. Marius Clore

Vincenzo Venditti

The bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a signal transduction pathway that couples phosphoryl transfer to active sugar transport across the cell membrane. The PTS is initiated by the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to the C-terminal domain (EIC) of enzyme I (EI), a highly conserved protein that is common to all sugar branches of the PTS. EIC exists in a dynamic monomer/dimer equilibrium that is modulated by ligand binding and is thought to regulate the overall PTS. Isolation of EIC has proven challenging, and conformational dynamics within the EIC domain during the catalytic cycle are still largely unknown. Here, we present …

Conformational Equilibrium Of N-Myristoylated Camp-Dependent Protein Kinase A By Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Alessandro Cembran, Larry R. Masterson, Christopher L. Mcclendon, Susan S. Taylor, Jiali Gao, Gianluigi Veglia

Larry Masterson

Parallel Text Immersion, Daniel P. Becker Ph.D.

Daniel P. Becker

A new method of teaching foreign languages to beginning, intermediate, and advancing foreign language students is proposed involving reading out loud passages, chapters, and entire works of literature that are familiar to the student through required pre-reading in the students’ mother tongue. Testing is proposed to evaluate the success of the method.