Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment Commons^™

Head And Neck Tumor Histopathological Image Representation With Pre- Trained Convolutional Neural Network And Vision Transformer, Ranny Rahaningrum Herdiantoputri, Daisuke Komura, Tohru Ikeda, Shumpei Ishikawa

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Image representation via machine learning is an approach to quantitatively represent histopathological images of head and neck tumors for future applications of artificial intelligence-assisted pathological diagnosis systems. Objective: This study compares image representations produced by a pre-trained convolutional neural network (VGG16) to those produced by a vision transformer (ViT-L/14) in terms of the classification performance of head and neck tumors. Methods: W hole-slide images of five oral t umor categories (n = 319 cases) were analyzed. Image patches were created from manually annotated regions at 4096, 2048, and 1024 pixels and rescaled to 256 pixels. Image representations were …

Indwelling Pleural Catheterization Maximizes Functionality And Quality Of Life In Management Of Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusions, Avinash Ramkissoon

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using:

Davies HE, Mishra EK, Kahan BC, et al. Effect of an indwelling pleural catheter vs chest tube and talc pleurodesis for relieving dyspnea in patients with malignant pleural effusion: The TIME2 randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2012;307(22):2383-2389. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.5535

for the management of recurrent malignant pleural effusions in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Cardiac Metastasis After Curative Treatment Of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risk Factors, Treatment Options, And Prognosis, Gaurav Jain, Mathew Otto, Mubeen Khan Mohammed Abdul, Manpreet Chadha, Ajay Sahajpal

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primary hepatic malignancy with a high incidence of recurrence. The risk of recurrence directly correlates to patient’s overall prognosis. Management of advanced HCC involves a combination of surgical resection, locoregional therapy, and systemic treatment. Distant metastases are rare, and intraventricular cardiac metastases are even more infrequent. This brief review details an illustrative case of cardiac metastasis after curative treatment of primary HCC and then summarizes the literature on risk factors, treatment options, and patient prognosis in the setting of distant metastases from HCC. Prognosis of metastasis to the heart is generally poor, and available evidence emphasizes …

Refining A Postpandemic Approach To Cancer Screening, Michael A. Thompson

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

In introducing Volume 8, Issue 4 of Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews — a specially themed issue comprised of several works focused on improving cancer screening processes in clinical practice — JPCRR editor and hematologist/oncologist Michael Thompson reflects on the current state of various screening modalities and how the pandemic has already begun to shape ongoing research in this area. A delicate balance must be struck between avoiding overtesting or overdiagnosis and identifying the presence of malignant tumors early enough to allow for successful treatment.

Microrna-26a-5p As A Potential Predictive Factor For Determining The Effectiveness Of Trastuzumab Therapy In Her-2 Positive Breast Cancer Patients, Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani, Ehsan Zaboli, Farzin Sadeghi, Soraya Khafri, Ansar Karimian, Mahnoosh Rafie, Hadi Parsian

BioMedicine

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is known as the most prevalence type of cancer among women. Trastuzumab, as a cancer drug, has been used broadly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) positive BC patients. On the other hand, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs involved in pathogenesis BC. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effect of trastuzumab on the expression levels of microRNA-26a in HER-2positiveBC patients.

Methods: This study was conducted on HER-2 positive BC patients and HER-2 Negative BC patients. Serum expression of microRNA-26a were detected by real-time PCR. Then, we assessed the correlation of microRNA-26a level with …

Extra Axial Chordoma Of The Distal Femoral Metaphysis: A Case Report, Long Nguyen, Irene Vasko Do, Gord G. Zhu Do, Veniamin Barshay Md, Ms, Phd

Cooper Rowan Medical Journal

Background

Chordomas are malignant bone tumors that are derived from remnant embryonic tissue of the notochord and are typically found in the axial midline. When they are found outside of the axial skeleton, the diagnosis can be challenging and elusive. Often, they are overlooked on initial presentation in lieu of other more common lesions, including cartilage tumors (eg, enchondroma, chondrosarcoma, osteochondromatosis) due to their overlapping features.

Case Report

A 30-year-old female with a four-year history of intermittent left knee pain presented for initial evaluation. Physical exam of the knee was unremarkable except for moderate tenderness on palpation. Radiographs showed a …

Cole Relaxation Frequency As A Prognostic Parameter For Breast Cancer, William D. Gregory, Shahila Mehboob Christie, John Shell, Georges J. Nahhas, Maharaj Singh, Wendy Mikkelson

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

We previously reported successful classification of breast cancer versus benign tissue using the Cole relaxation frequency measured on tissue excised during breast surgery as part of a study at two urban hospitals in the U.S. Midwest. Using that health system’s cancer registry, we have discovered retrospectively that outcomes for patients who participated in the initial study can be classified correctly in 3 well-differentiated categories: nonrecurrent (NR); recurrent with no metastasis (RNM); and recurrent with metastasis (RM). As Cole relaxation frequency increases, the classification moves from NR to RNM and finally to RM. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association of “time-cancer-free” …

Validation Of An Endometrial Tumor Diameter Model For Risk Assessment In The Absence Of Lymph Node Mapping, Mckayla J. Riggs, Callie M. Cox Bauer, Caela R. Miller, James K. Aden, Scott A. Kamelle

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the optimal tumor diameter for predicting lymphatic metastasis and to determine intraoperatively the need for lymph node dissection in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer.

Methods: Military beneficiaries diagnosed with stage I–III endometrioid endometrial cancer during 2003–2016 who had at least 7 pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph nodes removed during the time of hysterectomy were studied. Tumor diameter was compared against the presence of positive nodes, using the prior models of 20 mm (ie, Mayo model) and 50 mm (ie, Milwaukee model), to determine the false-negative rate of each threshold. A separate analysis was completed to …

Can Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predict Pathologic Findings For Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer?, Elizabeth L. Dickson Michelson, Jessica J. F. Kram, Kayla Heslin, David Baugh, Vikram Bamra, Jiahao Hu, Abhishek Shukla, Scott A. Kamelle

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of precisely measuring tumor diameter and myometrial invasion in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) using preoperative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Adult patients with confirmed diagnosis of complex hyperplasia with atypia or EEC were included. Three radiologists separately measured tumor diameter and myometrial invasion. Basic descriptive statistics were used to describe patient characteristics and to compare radiology- and pathology-measured tumor diameter and myometrial invasion. Using the pathology results for tumor diameter as the gold standard for comparison, at least 1 radiologist was able to predict largest tumor diameter within 5 mm …

Determining The Incidence And Factors Of Cardiotoxicity In Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Anthracycline And/Or Trastuzumab-Containing Regimen At Aurora Health Care, Stephanie Ghojallu, Matthew Rappelt, Han-Yang Chen, Ruth Perez, Lydia Garlie, Geoffrey Riddell, Yingying Gu, Jun Zhang, Rubina Qamar, Bijoy K. Khandheria, Arshad Jahangir, Yang Shi

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Background: Anthracycline and trastuzumab are common breast cancer treatments. While improving survival, they elevate risk of congestive heart failure. The incidence of cardiotoxicity (CTx) with these therapies varies in the literature from 10% to 59%, higher than those reported in clinical trials (4%–10%) that excluded patients with preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities. Studies have failed to establish consensus on the risk factors for CTx associated with these therapies.

Purpose: We aim to determine the incidence and risk factors of CTx in breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline and/or trastuzumab at Aurora Health Care.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients with breast cancer …

Most Efficient Methods To Treat Breast Cancer, Esther Ehrman

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Breast cancer is rampant in today’s world. Because there are many different cases and so many different ways to classify breast cancer, a multidisciplinary approach must be taken. Many patients undergo breast conserving surgery which creates a need for the eradication of any remaining tumor residue through radiation. Fifty Gy of radiation should be applied to the breast with an additional 16 Gy as a boost. If a mastectomy is performed to remove a large tumor and 4 or more positive lymph nodes were present, radiation should be applied as well. If the tumor expresses HER2 protein, Trastuzumab should be …

The Clinical Breast Examination: A Useful Screening Tool?, Jennifer Lo

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

The standardization of the clinical breast examination as a screening tool for breast cancer has been a topic of controversy. Current recommendations vary significantly from organization to organization without consensus. There currently does not seem to be sufficient evidence regarding overall survival benefit of the clinical breast exam. However, as adjunct screening with mammography, it may help find earlier breast cancers and the up to 5–10% of cancers missed by mammography. The most appropriate standardized protocol may be that the clinical breast exam can be performed at the discretion of the provider and patient, with more inclination toward use in …

Breast Cancer Screening: Early Detection Is Not Enough, Judy A. Tjoe

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

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What Are The Recommended Timing And Screening Modalities For Women At Higher Risk Of Developing Breast Cancer? A Clin-Iq, Summer Jatala, Shawn Fitzgerald, Pamela Tietze, Kalyanakrishnan Ramakrisnan, Laine H. Mccarthy, Elizabeth Wickersham

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Early detection of breast cancer is desirable to prevent progression to advanced disease. This subject has been one of significant study and debate for women at normal risk, and recommendations continue to evolve. However, with regard to women at high risk, the recommendations from various health care professional organizations, including the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, are different and also inconsistent concerning when to begin screening and which modalities should be used. We review several randomized controlled trials and consensus opinions regarding when to begin screening for breast cancer and how to best screen women at high risk. Specifically, we …

Active Immunotherapy And Adoptive Cell Transfer As An Effective Cancer Treatment, Philip Jay Cynamon

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

There are many ways to fight cancer using the body’s own immune system. Some methods include the administration of vaccines while others involve stimulatory factors injected near tumors. One promising method is enlisting the help of T cells. To fight cancer effectively, T cells must be able to recognize cancerous antigens and the environment in which these T cells reside must be conducive to their function, survival, and proliferation. This paper discusses a method of providing such an environment called adoptive cell transfer, as well as the elements that effect this protocol and the ways in which the environment can …

Transposon Based Gene Therapy As A Treatment For Cancer, Jacob Stauber

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Gene therapy is the use of genes to treat or prevent diseases. Diseases such as cancer, which are difficult to treat using conventional methods, can be treated using gene therapy. The transport of the therapeutic transgene can be accomplished using viral or non-viral methods. However, widespread use of viral vectors is limited due to its high cost of manufacture and safety concern. Non-viral vectors are limited in their effectiveness. The use of transposons such as the Sleeping Beauty transposon system can effectively deliver the transgene with less concern than viral vectors. This review discusses the various vectors and treatment strategies …

Is Proton Beam Therapy More Effective Than Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy In Prostate Cancer Treatment?, Daniel Zelefsky

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer found in American males. Breaking technological advances in prostate cancer treatment continue to develop to help fight this disease, one such is proton beam therapy. Proton beam therapy is theorized to spare even more healthy tissue than photon radiotherapy because it delivers a majority of its radiation during the Bragg peak. Since this technology is substantially costlier than any other form of radiation therapy, physicians are assessing its effectiveness and determining if it is worth the cost. Currently, there is no significant difference seen in patient quality of life between recipients …

Are Oncolytic Viruses A Cure For Cancer? A Look At Reovirus, Adenovirus, And Hsv-1 In Cancer Treatment, Yehuda Rosenberg

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

This paper aims to evaluate the option of utilizing Oncolytic Viruses as a viable treatment in fighting cancer. However, due to the broad nature of the subject, a more limited purview is necessary. With that in mind, the focus will be on a few of the more researched ones: Reovirus, Adenovirus, and HSV-1. In each case, we will examine what makes each of these potential options. This will include an examination of each one's tumor-specificity. Cancer and viral physiology will be discussed as necessary to examine the distinct protein expressions in tumor cells, so that the virus's method of battling …

Imatinib Resistance In Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Rivky Kops

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a disorder of blood stem cells in bone marrow, which leads to a rapid production of white blood cells. Of the patients diagnosed with CML, 95% have the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which means that chromosome 22 is smaller than regular (22 q-). Historically, the median survival time for chronic phase CML patients was four to five years, while the accelerated and blast (profusion of immature red blood cells in circulation) phases had a much shorter survival time. Recently, due to the revolutionary new drug imatinib, CML patients diagnosed early have a higher survival rate. Nevertheless, …