Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Sglt2i Or Glp1ra Vs. Sulfonylurea Initiation After Hospital Admission For Congestive Heart Failure And Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review, Alyssa Ptacek Bsn, Rn, Amber Majors Bsn, Rn, Tracy Mcclinton Dnp, Aprn, Agacnp-Bc, Carrie Harvey Phd, Aprn-Bc, Acnp, Chfn

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Purpose/Background

The need for effective pharmacological management in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an ever-growing task for healthcare providers, especially in the primary care setting. Patients with multiple comorbidities are less likely to adhere to required rigorous medication schedules and lifestyle modifications, resulting in accelerated disease progression and defeated efforts of healthcare providers. Traditionally, sulfonylureas have been the medication management of choice by healthcare providers due to their affordability compared to modern medication. Current guidelines recommend that individuals with poor glycemic control could benefit significantly from using older sulfonylureas with other antidiabetic …

Implementation Of A Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Program For The Management Of Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy, An Observational Study In British Columbia, Canada, Karen C Tran, Sabina Freiman, Tessa Chaworth-Musters, Susan Purkiss, Colleen Foster, Nadia A Khan, Wee Shian Chan

Journal Articles

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has influenced health care delivery. We conducted an observational study to understand how obstetric medicine (ObM) physicians utilized home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) to manage hypertension in pregnancy.

METHODS: Pregnant participants with risk factors or diagnosis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) were enrolled, May 2020-December 2021, and provided with validated home blood pressure (BP) monitor. ObM physicians completed questionnaires to elicit how home BP readings were interpreted to manage HDP.

RESULTS: We enrolled 103 people: 44 antepartum patients (33.5 ± 5 years, gestational age of 24 ± 5 weeks); 59 postpartum patients (35 ± 6 years, …

Associations Of Galectin-3 Levels With Measures Of Vascular Disease In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Amanda Nussdorf, Elizabeth Park, Isabelle Amigues, Laura Geraldino-Pardilla, Sabahat Bokhari, Jon T. Giles, Joan M. Bathon

Division of Rheumatology Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVES: Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin and is a marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. It may also play a role in joint inflammation. We asked whether serum galectin-3 is a useful marker of subclinical vascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS: RA patients without clinical CVD underwent assessment of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, aortic inflammation (using 18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission-computed tomography [FDG PET/CT]), and myocardial flow reserve (MFR). Aorta FDG uptake was measured as standardized uptake values (SUV). Generalized linear models were constructed to explore the associations of galectin-3 levels with CAC score, aortic …

The Positive Functional And Structural Cardiovascular Impact Of Homoarginine In Aged Rats Via Modulation Of Cardiac Inos/Fibrosis Pathway And Ampk, Heba Fathy El-Domiaty, Walaa Abdellah Esa, Nesrin Abd Allah Salman

Menoufia Medical Journal

Objectives To investigate the cardiovascular protective effect of HA in aged rats and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Background: Aging is a natural process, which has a gradual biological impact on the normal functions of different organs. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were divided in to 3 groups: adult (4-6 months), aged (23-24 months) and aged HA supplemented groups. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), electrocardiogram (ECG) and aortic blood flow parameters were recorded for all rats. Then, rats were sacrificed and cardiac tissue was dissected to measure the cardiac levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). …

Cardiovascular Disease In Firefighters, Emily Jordan Baldwin

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

This quality improvement project aimed to address the problem of increased cardiovascular events in firefighters in a county in the foothills of North Carolina. Nola Pender and Dorothy Orem’s theories were utilized for this project. The literature review exhibits the prevalence and significance of cardiovascular disease in firefighters. The literature review demonstrates the benefits healthy eating and exercise have on the heart and towards the prevention of cardiovascular disease. A pre- and post-test was utilized for this project and allowed for the collection of data appropriately. The results showed education on cardiovascular disease, exercise, and healthy eating increased the knowledge …

Effect Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Anterior Wall St Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated By Late Pci Using 3d Echocardiography: A Randomized Study, Sameeh Youssif Mahmoud, Mohamed Ahmed Zaki, Ali Mohamed Alamin, Ibrahim Abdel-Fattah Yassin, Ahmad Mohammad Hassaan

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has emerged as a comprehensive intervention including several facets and disciplines, with the primary objective of inhibiting the advancement of cardiovascular disease in individuals diagnosed with conditions of the heart and promoting overall health restoration. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of CR on the process of left ventricular (LV) remodeling, specifically using three-dimensional echocardiography (3D-ECHO) after an episode of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out on sixty patients who suffered recently from acute STEMI and treated with delayed percutaneous intervention (PCI). Patients …

The Effects Of Night Shift Work On Heart, Gut, And Reproductive Health, A Systematic Review, Courtney Grayson, Preeti Oza

Pacific Journal of Health

Night shift work, a commonplace in today’s society, creates a variety of health-related challenges for individuals who participate in it. Often, the only adverse health effects discussed in relation to night shift work are sleep dysfunction and mental health issues. This systematic review examined the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and fertility health effects that plague individuals working night shift. The goal of this work is to illuminate these lesser known, but equally important, health effects in an effort to bring awareness to the issues. By educating night shift workers and health care providers of the acute risks associated with this type of …

Impact Of High-Intensity Exercise And Moderate-Intensity Exercise On Cardiovascular Health, Terra Lieber, Cassandra Carroll, Christian Figueroa, Aksel Merchant Trejo

NURS 320: Evidence-Based Nursing Student Presentations

Research poster created as part of Nursing 320 class. The poster examines the question, "How does high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training impact the human body’s cardiovascular system?"

Association Between E-Cigarette Use And Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Muhammad Talal Ashraf, Asim Shaikh, Muhammad Shakeel Khuzzaim Khan, Naseer Uddin, Muhammad Arham Bin Kashif, Syed Hassan Ahmed Rizvi, Hammad Khalid, Stafford Jude Sam, Affan Sohail

Department of Medicine

Background: The popularity of e-cigarettes has risen dramatically over the last few years, particularly among the younger population. Although the use of combustible cigarettes has established evidence to be associated with the development of several adverse cardiopulmonary diseases, the investigations regarding the prospective long-term effects of e-cigarette use on the cardiovascular system have just begun. We set to investigate if there is an association between the history of MI and e-cigarette use among smokers and non-smokers?
Methods: The current review aims to assess the association of myocardial infarction with e-cigarette consumption. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled …

The Interventions To Improve Medication Adherence In Coronary Heart Disease Patient: A Systematic Review, Amanda Marselin, Lia Amalia, Lucia Kris Dinarti

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association

Objective: The clinical outcome and quality of life of CHD patients are greatly influenced by medication adherence. Non-adherence of CHD patients to treatment results in sub-optimal clinical outcomes and increasing costs. This study aims to describe effectiveness of the intervention to improve the medication adherence in CHD patients. Methods: Systematic review methodology was used in this study. Scopus and PubMed were used to search the relevant article systematically. The outcome measured was medication adherence in coronary heart disease patients. Results: Final screening was 31 articles that met the inclusion criteria in this study of 788 articles. Selection processes the article …

Implementing Health Information Stations At Addiction Recovery Center, Esther Yi, Daryn Hernandez, Maryam Umer, Jasmine Alvarez, Kaitlyn Ward, Riciajoy Padilla

Nursing Leadership in Community Engagement Projects

Implementing Health Information Stations at the Addiction Recovery Center

Six Seattle Pacific University nursing students partnered with an addiction recovery center to address aging healthcare concerns. The recovery center is a non-profit organization that provides a refuge for healing for community members recovering from trauma, homelessness, addiction, and other mental health challenges. Through our weekly meetings with the community, we wanted to address specific barriers such as aging healthcare concerns. We focused on how the low-income aging population posed barriers to aging well.

Background

There has also been a rise in poverty in aging populations (Saldanha, 2023). Though aging influences …

Coronary Artery Stent Stenosis Assessment In Coronary Ct Angiography, Mohammad Farouk Aggag, Mahmoud El-Shamy, Ahmed Osama Abbas El-Kattan

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Coronary artery stenting is the most important minimally invasive treatment for symptomatic coronary artery disease. But because in-stent restenosis occurs at a somewhat high rate, invasive angiography is now commonly utilised to assess stent patency.Objective: The objective of the study is to examine how multidetector CT scans can assist physicians in making decisions regarding the placement of coronary artery stents in patients who have chronic chest pain or who have myocardial ischemia. Method: A total of 40 individuals had multislice CT angiography of the coronary arteries between February 2022 and August 2022 as part of this study. Such patients …

Doppler Study Of Uterine And Ovarian Arteries In Predication Of Post Insertion Heavy Menstrual Bleeding In Iucd Patients, Tag El-Din Ahmed Muhammad El-Sayed, Mofeed Fawzy Mohamed El-Sharkawy, Mohamed Ahmed Abdel Moaty

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Worldwide, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are widely utilized. Uterine hemorrhage and/or period pain are copper IUD side effects. Resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) did not change significantly following copper-medicated IUD insertion (PI). Power Doppler investigation showed that the copper-IUD affected sub endometrial micro vascularization in side-effect patients (dysmenorrhea or menorrhagia). Doppler assessment of blood flow indicators before insertion can identify women prone to menorrhagia or menstrual pain. Aim: To evaluate resistance index of the uterine and ovarian arteries as well as power Doppler energy of subendometrial microvascularization, before and three months after insertion of IUCD, using vaginal …

Shift Work As A Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor: A Narrative Review., Ryan Wong, Alex Crane, Jay Sheth, Harvey N. Mayrovitz

HPD Articles

Shift work has emerged as a significant health concern in recent years, and research has revealed a link to circadian rhythm dysregulation and atherosclerosis, both of which can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, there is a lack of updated reviews regarding the impact of shiftwork on CVD. Thus, the present narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the relationship between shift work and CVD, identify potential gaps in the current knowledge, and highlight areas for future research. Database searches for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2013 to January 2023 on shift …

Oxidative Stress And Micrornas In Endothelial Cells Under Metabolic Disorders, Morgan Minjares, Wendy Wu, Jie-Mei Wang

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur. EC dysfunction shifts the vascular system into a pro-coagulative, proinflammatory state, thereby increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases and metabolic disorders. Studies have turned to the investigation of microRNA treatment for CV risk factors, as these post-transcription regulators are known to co-regulate ROS. In this review, we will discuss ROS pathways and generation, normal endothelial cell physiology and ROS-induced …

Modeling And Analysis Of The Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System In Closed-Loop Cardiovascular Control, Michelle M. Gee, Abraham M. Lenhoff, James S. Schwaber, Babatunde A. Ogunnaike, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

The baroreceptor reflex is a multi-input, multi-output physiological control system that regulates short-term blood pressure by modulating nerve activity between the brainstem and the heart. The computational model by Park et al. (2020) is the most recent iteration in our exploration of the system. However, the contributions of”the little brain of the heart”, the intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICN), to local control of the heart and to the integration of sensory information is unknown and has been overlooked in previous models. We have incorporated a high-fidelity representation of the ICN into a model of the baroreceptor reflex based on anatomical, …

Impact Of Effective Orifice Area Index Of Mitral Valve Prosthesis On Postoperative Pulmonary Artery Pressure And Functional Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation, Loay Aly Fathy Aljunaidy, Zakaria Mostafa Elmashtoly, Sameh Hassan Morsy Elameen, Abdallah Sami Mahmoud

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: One of the common complications following mitral valve replacement is patient-prothesis mismatch. This problem can lead to unfavorable consequences that mimic residual mitral stenosis.

Aim of the present study: Evaluating the incidence of patient-prosthesis mismatch, its associated predictors, and how it can influence the pulmonary hypertension and late tricuspid valve regurge.

Methods: From September 2020 to December 2022, 100 consecutive patients (75 females), underwent MVR. The mean age was 46.78±9.59 years and mean EF was 61.84±7.68 %. The patients were divided according to the EOAI into: non-mismatch group (54%), moderate mismatch group (32%) and severe mismatch group (14%).

Results: …

Role Of Solitary Peroneal Artery Angioplasty For Lower Limb Salvage In Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia, Mohamed Abd El Hamid Abd El Rahman, Hany Abd El Moamen Abd El Fattah, Lotfy Elsayed Zamzam

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Ischemic limb discomfort or amputation may be the result of critical limb ischemia (CLI), which is caused by a reduction in blood flow to the limb. The lack of sufficient blood flow to oxygenate the leg that results from peripheral arterial occlusive disease. PAD's "end stage" is CLI.

Objectives: To identify the role of peroneal artery angioplasty as a single runoff vessel in the salvage of lower limb of persons with critical limb ischemia, and to avoid major amputations in these patients.

Patients & methods: Forty participants took part in this prospective trial that was presented to the Vascular …

Impact Of Deferred Stent Insertion On Elevated St Segment Myocardial Infarction Patients With A Big Thrombus Load, Monir Osman, Mostafa Elswasany, Ahmed Yahya Hegab, Amro Abozeid

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: No clear recommendations as regard deferred stenting in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with big thrombus load.

Aim of the study: our study might answer the question that deferred stenting might reduce no-reflow and in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) compared to immediate stenting in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI patients with high thrombus burden.

Patients and Methods: a prospective double blinded control non-randomized study which included fifty Patients presented by STEMI with high thrombus load and undergoing primary PCI, 25 patients (group number 1) managed with deferred stenting, and 25 patients (group number 2) managed …

Predictors Of Acute Coronary Syndrome Symptom Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs In Adults Without Self-Reported Heart Disease, John R. Blakeman, Marilyn Prasun, Myoungjin Kim

Faculty Publications - Mennonite College of Nursing

Background: The time of symptom onset to the time an individual decides to seek care is the most significant contributor to total treatment delay.

Objectives: To explore predictors of ACS symptom knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in adults without diagnosed heart disease.

Methods: We used a cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design, employing an online survey including the ACS Response Index and the avoidance subscale of the Coping Strategy Indicator. We leveraged social media platforms and a university email list-serv to enroll participants. Stepwise hierarchical linear regressions were used.

Results: We analyzed responses from 981 participants, with a mean age of 35.2 …

St-T Changes As A Predictor Of Coronary Artery Diseases In Patients With Increased Left Ventricular Mass Index, Mohammed Helmy El-Dessouky, Ahmed Mohamed Allam, Yasser Abdelgalil, Mohamed Saad Elgamal

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation is to assess the relationship between electrocardiographic ST-T changes and coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary lesions in individuals with increased LVMI.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on one hundred and sixty patients with elevated LVMI (LVMI >115 g/m2 in males and 95 g/m2 in females), patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM), patients with cardiac amyloidosis, individuals with aortic stenosis (AS) and individuals with athletic myocardial hypertrophy undergoing coronary angiography. Participants were splitted into two groups. Group I: 80 individuals with increased LVMI and positive strain pattern. Group II: 80 individuals with increased …

Early Outcome Of Minimally-Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement Through Mini Sternotomy Versus Conventional Approach, Galal Farrag Abd El Haleem Laag, El-Husseiny El-Husseiny Gamil, Haythm Mohamed Abd Elmoaty

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Currently, minimally invasive approaches are widely used in the feild of cardio-thoracic surgeries. The main objective of these approaches is to maximize patient satisfaction regarding cosmetic shape of the wound, patient comfort, and rapid attainment of normal life. In addition, these approaches are thought to improve patient-related surgical morbidity, length of hospitalization, and total financial burden.

Objective: To compare early surgical outcomes during hospital stay after aortic valve surgeries using ministernotomy and conventional full sternotomy approach.

Methods: Our research was a prospective,comparative,non-randomized study. It included 60 patients with AVD who required aortic valve surgery divided into two groups(group Ι …

Moderators Of Peripheral Neuropathy On Overall And Cardiovascular Mortality In People Without Diabetes, Adeoye Muideen Adenekan

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Peripheral neuropathy (PN), a group of common heterogeneous disorders with varied etiologies, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. PN presents both as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians and other healthcare providers. Socioeconomic moderators of PN in adults without diabetes in the United States have not been well studied. The consequences of PN can be devastating and include foot ulcers, amputations, a general decline in the quality of life, and death. The overall prevalence of PN in the United States is 13.5% in adults with diabetes and 11.6% in adults without diabetes. Clearly, these statistics indicate a public …

The Prognostic Value Of Serum St2 In Patients With Non-St Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome, Ahmed Shehata Mohamed, Mohamed Hesham Hassan, Mohamed Abdelhady Abu Ahmed, Yousri Zaki Ali Alzohery

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Myocardial necrosis improved while cardiac biomarkers were reduced among individuals with NSTEMI, which was identified as the lack of ST-segment elevation. Myocardial ischemia at rest or during mild activity without cardiac myocyte necrosis characterizes unstable angina. Myocardial ischemia is characterized by an increase in the soluble form of ST2 and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in cardiac myocytes. Aim of work: The goal of this study was to asses and determine whether or not serum ST2 levels were predictive of six-month mortality in cases with non-ST segment elevation ACS (by comparing plasma ST2 levels among survivors and non-survivors of NSTE-ACS …

Efficacy And Safety Of Catheter Ablation In Patients With Scar Related Ventricular Tachycardia, Mohamed Ahmed Muharram, Mohammed Sami Abdel Samie, Hatem Abdel Latief Kholief, Ahmed Mohammed Fahmi El-Damaty

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: In individuals with structural heart disease, catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important treatment option.

The study aimed to evaluate the safety and outcomes of scar related VT ablation in Egyptian population.

Patients and methods: this observational study included 22 male patients referred for scar related VT ablation from November 2015 to December 2022, ablation was done under general anesthesia using 3D mapping system in 3 tertiary hospitals in Cairo, Egypt. Clinical, procedural and follow up data were reviewed. Substrate modification in sinus rhythm was the main ablation strategy.

Results: Mean age was 56.2±13.9 yrs., 14 patients …

Impact Of Dapagliflozin To Prevent Contrast Induced Nephropathy After Heart Catheterization And Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Ahmed Mohammed Elslalhy, Kamal Ahmed Marghany, Attia Morsy Shokr

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a potential complication that can occur afterward heart catheterization & percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly in cases with comorbid conditions like diabetes and chronic kidney disease. CIN is characterized by a rapid loss in kidney function after treatment with contrast agents during these procedures. It is linked with higher morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. Therefore, finding effective preventive measures for CIN is crucial. Aim and objectives: To determine the role of Dapagliflozin in CIN following cardiac catheterization and PCI. Subjects and methods: A prospective research was performed at the Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, …

Impact Of Side-Branch Management In Non-Left Main Bifurcation Lesions Provisionally Stented, Mostafa Attia Mohamed Alsawasany, Abdelaal Alsayed Abdelrahman Alkhouly, Ahmed Mohamed Fahmy, Hosam Mohamed Emam Nour Eldeen

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: It is estimated that fifteen to twenty percent of all percutaneous coronary interventions are bifurcation PCIs. Bifurcation intervention is regarded as one of the most challenging procedures in the field of interventional cardiology, both in terms of the success rate of the procedure itself as well as the incidence of long-term cardiac events. Aim and objectives: to assess the impact of side branch ostium management with either KBI or RE-POT in non-left main bifurcations provisionally stented. patients and methods: Retrospective and prospective study of 100 patients, 73 male and 27 female with non-left main bifurcation lesions treated with single …

The Walking Well: Effects Of Hypothalamic Amenorrhea On Athletic Performance, Annalise H. Lau

Doctor of Medical Science (DMSc)

Hormonal balance and normal menstrual cycles are key factors in athletic performance. Unfortunately, female athletes themselves are often under the impression that a lighter weight will improve their performance. Even many healthcare providers do not emphasize or are unaware of the health consequences of prolonged irregular menstruation. The main purpose of this article is to review the health consequences hypothalamic amenorrhea has on female athletes and to provide education for healthcare providers regarding the importance of recovery. A literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed, Scopus, PLOS One and EBSCO. The following keywords were input into the search bar: hypothalamic amenorrhea, …

Fat-Fit Index On Predicting Cardiovascular Outcomes In College Aged Students, Natalie Pham, Zachary Zeigler, Anthony Acevedo, Payton Price, Ruthie Larson, Annika Grams, Sofia Harman, Sara Thomasson, Isaiah Mews

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Globally, 70% of all deaths annually occur from chronic diseases due to lifestyle risk factors such as obesity and low physical activity. These modifiable factors contribute to the result of chronic cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a common measurement used to predict risk obesity. Furthermore, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) is used to measure an individual's cardiorespiratory fitness. Fitness Fat Index (FFI) has been suggested to measure chronic disease risks. FFI represents an individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) divided by their waist to height ratio (WHR). Higher FFI is associated with cardiovascular disease and the reduction …

Effects Of Time-Restricted Exercise On Training Induced Adaptations In Mice, Graham R. Mcginnis, Michael Dial, Elias M. Malek, Greco Neblina, Austin Cooper

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Recent studies have shown that the time of day that exercise is performed can alter the physiological and molecular response. However, very few studies have investigated the longitudinal effects of time-of-day dependent training. Identification of an optimal exercise timing could lead to subsequent exercise prescriptions to elicit specific adaptations based on desired outcomes in healthy or disease populations.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if voluntary exercise performed at different times of day would alter the physiological response to training. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice (Jackson Labs) housed on a strict 12:12 light dark cycle performed …