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Articles 1 - 30 of 111
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Studies Of Natural Killer Cells In Health And Disease: A Systematic Review, Emad M. El-Shebini, Enas S. Zahran, Mohammed M. El-Ghamrawy, Sabry A. Shoeib
Studies Of Natural Killer Cells In Health And Disease: A Systematic Review, Emad M. El-Shebini, Enas S. Zahran, Mohammed M. El-Ghamrawy, Sabry A. Shoeib
Menoufia Medical Journal
Objective To review the role of natural killer cells (NKCs) in health and disease. Data sources A systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed, Medscape, and Science Direct, EMF-Portal) and Internet was conducted on all articles published from 1982 to 2019. Regarding study selection, English-language reports of NKCs in health and disease were examined. The initial search presented 145 articles, where 30 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data extraction Articles not reporting on NKCs in health and disease in the title or abstract were not included. Five independent investigators extracted data on methods. Data synthesis Comparisons were made by structured review, with the …
The Contribution Of Bioethics To Home Healthcare (Hhc) In Saudi Arabia, Saeed Alghamdi
The Contribution Of Bioethics To Home Healthcare (Hhc) In Saudi Arabia, Saeed Alghamdi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the contribution of bioethics to Home Healthcare (HHC) In Saudi Arabia (SA). Through exploring the critical bioethical issues that have influenced the implementation of home health care, the dissertation highlights the significance of incorporating bioethics in home health care. Organizational ethics has led to the regulation of healthcare professionals, patients, and the stakeholders within clinical care settings. Healthcare organizations and other stakeholders, such as global health bodies, should formulate laws and policies that promote bioethics in contemporary healthcare. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, through the Ministry of Health, should promote the adoption of home health care services …
Connecting Human Dignity, Non-Violence, And Environment For Healthcare Ethics In Nigeria, John Mark Ogu
Connecting Human Dignity, Non-Violence, And Environment For Healthcare Ethics In Nigeria, John Mark Ogu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Abstract
Connecting Human Dignity, Non-violence, and Environment in Health Care for Nigeria
By
John Mark Chinaemerem Ogu
December 2021
Dissertation supervised by Peter Ikechukwu Osuji, Ph.D.
This dissertation presents a global public health ethical approach based on social justice that connects human dignity, non-violence, and the environment in Nigeria. Recently, different places globally are witnessing uprisings and violence; some of these are linked to environmental scarcity. These are threats to global health, peace, development, and security because violence of any type or form is a global public health and security menace and an affront to human dignity. Environmental scarcity, especially …
Chosen Family: One Woman’S Fight To Become Her Best Friend’S Next Of Kin, Yessenia M. Moreno
Chosen Family: One Woman’S Fight To Become Her Best Friend’S Next Of Kin, Yessenia M. Moreno
Capstones
Nearly 70,000 people have died of COVID-19 in the state of New York. For the queer community, this time of death and mourning has highlighted how complicated things can get at the end of someone’s life.
This audio documentary, “Chosen Family, ”is the story of one woman’s fight to overcome the legal system and become her best friend’s health care proxy in the final battle of his life .
Link to capstone project: https://medium.com/@yessimoreno/7b3d96691b9f
The Impact Of China's Recent Economic Growth Has Had On The Environment: Challenging The Assumption That In Order To Protect The Environment We Must Sacrifice Development., Mckay Overton
Fall Student Research Symposium 2021
Pollution is a major issue in China effecting both the health and environment of the Chinese people. Since its rapid rise in economic and technological development, China has become one of the global leaders in business and technology. Conversely, China has also become one of the global leaders in the amount of pollution it creates. Every day, large amounts of coal and fossil fuels are burned. There are few regulations to protect the environment, and even fewer that are actually enforced. High levels of pollution cause high rates of cancer as well as high rates of lung and heart issues …
Intersectionality, Relational Positionality, And The Lived Experiences Of Inequality: Contextualizing Intergenerational Opioid Use And The Constrained Choices Of Indigenous, Latina, And White Women Caregivers In Rural New Mexico, Carmela M. Roybal
Sociology ETDs
Opioid addiction is a serious and persistent global health issue. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that between 1999 and 2016, more than 630,000 people in the United States died of an overdose of a prescription opioid or illicit drug (CDC 2018). Extant research has suggested that for nearly a century, New Mexico has experienced some of the highest rates of prescription and illicit opioid death in the nation (Goldstein and Herrera, 1995; Landon, 2003; Shah et al., 2008). I examined intergenerational opioid dependence through the lived experience of women caregivers of opioid-addicted family members. Data …
Estimated Cost-Effectiveness Of Atezolizumab Plus Cobimetinib And Vemurafenib For Treatment Of Braf V600 Variation Metastatic Melanoma, Chao Cai, Ismaeel Yunusa Ph.D., Ahmad Tarhini
Estimated Cost-Effectiveness Of Atezolizumab Plus Cobimetinib And Vemurafenib For Treatment Of Braf V600 Variation Metastatic Melanoma, Chao Cai, Ismaeel Yunusa Ph.D., Ahmad Tarhini
Faculty Publications
Importance In the IMspire150 trial, triplet treatment with atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone for treatment of BRAF V600 variation metastatic melanoma. However, considering high cost of this combination, it is unclear if the incremental cost is worth the additional survival benefit.
Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib vs vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone in patients with newly diagnosed unresectable BRAF V600 variation metastatic melanoma from the US health care perspective.
Design, Setting, and Participants This economic evaluation study used a 3-state partitioned survival model to …
Wellness Through Answers News V36:No.6 November-December 2021, Wendy Urciuoli
Wellness Through Answers News V36:No.6 November-December 2021, Wendy Urciuoli
Articles - Patient Care
No abstract provided.
Availability Of Essential Diagnostics In Ten Low-Income And Middle-Income Countries: Results From National Health Facility Surveys, Harika Yadav, Devanshi Shah, Shahin Sayed, Susan Horton, Lee F. Schroeder
Availability Of Essential Diagnostics In Ten Low-Income And Middle-Income Countries: Results From National Health Facility Surveys, Harika Yadav, Devanshi Shah, Shahin Sayed, Susan Horton, Lee F. Schroeder
Pathology, East Africa
Background: Pathology and laboratory medicine diagnostics and diagnostic imaging are crucial to achieving universal health coverage. We analysed Service Provision Assessments (SPAs) from ten low-income and middle-income countries to benchmark diagnostic availability.
Methods: Diagnostic availabilities were determined for Bangladesh, Haiti, Malawi, Namibia, Nepal, Kenya, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda, with multiple timepoints for Haiti, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania. A smaller set of diagnostics were included in the analysis for primary care facilities compared with those expected at hospitals, with 16 evaluated in total. Surveys spanned 2004–18, including 8512 surveyed facilities. Country-specific facility types were mapped to basic primary …
Loneliness, Social Isolation, And Their Connection To Overall Health Across The Lifespan, Paige Miller
Loneliness, Social Isolation, And Their Connection To Overall Health Across The Lifespan, Paige Miller
Senior Honors Theses
Due to recent circumstances, the incidence of loneliness and social isolation has skyrocketed. Fortunately, there have already been countless studies examining the longer-term implications of these two factors on health. Loneliness and social isolation have been found to impact cardiovascular health, stress response, immune function, resilience, mental health, attachment, spiritual health, and many other determinants of health. A variety of research was examined outlining the psychological implications of loneliness and social isolation. These factors also influence physiological processes and can exacerbate a variety of diseases. After presentation of this evidence, a collection of possible interventions will be discussed, and their …
A Study On Exploring Differnet Levels & Psychosocial Factors Contributing To Well-Being Of Mid Adults Using Mixed Method Design., Reshma N.S.
Faculty work
No abstract provided.
Decoding The Equine Genome: Lessons From Encode, Sichong Peng, Jessica L. Petersen, Rebecca R. Bellone, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, N. B. Kingsley, Alexa M. Barber, Eleonora Cappelletti, Elena Giulotto, Carrie J. Finno
Decoding The Equine Genome: Lessons From Encode, Sichong Peng, Jessica L. Petersen, Rebecca R. Bellone, Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, N. B. Kingsley, Alexa M. Barber, Eleonora Cappelletti, Elena Giulotto, Carrie J. Finno
Veterinary Science Faculty Publications
The horse reference genome assemblies, EquCab2.0 and EquCab3.0, have enabled great advancements in the equine genomics field, from tools to novel discoveries. However, significant gaps of knowledge regarding genome function remain, hindering the study of complex traits in horses. In an effort to address these gaps and with inspiration from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, the equine Functional Annotation of Animal Genome (FAANG) initiative was proposed to bridge the gap between genome and gene expression, providing further insights into functional regulation within the horse genome. Three years after launching the initiative, the equine FAANG group has generated data …
Laini Fluellen Charities And Know Your Lemons: Squeezing Out Breast Cancer And Winning The Fight, Kayla Vasilko
Laini Fluellen Charities And Know Your Lemons: Squeezing Out Breast Cancer And Winning The Fight, Kayla Vasilko
Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement
Each minute, a woman dies from breast cancer somewhere in the world. The first and most important tool a woman needs to have to win a fight against this disease is the education to identify breast cancer symptoms as early as possible. Laini Fluellen Charities, Inc. (LFC) is an organization dedicated to aiding women in the fight of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive form of breast cancer that characteristically affects young women, has fewer treatment options, and results in lower survival rates overall. Laini Fluellen combats TNBC by representing those most disproportionally affected: young African American and Hispanic …
Policing And Health: Police Encounters As A Fundamental Cause Of Racial Health Disparities, Richard S. Carbonaro
Policing And Health: Police Encounters As A Fundamental Cause Of Racial Health Disparities, Richard S. Carbonaro
Doctoral Dissertations
Structural racism has taken many forms throughout American history and to this day continues to drive social, economic, and health inequalities. Mass incarceration is a modern tool of social marginalization with well documented and deep-rooted racial inequalities. Research has continually shown that mass incarceration negatively impacts the health of disadvantaged communities. Even police stops, the most common and mundane form of criminal justice contact has been linked with deleterious health outcomes at the individual and community level. In this dissertation, I identify specific social and biological mechanisms connecting encounters with the police and health outcomes. In the first chapter, I …
Tracking Development Assistance For Health And For Covid-19: A Review Of Development Assistance, Government, Out-Of-Pocket, And Other Private Spending On Health For 204 Countries And Territories, 1990–2050, Angela E. Micah, Ian E. Cogswell, Brandon Cunningham, Satoshi Ezoe, Anton C. Harle, Ismaeel Yunusa Ph. D.
Tracking Development Assistance For Health And For Covid-19: A Review Of Development Assistance, Government, Out-Of-Pocket, And Other Private Spending On Health For 204 Countries And Territories, 1990–2050, Angela E. Micah, Ian E. Cogswell, Brandon Cunningham, Satoshi Ezoe, Anton C. Harle, Ismaeel Yunusa Ph. D.
Faculty Publications
Background
The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020.Methods
We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate …Examining The Relationships Between Early Childhood Experiences And Adolescent And Young Adult Health Status In A Resource-Limited Population: A Cohort Study, Zeba A. Rasmussen, Wasiat H. Shah, Chelsea L. Hansen, Syed Iqbal Azam, Ejaz Hussain, Barbara A. Schaefer, Nicole Zhong, Alexandra A. Jamison, Khalil Ahmed, Benjamin J J. Mccormick
Examining The Relationships Between Early Childhood Experiences And Adolescent And Young Adult Health Status In A Resource-Limited Population: A Cohort Study, Zeba A. Rasmussen, Wasiat H. Shah, Chelsea L. Hansen, Syed Iqbal Azam, Ejaz Hussain, Barbara A. Schaefer, Nicole Zhong, Alexandra A. Jamison, Khalil Ahmed, Benjamin J J. Mccormick
Department of Medicine
Background: Adolescence is a critical point in the realization of human capital, as health and educational decisions with long-term impacts are made. We examined the role of early childhood experiences on health, cognitive abilities, and educational outcomes of adolescents followed up from a longitudinal cohort study in Pakistan, hypothesizing that early childhood experiences reflecting poverty would manifest in reduced health and development in adolescence.
Methods and findings: Adolescents/young adults previously followed as children aged under 5 years were interviewed. Childhood data were available on diarrhea, pneumonia, and parental/household characteristics. New data were collected on health, anthropometry, education, employment, and languages …
Factors Associated With Health-Promoting Behaviors Of Adult Protective Service Workers And Professionals Who Support Vulnerable Adults, Cynthia Sterling-Fox
Factors Associated With Health-Promoting Behaviors Of Adult Protective Service Workers And Professionals Who Support Vulnerable Adults, Cynthia Sterling-Fox
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Background: Adult protective services encompass social services provided to vulnerable adults: abused, neglected and exploited elderly and adults with significant disabilities in the United States. Adult Protective Services (APS) workers investigate allegations of abuse, neglect, and exploitation of vulnerable adults. APS workers work closely with multidisciplinary teams and professionals in various fields to assist with the investigations. APS workers and other professionals are exposed to individual and work environment stressors that result in a lower professional quality of life. There is evidence, however, that health-promoting behaviors mitigate the negative effects of stressors.
Purpose: Using the Health Promotion Theory by Nola …
Loneliness And Health Outcomes Among Malaysian Older Adults, Siti Zuhaida Hussein, Azera Hasra Ismail, Suraya Hanim Abu Bakar
Loneliness And Health Outcomes Among Malaysian Older Adults, Siti Zuhaida Hussein, Azera Hasra Ismail, Suraya Hanim Abu Bakar
Makara Journal of Health Research
Background: Loneliness is a major social problem among the elderly all over the world.
Methods: A community-based survey was conducted among 380 community-dwelling older adults residing in Malaysia. A proportional stratified random sampling method was used to examine the relationship between health factors and loneliness. Data were collected using the short-form Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults, Geriatric Depression Scale-15, and RAND SF-20. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant, and data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics 26.0 for Windows.
Results: Results revealed that 32.6% of the respondents had social loneliness, 39.9% had emotional loneliness, and 9.2% had family loneliness. Bivariate analyses showed that social and emotional loneliness are significantly related to …
Interdisciplinary Development Initiative (Idi) Entitled “Emerging Team Initiative To Reduce Inequities In Maternal And Child Lifestyle Health, Rozhan Momen
Undergraduate Student Research Internships Conference
Interdisciplinary Development Initiative (IDI) entitled “Emerging team initiative to reduce inequities in maternal and child lifestyle health"; an environmental scan of the faculty of health sciences and other western faculties, Brescia university college and research institutes as well as community agencies with similar interests.
Health Website Evaluation - An Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Perspective: Assessing Quality And Cultrability Of Health Websites In A Covid-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review., Selma Kum Sing, Daniel Mcdonough, James Charles
Health Website Evaluation - An Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Perspective: Assessing Quality And Cultrability Of Health Websites In A Covid-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review., Selma Kum Sing, Daniel Mcdonough, James Charles
Australian Indigenous HealthBulletin
Introduction
Health Websites have been used to improve the health and wellbeing of people since the internet was widely available to the world’s populations. The development of websites by health practitioners, hospitals, and governments has continued to grow over the past 20 years. Due to the restriction of movement and gatherings for populations globally caused by Covid-19, there has been a reliance on health information being disseminated via health websites. However, there has been little investigation into the appropriateness of health websites for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.
Aim
Review literature on digital resources and evaluate health websites based …
“Practice Basic Hygiene, And You’Ll Stay Healthy”: How Primary School Reading Textbooks Transmitted Cultural Education In The Soviet Union, Victoria Storozenko
“Practice Basic Hygiene, And You’Ll Stay Healthy”: How Primary School Reading Textbooks Transmitted Cultural Education In The Soviet Union, Victoria Storozenko
University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing
Russia’s Cultural Revolution, beginning after the October Revolution in 1917, produced a broadly defined understanding of culture and cultural education at Russian schools that encompassed even basic hygiene and health. Drawing from postdoctoral research, this paper discusses the Cultural Revolution’s impact and its ideas on cultural education as presented in textbooks for 10-year general education schools in the Soviet Union. Discourse analysis revealed that the schoolbooks acted as an interface between a functional education system and changes in its surrounding environment, especially changes due to the Cultural Revolution. Amid today’s COVID-19 pandemic, the study’s findings raise several questions about what …
Levels Of Trust In Information Sources As A Predictor Of Protective Health Behaviors During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Uae Cross-Sectional Study, Maria J. Figueiras, Jihane Ghorayeb, Mariana V. C. Coutinho, João Marôco, Justin Thomas
Levels Of Trust In Information Sources As A Predictor Of Protective Health Behaviors During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Uae Cross-Sectional Study, Maria J. Figueiras, Jihane Ghorayeb, Mariana V. C. Coutinho, João Marôco, Justin Thomas
All Works
Health information sources and the level of trust in a particular source may influence the subsequent adoption of advocated health behaviors. Information source preference and levels of trust are also likely to be influenced by sociodemographic (culture, age, gender) variables. Understanding these source-trust-behavior relationships across various national and cultural contexts is integral to improved health messaging. The present study identified the sources most frequently consulted to obtain information about COVID-19 during the pandemic's early stages in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study quantified levels of trust across an array of information sources, factoring in sociodemographic variables. Finally, the study …
What’S In Wildfire Smoke?: A Toxicologist Explains The Health Risks And Which Masks Can Help, Luke Montrose
What’S In Wildfire Smoke?: A Toxicologist Explains The Health Risks And Which Masks Can Help, Luke Montrose
Public Health and Population Science Faculty Publications and Presentations
Smoke is turning the sky hazy across a large swath of the country as dozens of large fires burn, and a lot of people are wondering what’s in the air they’re breathing.
As an environmental toxicologist, I study the effects of wildfire smoke and how they differ from other sources of air pollution. We know that breathing wildfire smoke can be harmful. Less clear is what the worsening wildfire landscape will mean for public health in the future, but research is raising red flags.
Wellness Through Answers News V36:No.4 July-August 2021, Wendy Urciuoli
Wellness Through Answers News V36:No.4 July-August 2021, Wendy Urciuoli
Articles - Patient Care
No abstract provided.
An Intersectional Approach To Time Poverty: A Pilot Study Of Time Poverty And Black Women’S Perceived Health Based On Semi-Structured Interviews, Lauriane Ngaya Fonkou
An Intersectional Approach To Time Poverty: A Pilot Study Of Time Poverty And Black Women’S Perceived Health Based On Semi-Structured Interviews, Lauriane Ngaya Fonkou
McNair Scholars Program
The term “time poor” describes people disproportionately burdened by responsibilities and inflexible work schedules resulting in little to no discretionary time. Time poverty was brought to my attention via the social media app TikTok where Black women creators expressed how time poverty affects them. Given that Black women are an especially vulnerable population in terms of health, I became curious about the relationship between time poverty and Black women’s health. However, the existing sociomedical science literature on time poverty does NOT adequately account for Black women’s subjectivity because the research considers mediators of class OR gender OR race but does …
The Politics Of Medicine: Power, Actors, And Ideas In The Making Of Health, Claire Wulf Winiarek
The Politics Of Medicine: Power, Actors, And Ideas In The Making Of Health, Claire Wulf Winiarek
Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations
The practice of medicine has become the prescribing of medicine. Reflecting a construct of health defined by Rationalism, individualism, and biomedical science, medicines (pharmaceuticals) are politically constructed to be the first – and sometimes only prescribed – line of defense against illness and disease. Pharmaceuticals also represent a highly desirable, ‘recession-proof’ component of many Nation-states’ (states’) export strategies, helping advanced economies, in particular, to maintain favorable trade balances and economic growth amidst the headwinds of deindustrialization.
Higher use and the overreliance on pharmaceuticals promote an outsized role for certain actors and ideas in the making of global health, referring to …
“The Clementine Collective”: A Corner Store Intervention Of Clementine Fruits In A High Need Neighborhood In Staten Island, New York, Heather Butts
“The Clementine Collective”: A Corner Store Intervention Of Clementine Fruits In A High Need Neighborhood In Staten Island, New York, Heather Butts
Faculty of Health Care & Public Administration Publications
Individuals living in underserved neighborhoods face significant barriers to getting fresh produce. It has been extensively researched that providing individuals with fresh fruits and vegetables can have a positive physical and mental impact on the lives of individuals in underserved neighborhoods and the lives of their families. Unfortunately, individuals who reside in such neighborhoods are often viewed as not being motivated to consume fresh fruits and vegetables, even where barriers to eating such foods are removed. This study aims to determine whether, in the COVID-19 era, individuals in underserved neighborhoods would consume fresh fruits if presented with them in an …
Exploring The Perceived Barriers And Benefits Of Physical Activity Among Wounded, Injured, And/Or Sick Military Veterans, Robert Walker, Caroline Limbert, Paul M. Smith
Exploring The Perceived Barriers And Benefits Of Physical Activity Among Wounded, Injured, And/Or Sick Military Veterans, Robert Walker, Caroline Limbert, Paul M. Smith
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
Wounded, injured, and/or sick (WIS) military veterans face significant physical and psychosocial challenges following discharge from service. Physical activity can have many positive effects on the holistic wellbeing of such individuals. However, little knowledge exists regarding the perceived barriers and benefits of physical activity within this population, creating challenges surrounding physical activity promotion. Therefore, this study was designed to identify key barriers and benefits among this population, so that informed approaches to encourage participation in physical activity can be developed. A questionnaire related to the perceived barriers and benefits of physical activity was completed by 105 WIS British military veterans. …
Move More, Sit Less: Applying The Physical Activity Guidelines For Americans To Extension Programs, Laura E. Balis, Hannah F. Fuerniss, Drew T. Brown, Chance Marshall, Samantha M. Harden
Move More, Sit Less: Applying The Physical Activity Guidelines For Americans To Extension Programs, Laura E. Balis, Hannah F. Fuerniss, Drew T. Brown, Chance Marshall, Samantha M. Harden
Journal of Human Sciences and Extension
Extension enhances the lives of Americans by translating research-based information related to existing needs into programming that is practical and accessible to the general public. Evidence clearly indicates that physical activity is correlated to positive health outcomes, but despite this conclusion, the majority of Americans do not meet the recommendations for physical activity. The 2nd Edition of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans provides guidance for Extension professionals to implement physical activity interventions. We recommend training and technical assistance strategies based on the Interactive Systems Framework to integrate physical activity promotion into all Extension areas.
Mapping The Suitability Of Cal Poly's Insulated Solar Electric Cookers (Isec) In Ghana, Togo, And Jamaica, Julia G. Kraatz
Mapping The Suitability Of Cal Poly's Insulated Solar Electric Cookers (Isec) In Ghana, Togo, And Jamaica, Julia G. Kraatz
Social Sciences
The World Health Organization estimates that 3 billion people depend on biomass fuels for cooking, heating, and other day-to-day activities, which causes approximately 4.3 million people annually to die from illnesses attributable to indoor air pollution. The issue is especially pressing for women and children in developing countries, because women care for the home and are consequently responsible for attaining household fuels and cooking. In 2015, ISECs (Insulated Solar Electric Cookers) were developed at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, as a technology that utilizes solar electricity to directly cook food in a well-insulated chamber. They are capable of …