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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Parent Influences On Adolescent Peer Orientation And Substance Use: The Interface Of Parenting Practices And Values, Karen Bogenschneider, Ming-Yeh Wu, Marcela Raffaelli, Jenner C. Tsay
Parent Influences On Adolescent Peer Orientation And Substance Use: The Interface Of Parenting Practices And Values, Karen Bogenschneider, Ming-Yeh Wu, Marcela Raffaelli, Jenner C. Tsay
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study examines how experiences in the family domain may magnify or mitigate experiences in the peer domain, and how processes in both milieus may influence adolescent substance use. The data derived from 666 European American mother-adolescent dyads and 510 European American father-adolescent dyads. Consistent with individuation-connectedness theory, mothers’ responsiveness lessened their adolescents’ orientation to peers, which, in turn, reduced adolescent substance use. This process was moderated by maternal values regarding adolescent alcohol use; that is, the relation of maternal responsiveness to adolescent substance use depended on the extent of maternal approval or disapproval of adolescent alcohol use. Among fathers, …
Morphine-Conditioned Changes In Locomotor Activity: Role Of The Conditioned Stimulus, Rick A. Bevins, Michael T. Bardo
Morphine-Conditioned Changes In Locomotor Activity: Role Of The Conditioned Stimulus, Rick A. Bevins, Michael T. Bardo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
When a multisensory environment was reliably paired with morphine (2 mg/kg) in rats, that environment, in a drug-free test, evoked a hyperactive conditioned response (CR). When an olfactory cue (banana odor) was the only stimulus element reliably paired with morphine, it also elicited a hyperactive CR. However, a gustatory cue (saccharin solution) evoked a hypoactive CR. This taste-elicited decrease in activity was dose dependent; morphine at 2 and 4 mg/kg conditioned hypoactivity, whereas a higher dose (8 mg/kg) did not. A robust conditioned saccharin aversion occurred only at the highest dose of morphine, suggesting disassociation between the hypoactive CR and …
Reconsidering The Hiv/Aids Prevention Needs Of Latino Women In The United States, Marcela Raffaelli, Mariana Suarez-Al-Adam
Reconsidering The Hiv/Aids Prevention Needs Of Latino Women In The United States, Marcela Raffaelli, Mariana Suarez-Al-Adam
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The HIV/AIDS epidemic represents an ever-increasing threat to Latino populations in the United States, with women being most affected by this deadly disease. In this chapter, we explore the challenges Latino women face as they attempt to reduce their risk of sexual transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Our main interest lies in examining how the economic, cultural, and social realities of women's lives contribute to their risk of HIV infection and constrain their ability to reduce that risk. Because there is neither a cure for AIDS nor a vaccination to block HIV transmission, prevention of infection is …
New Directions In The Application Of Social-Skills Interventions With Adolescents: Introduction To The Special Section, Douglas W. Nangle, David J. Hansen
New Directions In The Application Of Social-Skills Interventions With Adolescents: Introduction To The Special Section, Douglas W. Nangle, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The importance of competent social interactions for adolescent adjustment and successful functioning at home, school, work, and social settings has been well documented (cf. Hansen, Giacoletti, & Nangle, 1995; Kelly & Hansen, 1987; Peterson & Hamburg, 1986). Within a developmental context marked by transitions, establishing and maintaining competent social interactions can be particularly challenging for adolescents. Fundamental developmental changes, including the onset of puberty, the emergence of more advanced cognitive and verbal abilities, and the transition into new roles in society, significantly alter social interactions (Bierman & Montminy, 1993; Hansen et al., 1995). These interactions become increasingly complicated and adult-like, …
Adolescent Heterosocial Competence Revisited: Implications Of An Expanded Conceptualization For The Prevention Of High-Risk Sexual Interactions, Douglas W. Nangle, David J. Hansen
Adolescent Heterosocial Competence Revisited: Implications Of An Expanded Conceptualization For The Prevention Of High-Risk Sexual Interactions, Douglas W. Nangle, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The current HIV/AIDS epidemic has revitalized interest in adolescent sexual behavior and led to exciting new lines of prevention research. Researchers have concluded that awareness of the risks associated with high-risk sexual behavior alone is not enough to change the behavior of adolescents. Cognitive behavioral skills interventions that directly teach adolescents new skills are now widely recommended as components of prevention efforts. Although social-skills training has often been included as a component of such interventions, we actually know little about how social skills and adolescent sexual behavior are related. This paper provides a conceptual framework based on social-learning theory for …
Enhancing The Effectiveness Of Social Skills Interventions With Adolescents, David J. Hansen, Douglas W. Nangle, Kathryn A. Meyer
Enhancing The Effectiveness Of Social Skills Interventions With Adolescents, David J. Hansen, Douglas W. Nangle, Kathryn A. Meyer
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Competent social interactions are clearly necessary for adjustment and successful functioning in society. The many developmental events and changing social expectations that occur during adolescence can make it particularly challenging for youth to establish and maintain competent social interactions. Research on social skills training with adolescents began in the mid-tolate 1970’s and it has improved much over the years. The research has gradually moved beyond a focus on basic skill assessment and acquisition in clinical settings toward techniques designed to assess and promote generalization and maintenance of an effective interpersonal repertoire in real world settings and situations. This article discusses …
Prediction Of Health Patterns From General Appraisal, Attributions, Coping, And Trait Anxiety, Scott Hemenover, Richard A. Dienstbier
Prediction Of Health Patterns From General Appraisal, Attributions, Coping, And Trait Anxiety, Scott Hemenover, Richard A. Dienstbier
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
We examined the relationships among general appraisal style, attributional style, trait anxiety, coping styles, and health status (i.e., depression, hostility, and flu-like symptoms) in a study for which we also examined the validity of a trait measure of general appraisal. Participants completed personality measures at the beginning of an academic semester, and health assessments at regular intervals throughout the semester. Consistent with our predictions, after removing the influence of neuroticism and attributional style, general appraisal style led to more negative, and less positive affect 2 weeks later, and to more stressful and threatening appraisals of a life event occurring 3 …
Methodological Considerations In Pretrial Publicity Research: Is The Medium The Message?, Jeffrey R. Wilson, Brian H. Bornstein
Methodological Considerations In Pretrial Publicity Research: Is The Medium The Message?, Jeffrey R. Wilson, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Two methodological issues within the pretrial publicity (PTP) literature were examined in the present experiment: the effect of emotional versus factual PTP and the effect of presenting PTP through different media. Emotional and factual PTP were constructed that differed in level of emotionality, but produced the same degree of bias. The PTP was presented in either a videotaped or written format. Although there was a significantly biasing effect of PTP overall compared to a control condition, no significant difference was found either between factual and emotional PTP or between video and written PTP.
Effects Of Weapons On Guilt Judgments And Sentencing Recommendations For Criminals, Richard A. Dienstbier, Scott C. Roesch, Ayumi Mizumoto, S. H. Hemenover, Roger C. Lott, Gustavo Carlo
Effects Of Weapons On Guilt Judgments And Sentencing Recommendations For Criminals, Richard A. Dienstbier, Scott C. Roesch, Ayumi Mizumoto, S. H. Hemenover, Roger C. Lott, Gustavo Carlo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In Study 1,we explored whether guns presented for target shooting would lead subjects to assign longer prison sentences for crimes unrelated to the guns. Weapon-condition subjects recommended longer sentences than did control subjects, who had experienced equally energizing sports activities. In Study 2, subjects acting as jurors watched a police officer’s videotaped deposition about a burglary arrest. Through the deposition, subjects in all conditions received identical information about the gun. However, some subjects heard the description of the gun taken from the burglar; some heard the description and saw the gun when it was placed on the evidence table near …
Parent-Teen Communication About Sexual Topics, Marcela Raffaelli, Karen Bogenschneider, Mary Fran Flood
Parent-Teen Communication About Sexual Topics, Marcela Raffaelli, Karen Bogenschneider, Mary Fran Flood
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Parent-teen communication about sexual topics was examined in 666 mother-teen and 510 father-teen pairs. Parents and their 8th- through 12th-grade children completed parallel surveys that assessed demographic, relationship, and attitudinal variables hypothesized to be linked to sexual communication. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine which variables were linked to teens’ reports of “one good talk” about each of three sexual topics (whether teen sex is okay, the dangers of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and birth control) in the past year. Aside from gender of parents and teens, demographic variables were largely nonsignificant in the final models. Instead, …
“Other Teens Drink, But Not My Kid”: Does Parental Awareness Of Adolescent Alcohol Use Protect Adolescents From Risky Consequences?, Karen Bogenschneider, Ming-Yeh Wu, Marcela Raffaelli, Jenner C. Tsay
“Other Teens Drink, But Not My Kid”: Does Parental Awareness Of Adolescent Alcohol Use Protect Adolescents From Risky Consequences?, Karen Bogenschneider, Ming-Yeh Wu, Marcela Raffaelli, Jenner C. Tsay
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study included 199 White mother-adolescent dyads and 144 White father-adolescent dyads. All adolescents reported regular alcohol use, yet less than one third of parents were aware of their adolescents’ drinking. Parental awareness of adolescent alcohol use served to protect adolescents by moderating the relation of parents’ responsiveness to episodes of drinking and driving. Aware parents were more likely than unaware parents to believe their adolescents’ close friends drank alcohol. Aware mothers worried more about their adolescents’ risk behaviors and discussed them more frequently with their adolescents. Aware fathers held values less disapproving of adolescent alcohol use and were less …
From Compassion To Compensation: The Effect Of Injury Severity On Mock Jurors’ Liability Judgments, Brian H. Bornstein
From Compassion To Compensation: The Effect Of Injury Severity On Mock Jurors’ Liability Judgments, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Two studies were performed to ascertain the effect of injury severity on participants’ judgments in a simulated jury task. Participants read a summary of a personal-injury case in which the severity of the plaintiff’s injury was varied: they were asked to judge the defendant’s liability, award compensation, and rate their feelings toward the litigants. In Study 1, more severely hurt plaintiffs were more likely to obtain a favorable verdict, even though evidence of liability was held constant. Greater severity influenced liability judgments only insofar as it elicited positive feelings toward the plaintiff or negative feelings toward the defendant. In Study …
Predictors Of Children’S Risk Appraisals, David Dilillo, Richard Potts, Susan Himes
Predictors Of Children’S Risk Appraisals, David Dilillo, Richard Potts, Susan Himes
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study explored variables associated with cognitive appraisals of physical risk in a sample of 62 elementary school children. Participants were presented with drawings of persons in three categories of risky situations typical of children, typical of adults, and typical of television plots. They were asked to judge the potential for physical injury in each. Results indicated that children tended to appraise risks in child, adult, and TV-plot risk situations differently, and that each type of situation was predicted by different variables. For the child situations, greater amounts of direct experience with the risk situation itself was found to be …
Differentiating Withdrawal Patterns Between Smokers And Smokeless Tobacco Users, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Frank L. Collins Jr.
Differentiating Withdrawal Patterns Between Smokers And Smokeless Tobacco Users, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Frank L. Collins Jr.
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The present study was designed to document smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns and to examine differential withdrawal responses between smokers and smokeless users. Participants (N = 19) were studied under deprivation and nondeprivation conditions, 1 condition per week. The Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist was administered to assess cognitive and affective changes. Both smokers and smokeless users experienced substantially more withdrawal at 48-hr deprivation compared to the 48-hr nondeprivation condition. Participants in both groups endorsed decreasingly fewer withdrawal symptoms from 0 hr to 48 hr on nondeprivation days. This downward trend suggests a need for stabilizing withdrawal responses before deprivation.
The Role Of Ease Of Retrieval And Attribution In Memory Judgments: Judging Your Memory As Worse Despite Recalling More Events, Piotr Winkielman, Norbert Schwarz, Robert Belli
The Role Of Ease Of Retrieval And Attribution In Memory Judgments: Judging Your Memory As Worse Despite Recalling More Events, Piotr Winkielman, Norbert Schwarz, Robert Belli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Abstract—Participants who had to recall 12 childhood events (a difficult task) were more likely to infer that they could not remember large parts of their childhood than participants who had to recall 4 events (an easy task), although the former recalled three times as many events. This pattern of results suggests that memory judgments are based on the experienced ease or difficulty of recall. Accordingly, the negative impact of recalling 12 events was attenuated when participants were led to attribute the experienced difficulty to the task rather than to the poor quality of their memory. The findings emphasize the role …
Repeated Testing In Eyewitness Memory: A Means To Improve Recall Of A Negative Emotional Event, Brian H. Bornstein, Lesley M. Liebel, Nikki C. Scarberry
Repeated Testing In Eyewitness Memory: A Means To Improve Recall Of A Negative Emotional Event, Brian H. Bornstein, Lesley M. Liebel, Nikki C. Scarberry
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Participants viewed either a violent, arousing film or a non-violent, control version of the same film. After viewing the film, they made three successive attempts to recall details of the event. Participants who were exposed to the negative emotional event were better than control participants at recalling details of the event itself, but they were worse at recalling details that preceded or followed the violence. Both groups of participants recalled significantly more information over successive recall attempts, suggesting that memory impairment due to arousal can be alleviated by repeated testing. Repeated testing was also associated with a small but reliable …
The Greatest Memory Teacher Ever: Review Of Memory’S Ghost: The Nature Of Memory And The Strange Tale Of Mr. M., By Philip J. Hilts, Brian H. Bornstein
The Greatest Memory Teacher Ever: Review Of Memory’S Ghost: The Nature Of Memory And The Strange Tale Of Mr. M., By Philip J. Hilts, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Although psychologists and neurologists have been familiar with the case of H.M. for years, this small volume makes his story—and what it can teach us about the functioning of memory—accessible to a much wider audience. Hilts has done a good job of piecing together H.M.’s early life, in the absence of any living relatives and all but a few written records. He recreates the life of a very normal youth in the 1930s and 1940s; normal, that is, until H.M.’s first epileptic seizure. In 1954, after several other treatments for the epilepsy had failed, H.M. (at age 27) had a …
What Is Learned About Nontarget Items In Simple Visual Search?, John H. Flowers, Karen L. Smith
What Is Learned About Nontarget Items In Simple Visual Search?, John H. Flowers, Karen L. Smith
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Human sensitivity to correlational structure between nontargets and likelihood of target presence in a visual letter-search task were studied in two experiments. In each of these experiments, the performance of subjects for whom the nontarget information was altered in the final trial block was compared with the performance of subjects for whom the nontarget information did not change. When stimulus strings were presented individually on a computer screen and subjects were required to make a yes–no decision about target presence (Experiment 1), the change in nontarget structure resulted in increased reaction times for target-absent trials. When subjects searched simultaneously for …
Partner, Teacher, And Guide: Examples Of Teacher Behavior In Reggio Emilia, Carolyn P. Edwards
Partner, Teacher, And Guide: Examples Of Teacher Behavior In Reggio Emilia, Carolyn P. Edwards
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
To give a fuller picture and provide concrete examples of the abstract principles presented above, we offer four short observation records drawn from videotapes taken at the Diana School in 1988 and 1990. They illustrate different kinds of teacher behavior commonly seen in the Reggio Emilia preprimary schools.
The Teacher Gets Children Started
The Teacher Provides Instruction in Tool-Use and Technique
The Teacher Turns a Dispute into a Hypothesis to Test
The Teacher Encourages Children to Solve Their Own Disputes