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Articles 31 - 60 of 139
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Development Of An Integrated Unmanned Aerial Systems Validation Center, Austin G. Decker, John H. Mott, Robert J. Connor, Ayman Habib, Darcy M. Bullock
Development Of An Integrated Unmanned Aerial Systems Validation Center, Austin G. Decker, John H. Mott, Robert J. Connor, Ayman Habib, Darcy M. Bullock
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have the potential to drastically change how civil infrastructure is inspected, monitored, and managed. Deployment of UAS in areas such as bridge inspection and accident reconstruction will likely have far-reaching impacts and evolve over time, with new uses and users emerging as technology matures. However, with any new technology, limitations exist until new protocols are established, and industry must move forward with an appropriate level of caution. For example, statements regarding the ability of a UAS to replace a human bridge inspector are frequently observed in trade magazines, presentations, and in the literature, though no objective …
Communicating Data-Driven Risk Information To Pilots, Nicoletta Fala, Karen Marais
Communicating Data-Driven Risk Information To Pilots, Nicoletta Fala, Karen Marais
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
General Aviation safety is a pressing concern. In this research, we consider the factor that appears most often in accidents: the pilot. Newly-licensed pilots can fly without their instructor, potentially as the only or most experienced pilot in the aircraft. Commercial debrief products use technology in the flight deck to collect data and provide post-flight visualizations for performance reviews, but do not discuss flight safety. To manage risk, though, pilots need to perceive the risk associated with a situation before deciding whether they are willing to accept it. Safety-driven post-flight feedback may help address performance. However, it is not clear …
Feedback On The Use Of Matb-Ii Task For Modeling Of Cognitive Control Levels Through Psycho-Physiological Biosignals, Yannick Daviaux, Christophe Bey, Laurent Arsac, Olivier Morellec, Sami Lini
Feedback On The Use Of Matb-Ii Task For Modeling Of Cognitive Control Levels Through Psycho-Physiological Biosignals, Yannick Daviaux, Christophe Bey, Laurent Arsac, Olivier Morellec, Sami Lini
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Modeling individuals’ cognitive control levels in operational situations is a major challenge for safety in aeronautical industry. Standardized experimental tasks - as the Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) - are dedicated to such a challenge that can be faced using psycho-physiological biosignals. These biosignals are known to be sensitive to cognitive workload, performance, and expertise that are intricate features of MATB-II subtasks. Thus, it remained necessary to investigate whether these features could be set to ensure controlled experimental conditions. Two groups (15 experts in time-pressured decision making and 13 novices) completed 3 MATB-II sub-tasks (tracking, monitoring, and resource management tasks). …
Aviation English Listening And Repeating Task For Native English Speaker And Non-Native English Speaker Pilots, Julia Trippe
Aviation English Listening And Repeating Task For Native English Speaker And Non-Native English Speaker Pilots, Julia Trippe
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Aviation English, based on a coded jargon from World War II, is a mandatory form of communication for pilots and controllers in international airspace. The International Civil Aviation Organization also requires proficiency in Conversational English, for use in non-standard communication. However, our past research indicates that Aviation English and Conversational English are distinct varieties of English, suggesting that assumptions about native English speaker proficiency and additive learning for non-native English speakers may be false. To establish how different these language varieties are, we present a study of Aviation English intelligibility for non-native and native English speaking pilots. Results suggest that …
Evaluation Of Uas Operator Training During Search And Surveillance Tasks, Pratusha Reddy, Dale Richards, Hurtulus Izzetoglu
Evaluation Of Uas Operator Training During Search And Surveillance Tasks, Pratusha Reddy, Dale Richards, Hurtulus Izzetoglu
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) sensor operators are typically required to execute search and surveillance tasks. Brain-in-the-loop measures during such tasks can help evaluate expertise development and cognitive capacities of the operator, which can be an important asset in designing adaptive and personalized training systems. Emergence of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has enabled monitoring of operators’ prefrontal cortex (PFC) area, which is associated with higher level cognitive functioning such as decisionmaking, problem-solving, working memory and attention in everyday working environments. In a previous sensor operator training study, we investigated and reported preliminary evidence suggesting that fNIRS measures acquired from the …
The Joint Tactical Air Controller: Cognitive Modeling And Augmented Reality Hmd Design., Christopher D. Wickens, Gaia Dempsey, Andrew Pringle, Lucas Kazansky, Stefanie Hutka
The Joint Tactical Air Controller: Cognitive Modeling And Augmented Reality Hmd Design., Christopher D. Wickens, Gaia Dempsey, Andrew Pringle, Lucas Kazansky, Stefanie Hutka
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
This paper describes the design and model based evaluation of DARSAD, an augmented reality head mounted display for the joint tactical air controller (JTAC), who manages and directs fire from air assets near the battlefield. Designs, based on 6 principles of attention, memory and information processing are produced for various phases of JTAC operations including target identification and airspace management. The different design candidates are evaluated and compared based on how they “scored” in adhering to model predictions, when those models were based on the above principles. Display designs, principles, models and the evaluation process are all described here.
Controller-Pilot Communication As An Index Of Human Performance In The National Airspace System, Mustafa Demir, Sarah Ligda, Nancy Cooke, Megan Seeds, Mariah Harris, Mary Niemczyk
Controller-Pilot Communication As An Index Of Human Performance In The National Airspace System, Mustafa Demir, Sarah Ligda, Nancy Cooke, Megan Seeds, Mariah Harris, Mary Niemczyk
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
New capabilities to modernize the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) include support of real-time information streams derived from many data sources across the NAS. This provision allows for system risk prognostics originating from sets of diagnostic health information. The current exploratory paper presents how to model human performance with the larger purpose of developing NAS risk prognostics. We explore ways in which human performance relates to communication and coordination among controllers and pilots in the context of their objectives, technologies, and environment. A literature review shows communication is often associated with controller performance in both experimental simulations and safety reviews. …
Learning From The Past: Airline Accidents & The Icao Language Proficiency Program, Simon Cookson
Learning From The Past: Airline Accidents & The Icao Language Proficiency Program, Simon Cookson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
In response to multiple airline accidents involving pilot-ATC communication breakdowns, ICAO implemented a worldwide language proficiency program in 2011. The official guide to the program, Document 9835, cites four accidents in which insufficient English proficiency of pilots or air traffic controllers was a contributing factor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of the four accidents to current airline operations. A survey was distributed to UK-based pilots using BALPA online discussion forums. The survey explored: respondents’ awareness of the accidents cited by ICAO; sources of information; and the role played by English proficiency in the accidents. This …
What Is Safety Data?, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois
What Is Safety Data?, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
This paper reports on our efforts to determine if the ubiquitous term safety data can be more specifically defined. That is, whether data can be categorized as safety data based on some unique characteristics such that other data not having these would be categorized as not safety data. FAA analysts rely on multiple sources of objective data for virtually all analyses supporting FAA’s decision making. While profuse amounts of data are continuously collected twenty-four hours a day, only subsets are deemed useful for any particular purpose, such as assessing how well an organization conducts its safety or efficiency or security …
Using Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (Efvs) For Low-Visibility Taxi In Transport Category Aircraft, Denise B. Beringer, Andrea L. Sparko, Joseph M. Jaworski
Using Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (Efvs) For Low-Visibility Taxi In Transport Category Aircraft, Denise B. Beringer, Andrea L. Sparko, Joseph M. Jaworski
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Two studies (using Boeing 777 and 737 simulators) examined flight crews’ use of an Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) for low-visibility taxi operations. Twenty-five flight crews completed 21 short taxi scenarios under combinations of the following: Runway visual range (RVR: 300, 500, and 1000 ft); EFVS on head-up display (on/off); Airport infrastructure - 3 levels. The use of EFVS produced fewer route deviations, most at 300 feet RVR with edge lights and standard centerline or routes with LVO/SMGCS “enhancements” (without centerline lights). Larger turn angles and lower visibilities were associated with slower rates of travel. Crews detected the obstacle on …
Collaboration Interface Supporting Human-Autonomy Teaming For Unmanned Vehicle Management, Elizabeth Frost, Gloria Calhoun, Heath Ruff, Jessica Bartik, Kyle Behymer, Sarah Springs, Adam Buchanan
Collaboration Interface Supporting Human-Autonomy Teaming For Unmanned Vehicle Management, Elizabeth Frost, Gloria Calhoun, Heath Ruff, Jessica Bartik, Kyle Behymer, Sarah Springs, Adam Buchanan
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Advances in technology are leading to envisioned operational concepts that team a single operator with autonomy to manage multiple heterogeneous unmanned vehicles (UxVs). Several autonomy decision aids have been integrated into a prototype control station with innovative human-autonomy interfaces that allow multiple UxV management via high-level commands called “plays”. Each play defines the actions of one or more UxVs, often in response to a mission event or task. This paper describes recent enhancements made to a Task Manager tool to better support operator-autonomy collaboration. After mission events are signaled in chat, corresponding tasks are communicated by an intelligent agent via …
Safety Attitude And Risk Perception Among Air Passengers: A Cross-Regional Study, Abaid Ur Rehman, You Xuqun
Safety Attitude And Risk Perception Among Air Passengers: A Cross-Regional Study, Abaid Ur Rehman, You Xuqun
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
The present study examined the safety attitude and risk perception among Air passengers at cross-regional levels. Moreover, the study also examined the differences in terms of safety briefing in the cabin. Although the Federal Aviation Administration and The international Air transport association has done much work on safety in cabin regarding air passengers, there is still the challenge to know to how to gain safety behavior of air passengers, particularly when they represent multicultural backgrounds. A sample of 700 air passengers with an average age of 26.5 was collected from three international airports in China. In this research, we used …
Erickson’S Practice For Crews: What About Coping To The Situation With Zen?, Marielle Plat-Robain
Erickson’S Practice For Crews: What About Coping To The Situation With Zen?, Marielle Plat-Robain
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Hypnosis has already been used in very long flights by Bertrand Piccard, one of the two Solar Impulse pilots, to manage fatigue and rest periods. It is also used by navigators like Armel Le Cléac’h during solo races. For this reason we consider it is worth to look at such technics to cope with the constraints of long flights. A study was done in order to explore what kind of benefits hypnosis could bring to cope better with multitask activities constraints like time pressure, good performance demands... We used Multi- Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) software to induce different workloads, …
An Empirical Test Of An Enhanced Airspeed Indicator, Julia Trippe, Robert Mauro
An Empirical Test Of An Enhanced Airspeed Indicator, Julia Trippe, Robert Mauro
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Analysis of airliner accidents and incidents identified a class of events in which structurally, mechanically, and electronically sound aircraft decelerated through the minimum safe operating speed to the stick-shaker activation speed. For a subset of these events the automation was no longer actively controlling to the airspeed target, a condition which the Primary Flight Display does not explicitly indicate. Increasing the salience of critical automation information may enhance the ability of the flight crew to detect, recognize, and diagnose when an aircraft will inappropriately decelerate, prior to a speed deviation. In the current study, we designed and tested a modification …
Pilot Evaluations Of A Non-Verbal Startle And Surprise Management Method, Tested During Airline Recurrent Simulator Training, Annemarie Landman, Eric L. Groen, Marc Frank, Gunnar Steinhardt, M M. Van Paassen, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, Max Mulder
Pilot Evaluations Of A Non-Verbal Startle And Surprise Management Method, Tested During Airline Recurrent Simulator Training, Annemarie Landman, Eric L. Groen, Marc Frank, Gunnar Steinhardt, M M. Van Paassen, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Aviation safety organizations have recommended that airline pilots are trained for startle and surprise. However, little information is available on useful training interventions. Therefore, a training intervention trial was executed during airline recurrent simulator training. The method consisted of a slow visual scan from the side-window, over the instruments, ending with facing the other pilot. Following a recorded video instruction, 38 airline pilots in two-pilot crews performed a training scenario in which they could apply the method. Data on application and evaluation of the method were obtained from each pilot. Few pilots actually applied the method (18.4%), and many gave …
From Crewed To Single-Pilot Operations: Pilot Performance And Workload Management, Anja K. Faulhaber
From Crewed To Single-Pilot Operations: Pilot Performance And Workload Management, Anja K. Faulhaber
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Higher levels of automation have come to replace human roles in the cockpit. Therefore, a further reduction of the crew size from two pilots to one has become an option. Such single-pilot operations (SPO) need to provide at least the same safety standards as today’s two-crew operations (TCO). The present study aims at identifying potential issues in pilot performance and workload during SPO as opposed to TCO. Fourteen pilots flew short ILS approach and landing scenarios in a fixed-base A320 flight simulator. A 2x3 factorial design was used with the factors crew configuration (TCO and SPO) and scenario (baseline, turbulence …
Mission-Ready Adaptive Decision Aids: The New Performance Model For Crew Station Design, Kevin M. Smith
Mission-Ready Adaptive Decision Aids: The New Performance Model For Crew Station Design, Kevin M. Smith
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Discussed are three theories: 1) Baysian probability theory, 2) signal detection theory, and 3) operational decision theory. To combine the three is to come to an understanding of how one can operate effectively in complex environments. Complex environments present unique challenges from a human performance perspective. They require applying uncommon skill sets to allow for optimization of performance. Applying analytic methods to clarify and respond to mission critical events is most urgent. The analytics of uncertainty is presented. Three mission critical decisions are discussed: to continue or abandon the mission, to perform the approach go-around maneuver, and to determine the …
Scd: A 3 States Startle Copying Display To Manage Deleterious Effects Of Extreme Emergency Situation., Christophe Bey, Sylvian Hourlier, Jean-Marc Andre
Scd: A 3 States Startle Copying Display To Manage Deleterious Effects Of Extreme Emergency Situation., Christophe Bey, Sylvian Hourlier, Jean-Marc Andre
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
The management of cognitive resources are central in the case of a decision-making process by pilots. We undertake a study involving Airbus 400M pilots and allowing to understand these mechanisms and to propose recommendations for the design of a tool to assist in the management of their cognitive resources. We find that in the most critical cases and under strong temporal pressure, the maintenance of control of the situation corresponds to a survival type behavior which alone can allow a return to the metarules (back to basics). Our display management proposal allows the pilot to maintain control of the situation …
The Training Of Operators In Single Pilot Operations: An Initial System Theoretic Consideration, Daniela Schmid, Neville A. Stanton
The Training Of Operators In Single Pilot Operations: An Initial System Theoretic Consideration, Daniela Schmid, Neville A. Stanton
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Single Pilot Operations (SPO) represent a viable concept for commercial aviation in near future. It will require different training regimes to contemporary airliners’ pilots because the single-pilot’s and remote operator’s (including the dispatcher’s) responsibilities and accompanying procedures will change, both in air and on ground. This initial system-theoretic analysis of suggestions for training of single pilot and remote-copilot identified the agreement of job rotation of both. Hence, pilots can still be trained in new single-pilot specific procedures in a special training fleet to includes the apprenticeship-style training in SPO. Advanced new automation tools will be challenging to be included into …
Operational Alerting Concept For Commercial Single Pilot Operations Systems, J P. Reitsma, M M. Van Paassen, M Mulder
Operational Alerting Concept For Commercial Single Pilot Operations Systems, J P. Reitsma, M M. Van Paassen, M Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Reducing high workload levels are a major challenge to enable single pilot operations. Where the pilot is currently supported with many automated systems, the role of mission planner is relatively unsupported, i.e., the flight crew is required to integrate and combine information from various sources to extract the implications on the missions’ high-level goals to determine if the mission can still be completed safely and successfully. An operational alerting display is developed to provide the pilot with a clear overview of the current and future operational flight constraints. This enables the pilot to determine if the initial plan is valid …
Depiction Of Vertical Flight Paths For Nextgen Arrival And Departure Instrument Flight Procedures, Divya C. Chandra
Depiction Of Vertical Flight Paths For Nextgen Arrival And Departure Instrument Flight Procedures, Divya C. Chandra
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Charts for instrument approach procedures have a vertical profile view that pilots can refer to during the final stages of the approach to the runway. However, there is no similar view of vertical flight path on charts for arrival and departure procedures. We studied whether a depiction of vertical flight path is feasible for arrivals and departures and whether it could help pilots manage procedures such as Optimized Profile Descents (OPDs), which are becoming common in the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). We identified sample procedures with challenging features including multiple flight path transitions, multiple constraints, course reversals, and …
Helmet Mounted Display Format And Spatial Audio Cueing Flight Test, Thomas Schnell, Eric Geiselman, Brian Simpson, Henry Williams
Helmet Mounted Display Format And Spatial Audio Cueing Flight Test, Thomas Schnell, Eric Geiselman, Brian Simpson, Henry Williams
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Historically, the objective of new technology development has been to enhance pilot performance (such as situation awareness) without causing problems such as Spatial Disorientation (SD). However, when improperly designed or poorly integrated, such technologies may actually reduce performance and increase the likelihood of unintended consequences. SD continues to be a serious problem in the military flight domain and it is critical that both the potential to cause problems as well as support effective defensive mitigation strategies be considered early in the development of new technologies. Past research has shown that new technologies can change operator behaviors. For example, the availability …
Human Factors Electronic Kneeboard Design Guidelines For Military Tactical Aviation, Robert Bridgeman, Kelly J. Neville, Lauren Massey, Curtis Krauskopf, Ali Mizan, John Mooney, Dylan Schmorrow
Human Factors Electronic Kneeboard Design Guidelines For Military Tactical Aviation, Robert Bridgeman, Kelly J. Neville, Lauren Massey, Curtis Krauskopf, Ali Mizan, John Mooney, Dylan Schmorrow
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Great strides have been made in reducing the reams of paper-based materials that pilots were once required to bring into the cockpit. Much of that paper-based information is now available to pilots on electronic devices known as electronic kneeboards (EKBs). The main goal of this paper is to describe a design strategy we are using that integrates interdisciplinary perspectives and engages users in the design process. We describe the use of this design strategy to specify and design EKB applications (i.e., apps) that are uniquely supportive of the work demands faced by tactical pilots. As a result of the work …
The Use Of A Perceptual Speed Test In Civilian Pilot Selection, Hans-Juergen Hoermann, Diane L. Damos
The Use Of A Perceptual Speed Test In Civilian Pilot Selection, Hans-Juergen Hoermann, Diane L. Damos
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Perceptual speed is an important attribute for success as a pilot and has been assessed in many pilot selection batteries. The Tabular Speed Test (TST), a paper-and-pencil test of perceptual speed, was administered to 227 ab initio pilots and 152 licensed pilots who applied for employment at a large European airline. The airline had a multi-stage selection process including a computerized battery assessing quantitative and spatial abilities, short-term memory, psychomotor performance, multi-tasking, and personality. The number of correct responses (NC) had significant positive correlations for both ab initio and licensed pilots with measures of quantitative and spatial abilities, visual memory, …
Impact Of Atco Training And Expertise On Dynamic Spatial Abilities, Nadine Matton, Jean-Baptiste Gotteland, Géraud Granger, Nicolas Durand
Impact Of Atco Training And Expertise On Dynamic Spatial Abilities, Nadine Matton, Jean-Baptiste Gotteland, Géraud Granger, Nicolas Durand
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Dynamic spatial ability is supposed to be involved in a critical process of air traffic controllers, namely conflict detection. The present paper aims at testing whether dynamic spatial ability improves with air traffic control training and/or experience. We designed a laboratory task to assess the performance in predicting if two moving disks would collide or not. We conducted a crosssectional study with four groups of participants : ATCO trainees at the beginning (N=129), middle (N=80) or end of training (N=66) and experienced ATCOs (N=14). Results suggested on one hand that air traffic control training leads to a decrease in the …
Effects Of Decision Type And Aid Accuracy On User Performance, Lori Mahoney, Joseph W. Houpt
Effects Of Decision Type And Aid Accuracy On User Performance, Lori Mahoney, Joseph W. Houpt
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Automated aids provide users additional information for making decisions. The way the aid presents the information requires the user to either make the same decision as unaided or to agree or disagree with the aid’s recommendation. In this study, we measured response times and accuracy without an aid and with an aid where either: 1) the subject makes the same decision as the unaided condition, or 2) the subject agrees or disagrees with the automated aid’s decision. Results show subjects were more accurate with direct selection decisions, more accurate aids, and easier tasks, with an interaction between decision type and …
Human-Agent Teaming - An Evolving Interaction Paradigm: An Innovative Measure Of Trust, Samson Palmer, Dale Richards, Graham Shelton-Rayner, David Inch, Kurtulus Izzetoglu
Human-Agent Teaming - An Evolving Interaction Paradigm: An Innovative Measure Of Trust, Samson Palmer, Dale Richards, Graham Shelton-Rayner, David Inch, Kurtulus Izzetoglu
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
The promise of intelligent decision support systems is presented as a harbinger for humankind. With the potential partnership between the human and autonomous system we could see a significant increase in effectiveness and safety. However, as we see both human and agent team members being integrated we must investigate ways in which we can assess not only the interaction between the two actors, but also the very nature of trust perceived by the human. In this paper we present early findings of an experiment that examines the human-autonomy interaction across different frameworks of authority; from manual to fully autonomous. Participants …
The Use Of 3d Modeling Software To Enhance Rotorcraft Maintenance Training, Celeste D. Torrez, Brian J. Kozak
The Use Of 3d Modeling Software To Enhance Rotorcraft Maintenance Training, Celeste D. Torrez, Brian J. Kozak
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
In order to obtain an airframe and powerplant (A&P) certificate, students must receive a minimum of 1,900 hours of instruction from an FAA approved 14 CFR Part 147 School. Within Part 147, students are only required to learn about helicopters at a level 1 proficiency, which requires only classroom lectures. In order to fill this possible gap in knowledge, the authors created a training exercise at the sophomore level. A helicopter tail rotor was simulated using CATIA to model common stresses on helicopter components. Additionally, helicopter accident reports were used to increase the understanding of proper maintenance, and how components …
Human-Autonomy Teaming - An Evolving Interaction Paradigm: Teaming And Automation, Dale Richards, Bill Kaliardos
Human-Autonomy Teaming - An Evolving Interaction Paradigm: Teaming And Automation, Dale Richards, Bill Kaliardos
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
Intelligent and complex systems are becoming common in our workplace and our homes, providing direct assistance in transport, health and education domains. In many instances the nature of these systems are somewhat ubiquitous, and influence the manner in which we make decisions. Traditionally we understand the benefits of how humans work within teams, and the associated pitfalls and costs when this team fails to work. However, we can view the autonomous agent as a synthetic partner emerging in roles that have traditionally been the bastion of the human alone. Within these new Human-Autonomy Teams we can witness different levels of …
Data-Driven Improvement Of Flight Training Safety At Purdue University, Matthew C. Chow, Shantanu Gupta, Celeste D. Torrez, Suvarna Veeravalli, John H. Holt, Jack J. Green, Nikolas A. Sambado
Data-Driven Improvement Of Flight Training Safety At Purdue University, Matthew C. Chow, Shantanu Gupta, Celeste D. Torrez, Suvarna Veeravalli, John H. Holt, Jack J. Green, Nikolas A. Sambado
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2019
The School of Aviation and Transportation Technology at Purdue University utilizes a wide range of resources to train aspiring pilots, technicians, and managers. Aircraft operate in one of four practice areas located within a 30 nautical mile radius of the Purdue University Airport. Due to factors such as poor weather conditions, inexperience of student pilots, and proximity misjudgment, one aircraft could operate in close proximity to another in the same practice area, compromising the safety of both aircraft and causing a Near Midair Collision (NMAC) event due to miscommunication, misinterpretation, or failure to act on the part of the pilots …