Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Success Of Early Childhood Caries After Treatment With Silver Diamine Fluoride Compared To Conventional Glass Ionomer Restoration. A Systematic Review, Sara H. Younis, Afnan M. Elkordy, Nouran M. Alshazly

Future Dental Journal

Abstract

Aim: To compare the success rate regarding esthetics, parenteral satisfaction, and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) after treatment of early childhood caries with Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF)compared to conventional Glass ionomer Restoration (CGI).

Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA statement by searching on the following electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane.

Results: From the studies included in this systematic review, two studies showed significant difference in color stability between SDF and CGI. Two studies showed no significant difference in parental satisfaction with either SDF or Glass Ionomer. Regarding the Oral Health Related Quality of Life, …

The Effect Of Preparation Design And Thermal Cycling On The Marginal Accuracy Of Hybrid Ceramic Laminate Veneers, Esraa El Bably, Ossama Saleh Abdelghany, Mostafa Aboushahba, Shereen Ahmed Nossair

Future Dental Journal

Aim: This study investigated the effect of preparation design and thermal cycling on the marginal accuracy of hybrid ceramic laminate veneers. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty 3D printed dies of central incisors prepared with 2 preparation designs; butt joint and palatal wrap design were fabricated. Each type of preparation was assigned into 2 subgroups (n=5/each subgroup) according to the type of material used for fabrication of the laminate veneer; hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate (served as control). Marginal discrepancy was evaluated using a digital microscope before and after thermocycling. Results: Statistically analysis of marginal gaps revealed that before …

Radiographic Analysis Of Umbrella Technique Combined With Sticky Bone In Horizontal Ridge Augmentation, Ahmed Bahaa Zidan, Hala Kamal, Mohammed Wagdy

Future Dental Journal

Abstract:

Aim of the study: To evaluate the efficacy of umbrella technique combined with sticky bone in horizontal ridge augmentation using Buccolingual width changes measured in CBCT.

Materials and Methods: 15 male and female Patients were selected . Buccal and lingual Infiltration anaethesia to mandibular posterior area (area of interest), crestal incision flap. Decortication using round bur and straight hand piece then drilling using screw drills with 90 degrees to the buccal cotical plate. Umbrella Screw insertion using screw holder with 6 mm length and 1.6 mm diameter where 3 mm inserted in the bone and 3 mm are kept …

Evaluation Of Upper 1st Molar Rotation During Maxillary Canine Retraction In 1st Premolar Extraction Cases At 6 Weeks Reactivation Interval. A Clinical Trial., Rodayna A. Elbadawy, Kareem Elazab, Amr R. El-Beialy, Hend Salah

Future Dental Journal

Abstract:

Purpose: the aim of this clinical trial is to investigate maxillary first molar rotation during maxillary canine retraction at 6 weeks re-activation intervals with elastic power chain in first premolar extraction cases. Material and methods: a total of 20 quadrants of 10 orthodontic patients requiring maxillary canine retraction after extraction of upper 1^st premolars were recruited. Mini-screws (TADs) were used directly for maximum anchorage. Canines were retracted on 0.016×0.022-inch stainless steel arch wire using elastic power chain extending from a power arm on canine bracket to the miniscrew. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to measure the …

Comparison Of Alignment Duration Between 0.018” And 0.022” Slot Brackets In Non-Extraction Orthodontic Adult Patients: (A Randomized Clinical Study), Omar Hazem Abouwafia, Hala Munir Abdel Majeed, Mona Salah Fayed, Nouran Fouad Seif-Eldin

Future Dental Journal

Abstract:

Introduction: Orthodontist tend to use one of the 2 bracket slot sizes available either the 0.018” or 0.022” bracket slot. Till now there is no reliable scientific evidence that indicates if any of them has a superior effect on the duration of teeth alignment. The aim of this study is to compare alignment duration between 0.018 and 0.022-inch bracket slot systems.

Subjects and methods: 14 Eligible participants having an age range of 14-22 years were randomly allocated to 2 groups (7 in each group). Group I: 0.018-inch and Group II: 0.022-inch slot (American orthodontics Mini master Roth prescription …

Effects Of Full-Time Versus Part-Time Clear Aligner Wear On Periodontal Health, Pain And Compliance In Orthodontic Patients, Mohamed Adel Afify, Ahmed Medhat Eltimamy, Fouad A. El Sharaby, Hala Monir Abdelmajeed

Future Dental Journal

INTRODUCTION: Clear aligner treatment's main drawback is that the patient decides how long to wear them each day. For clear aligner therapy to be successful, compliance is essential. A poor treatment outcome would arise from noncompliant patients.

METHODS: The study was a randomized clinical trial of 2 parallel groups (7 patients per group) who underwent clear aligner orthodontic treatment having an age range of 17-24 years. A part-time group wore the aligners for 16 hours per day and a full-time group wore the aligners for 22 hours per day. The study investigated the first eight aligners of the treatment. Compliance …

Comparison Between Orthodontic Measurements Taken From Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (Cbct) And Digital Models After Enmasse Retraction In Orthodontic Patients With Maxillary Protrusion., Amr M. Attia, Amr R. El-Beialy, Heba M. Dehis, Yehya A. Moustafa

Future Dental Journal

ABSTRACT

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability in measuring anchorage loss, molar rotation, and total amount of retraction using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare them with the same measurements obtained using digitally scanned dental models. Materials and methods: 24 patients requiring comprehensive orthodontic treatment including extraction of 1st premolars with maximum anchorage using enmasse retraction. CBCTs were undertaken on the same 24 patients using InVivoDental software for measurement. The digital cast was made using alginate impressions, from which virtual 3D models will be created and measured using 3Shape analyzer software. Orthodontic measurements will …

Assessment Of Intra Operative Time For Computer Guided Posterior Mandible Onlay Grafting Versus Free Hand Onlay Grafting A Randamized Clinical Split Mouth Trial, Mahmoud Khorshed, Mohamed Mounir, Mohamed Atef, Yasmin Nassar

Future Dental Journal

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of onlay vertical bone augmentation using patient specific guide in the reduction of intra-operative time and postoperative pain compared to the free hand technique in the vertically deficient posterior mandible ridge using autogenous cortico-cancellous bone.

Methods: This study included 10 patients that had bilateral vertically deficient posterior mandibular alveolar ridges. For each patient, half of the ridge was augmented using 3D printed patient specific surgical guide for fixation of autogenous onlay bone graft, while the other half was augmented using free hand autogenous onlay bone graft technique using …

Measuring Accuracy Of Dolphin Imaging Software In Predicting Upper Jaw Soft Tissue Profile Changes In Class Ii Adult Patients Treated With Extraction Versus Non-Extraction., Amr Amin Arif, Esam Nasef, Amira Aboalnaga

Future Dental Journal

Abstract

Objective: To assess the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting upper jaw profile changes in class II patients treated by extraction and non-extraction.

Methods: The records of 60 Class II div 1 patients were selected; 30 patients treated by extraction of upper first premolar and 30 patients treated by non-extraction. The Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric x-rays of each patient were traced using Dolphin software. The actual hard tissue changes due to treatment were calculated and installed into the prediction module to generate the predicted profile. The soft tissue measurements of the actual post-treatment and predicted profiles were …

Smear Layer Removal Using Two Different Ni-Ti Instruments With Two Different Irrigating Systems. An Invitro Study, Tasneem Mohamed Reyad, Wael Ahmed Hessein, Ahmed Abdelrahman Hashem Ah, Said Abd Elhafiz

Future Dental Journal

Objectives: To evaluate and compare smear layer removal in root canals instrumented with two single Ni-Ti rotary instruments with two different irrigating systems. Materials and Methods: Sixty recently extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars teeth were decoronated to a standardized length of 14 mm. Roots were divided into two main groups (n=30) according to the rotary NiTi file used for instrumentation either with One Shape (OS) file or with One Curve file (OC). Each main group was subdivided into three subgroups according to the methods used to agitate the irrigating solutions either sonically or ultrasonically as following: Group A was subdivided into …

The Efficiency Of Passive Ultrasonic Activated Irrigation On The Retrievability Of Guttaflow Bioseal : In Vitro Study, Mohamed El Sayed Zaghloul, Tariq Yehia Abdelrahman Associate Professor, Maram Farouk Obeid Professor

Future Dental Journal

The efficiency of passive ultrasonic activated irrigation on the retrievability of Guttaflow Bioseal ( In Vitro Study )

Abstract:

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of passive ultrasonic activated irrigation in the removal of GuttaFlow Bioseal root canal filling material during retreatment.

Materials and subjects: Root canals of thirty single-rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were prepared with ProTaper Universal rotary system and obturated with lateral condensation obturation technique using Gutta Percha and Roeko GuttaFlow Bioseal root canal sealer. All specimens were retreated with ProTaper Universal Retreatment System files then divided to two different groups according to the technique …

Effect Of Using Intracanal Cryotherapy Versus Ultrasonic Activated Irrigation On Post-Operative Pain In Single Visit Endodontic Treatment Of Teeth With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis “Randomized Clinical Trial”, Marwa M. Hassan Elsherbeny, Essam Abdel Hafez Naguib E A Naguib, Reem Ahmed Lutfy Reem A. Lutfy, El Saeed Abdel Hafiz

Future Dental Journal

Aim : This study was designated to evaluate the effect of using intracanal cryotherapy versus ultrasonic activated irrigation on postoperative pain in single visit endodontic treatment of mandibular first molar with symptomatic, irreversible pulpitis using numerical rate scale (NRS) at 6, 12, 24, 48,72 hr and 1 week postoperatively.

Materials and Methods: seventy-eight patients diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular first molar with no periapical involvement. The cases were randomly divided into three groups according to final irrigation protocol after root canal preparation using Pro Taper Next; Groups A, B and C, twenty-six patients each group (n=26). Group A: …

Physical Properties And Bioactivity Of Aloe Vera Modified Tricalcium Silicate-Based Cement, Heba Seif, Ashraf M. Abu-Seida, Ahmed Elbanna, Dalia I. El-Korashy

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: This study compares the physical properties and bioactivity of tricalcium silicate-based cement (Matreva MTA) modified with various concentrations of Aloe vera (AV) solutions and Biodentine cement.

Methods: Sixty discs were prepared, and divided into 5 groups (12 discs each) based on the estimated materials: group I: Biodentine, group II: Matreva MTA, group III: Matreva MTA with 10% AV, group IV: Matreva MTA with 20% AV and group V: Matreva MTA with 30% AV. The flow and setting time were assessed following ISO standard 6876:2012 and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard C266-21, respectively. The in-vitro bioactivity was …

Would Access Cavity Design Affect The Mechanical Behaviour Of Tooth : A Finite Element Study., Muhammad Ashraf Elhusseini, Engy Kataia, Hala Khalil

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Two distinct access cavity designs were used to access Two simulated finite element models (FE). (Lingual (LAC) and incisal (IAC)). Three experimental FE models, including the IT model, were developed: LAC and IAC. For every simulated model, one distinct radicular preparations was carried out of size #30/.04. The incisal edge was subjected to an occlusal cycle load of 120 N. The maximum von mises stresses (VMS), maximum principal stresses (MPS), and stress distribution patterns were assessed and calculated quantitatively. It was concluded that the mandibular incisor's biomechanical behavior is significantly influenced by the size of the access design. Biomechanically the …

Analyzing The Influence Of Design And Operating Conditions On Combustion And Emissions In Premixed Turbulent Flames: A Comprehensive Review, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr. Eng., E. A. El Shenawy Prof. Dr., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi, Ibrahim Ali Mousa Eng., Mohamed M. Abdel-Raouf Ibrahim Dr. Eng.

Journal of Engineering Research

Recently, premixed combustion has dominated the field of combustion research worldwide. The current work is a review that addresses the effects of design and operating regimes on the combustion and emission characteristics of premixed turbulent flames. The study accounts for recent developments aimed at overcoming combustor operability issues that influence emissions and flame stability. Various experimental setups have been utilized in investigations, with results pertaining to performance and emissions concerning premixed turbulent flames. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the effects of swirl vane angles and equivalence fuel-air ratios for tests conducted both …

Building For Safety: Design Considerations For Refuge Areas In Tall Buildings From Quality Management Perspective, Enass. A. Salama, Heba. M. Gaber, Ahmed. M. Selim

Journal of Engineering Research

New El Alamein City is one of the largest urban projects in Egypt, and the largest project on the north coast. Tall buildings (super high-rise buildings) are considered the prevailing trend by architectural designers to obtain the maximum view of the Mediterranean Sea. The provision of safety evacuation in emergencies for these buildings’ occupants is a crucial challenge from the Quality management point of view. In contrast, there are no sufficient architectural design guidelines for the tall buildings provided by the Egyptian code for protecting buildings from fire, especially the design of the refuge areas. This study aims to investigate …

Effect Of Organic Compounds Additives For Biodiesel Fuel Blends On Diesel Engine Vibrations And Noise Characteristics, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr, Eng., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi Prof. Dr. Eng., E. A. El Shenawy Prof. Dr., Mahmoud Soliman Eng.

Journal of Engineering Research

The extensive consumption of petroleum fuel directly correlates with both hazardous exhaust emissions affecting human health and contributing to global warming. Initially, biodiesel fuels were proposed as a viable alternative to address these issues. This perspective finds support in numerous published studies that highlight how the significant catalytic effect of nanoparticles allows for their integration into biodiesel blends, resulting in improved combustion characteristics, reduced exhaust emissions, and enhanced performance. This study investigates the impact of additives on biodiesel fuel properties and its effects on engine performance metrics such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas concentration, engine vibration, and …

Investigation Into The Impact Of Ammonia Hydroxide On Performance And Emissions In Compression Ignition Engines Utilizing Diesel/Biodiesel Blends, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr, Eng., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi, Mohammed Osama Elsamadony Dr. Eng., Abdallah Salem Abdalhadi

Journal of Engineering Research

In recent times, there has been a surge in scientific endeavors aimed at combating global warming. Various methods have been employed to address this issue, including the substitution of fossil fuels with more environmentally sustainable alternatives and the combination of different fuel types. This can be achieved through the integration of innovative injection systems and the simultaneous combustion of alternative fuels alongside fossil fuels, or by modifying fuel injection systems such as in the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems. In a particular research investigation, a blend of ammonia hydroxide and diesel, with volume percentages of 7.5% and 92.5% respectively, was …

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance By Directly Injecting Blends Of Ammonium Hydroxide And Including Liquid Petroleum Gas As A Partially Premixed Charge, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr, Eng., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi, Mohammed Osama Elsamadony Dr. Eng., Abdallah Salem Abdalhadi

Journal of Engineering Research

Recently, scientists have made significant strides in addressing or mitigating environmental issues. Researchers have adopted various approaches to tackle these issues, such as replacing fossil fuels with more environmentally friendly alternatives or blending multiple fuel types. This can be achieved by either integrating these two trends through the use of new injection systems and simultaneous combustion of alternative fuels with fossil fuels or by modifying fuel injection systems, exemplified by the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems. Consequently, these methods have proven effective in reducing environmental pollutants, enhancing thermal efficiency, and decreasing specific fuel consumption. In this study, ammonia hydroxide and …

Experimental Investigation On Combustion And Emission Characteristics Of Co-Combustion Of Pulverized Biomass With Diesel Fuel In An Industrial Burner, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr, Eng., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi, Ahmed Abou El-Yazied Prof. Dr., Saad El-Malla Dr. Eng.

Journal of Engineering Research

This study presents the combustion and emission results obtained from a laboratory furnace equipped with a 35 kW industrial burner that utilizes co-combustion of pulverized biomass and diesel fuel. The experiment compared the co-combustion of pulverized biomass and diesel fuel with diesel fuel alone. Three different loading ratios of pulverized biomass from residual beet samples were used. Temperatures were measured at various positions inside the furnace to analyze combustion performance. It was observed that increasing the biomass loading ratios led to higher flame temperatures and improved combustion compared to diesel fuel alone. The concentrations of pollutants such as Co, HC, …

Analyse Permeability And Integration In Architectural Landscapes To Create A Seamless Environment, Ensuring Ease Of Movement And Blending With The Surrounding Environment., Amira Fawzy Helmy Almaz

Journal of Engineering Research

The study explores the understanding of connectedness, integration, and axial route selection in urban parks using space syntax. It uses the Theory of Space Syntax to analyze georeferenced photographs and urban morphology data. The findings suggest that creating rules for integration and linkage that directly influence users' decision-making processes could lead to significant improvements in urban parks.

The study discusses space syntax as an architectural concept that views architecture as an interface between public and private spaces, analyzing landscapes through mirroring and focusing on internal configurations and exteriors. The study proposes a method to measure permeability and integration in urban …

Cfd Study On Two-Phase Flow Patterns In A Pipe With 90º Elbow In Different Operating Conditions, Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi, Mohammed Ahmed Khafagy, E. A. El Shenawy Prof. Dr., Ahmed M. Salem Dr

Journal of Engineering Research

Recently, CFD has offered a technological solution for modelling multi-phase flow in which we can make endless simulations with reduced expenses and effort in high accuracy results; we shall also mention that experimental studies have limitations for safety considerations when experimenting with flow in high temperature or pressure values or medium nature as in nuclear or chemical flows.In this paper, we used the ANSYS FLUENT CFD program to simulate the two-phase flow in a pipe to study the effect of attaching a 90-degree elbow fitting to the piping system, seeking to find out the change in the pattern and resulting …

تقنيات الاضاءة الصناعية وتأثيرها فى الفراغ السكنى على السلوك الانسانى, Samah Kamal Elfeky, Walaa Ahmad Nour, Lobna Abdelfatah Agha

Journal of Engineering Research

* Lighting is considered of main items in daily life begining from natural Lighting to industrial lighting. with all of it's different shapes . it is considerdone of the most important data that point Blank spaces and works to show architectural spaces, aesthetic values through being sharp and weak, ensure borders show texture or hide Features, suggest wideness, narrowness of space as the most beautiful design don't see beautiful without good lighting which designed carefully.Due to diversity of human activities, architictums spaces and it is wideness. Increased dependence on industrial Lighting to strengthen Job of performance, beauty of internal, external …

Prenatal, Perinatal And Postnatal Risk Factors Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder In Palestine: A Case-Control Study, Mustafa Ghanim, Mariam Al-Tell, Samaa Staiti, Maha Rabayaa, Johnny Amer, Malik Alqub, Sameeha Atout, Nihad Al-Othman, Marwa Ismail

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial neurodevelopment disorder. Several prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors are suggested as risk factors for ASD. This study aimed to correlate prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors in a limited number of ASD cases in Palestine. Methods: A case-control study involved 120 children (60 typically diagnosed with ASD and 60 healthy matched with the ASD group). The parents of the children in both groups were asked to fill out the questionnaire. Results: The study showed a higher male-to-female ratio in the ASD group. A family history of ASD was reported in 38.3% of the …

The Influence Of Green Building Design On Tourists' Intention To Stay In Eco-Friendly Hotels: A Study On Perceptions And Preferences, Enas Al Sayed Salama Dr., Gehad Nasr Abdelsalam Dr.

Journal of Engineering Research

Green building design involves integrating sustainable and environmentally friendly practices into the construction and operation of buildings, including hotels, with the goal of minimizing the adverse impact on the environment. This paper delves into the pivotal role of green building design and eco-service provision within the context of green hotels. The aim is to investigate the interconnections among tourists' environmental concerns, their perceived significance of green building design, and their intention to choose green hotels.

To enhance the understanding of tourist behavior and its implications for tourism in Egypt, a questionnaire was administered in Sharm El Sheikh, a prominent Egyptian …

Experimental Study Of Bent Glass Curtain Walls., Sarah Said Abd El Kariem, Moustafa El Shami, Mahmoud El Nagar

Journal of Engineering Research

A Bent Laminated Glass is commonly used in the residential and commercial structures, its methodology is not present in the curves and tables at the ASTM E1300. Therefore, it has become a need for architects to use basis for this type of glass. To the best of authors ‘knowledge, no one study the bent laminated glass in details. A variety of safety glass that has lately gained popularity in the construction sector is modern laminated glass. Given that it offers a safe failover capability, it is perfect for the automotive industry. Double-lite glass is produced using two or more …

Market Analysis And Bidding Strategy Of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Considering Emissions, Fatma Elzahraa, Mohamed Elnemr, Samir Dawoud

Journal of Engineering Research

The competition in the electricity markets makes it difficult to choose a suitable strategy for maximizing profit while reducing harmful emissions. To have an adequate energy price for consumers while minimizing the harmful emissions to the atmosphere and maximizing profits of all participants in the electricity market needs an aggressive bidding strategy. Developing these bidding strategies with the integration of renewable energy (RE) in the electricity market became important. This research studies various bidding strategies for maximizing profits in the deregulated energy market since participants are keen on developing bidding strategies considering emissions. These bidding strategies will consider the integration …

Effects Of Fuel Equivalence Ratio And Swirl Vane Angles On Premixed Burner Turbulent Flame Combustion Characteristics, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr. Eng., E. A. El Shenawy Prof. Dr., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi Prof. Dr. Eng., Ibrahim Ali Mousa Eng., Mohamed M. Abdel-Raouf Ibrahim Dr. Eng.

Journal of Engineering Research

A turbulent flow field has a major effect on the premixed flame structure and temperature distribution that specifically determines the effectiveness of the burned fuel and the amounts of produced emissions. However, the premixed flame tangential and axial velocity distribution through the flame length help to predict the combustion and emissions attributes of the burned fuel. In this regard, an experimental and analytical investigation on premixed turbulent burners at different equivalence fuel-air ratios with different swirl vane angles has been achieved in the present work to assess the combustion performance and emissions characteristics. A theoretical methodology was carried out to …

Enhancing The Performance Of Conventional Solar Still Using The Nano-Doped Paint (Ndp) Coating, Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi Prof.Dr, Nermin Elgendy Engineer, Ayman R. El-Tohamy

Journal of Engineering Research

Nations are throughout the entire globe continuously confronting the problem of potable water shortage. Recently, it has been thought that using solar energy to desalinate brackish water offers a practical answer to the world's water crises. The output of these stills, is meager, and academics haven't done much to boost it in any way. Solar distillers have been proposed as an efficient method to produce potable water. In recent years, saltwater has produced drinking water by various ways. The efficiency of a solar distiller is significantly influenced by various factors, most important factor of them is the absorber surface. In …

Engine Performance And Emissions Improvement Study On Direct Injection Of Diesel/Ammonia Dual Fuel By Adding Cng As Partially Premixed Charge, Medhat Elkelawy Prof. Dr, Eng., Hagar Alm-Eldin Bastawissi Prof. Dr., Mohammed Osama Elsamadony Dr. Eng., Abdallah Salem Abdalhadi Eng.

Journal of Engineering Research

Researchers have recently moved on in their studies to find a solution to prevent or reduce this problem. There have been directions taken by researchers to solve the problem, including, replacing fossil fuels with environmentally friendly types or by combining two or more types of fuel. This is by modifying fuel injection systems as appears in the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems, or working to integrate the two trends by using new injection systems and burning alternative fuels with fossil fuels. Therefore, the trend has good results on the specific consumption of fuel, raising thermal efficiency, and working to reduce …