Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

A Summary Of Unmanned Aircraft Accident/Incident Data: Human Factors Implications, Kevin W. Williams Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A review and analysis of unmanned aircraft (UA) accident data was conducted to identify important human factors issues related to their use. UA accident data were collected from the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force. The percentage of involvement of human factors issues varied across aircraft from 21% to 68%. For most of the aircraft systems, electromechanical failure was more of a causal factor than human error. One critical finding from an analysis of the data is that each of the fielded systems is very different, leading to different kinds of accidents and different human factors issues. A second finding …

Pilot Dependence On Imperfect Diagnostic Automation In Simulated Uav Flights: An Attentional Visual Scanning Analysis., Christopher Wickens, Stephen Dixon, Juliana Goh, Ben Hammer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

An unmanned air vehicle (UAV) simulation was designed to reveal the effects of imperfectly reliable diagnostic automation – a monitor of system health parameters – on pilot attention, as the latter was assessed via visual scanning. Four groups of participants flew a series of legs under different automation conditions: a baseline (no automation) control, and automation which was either 100% reliable, 60% reliable with a low-threshold bias to produce false alerts, and 60% reliable with a high threshold to produce misses. A high workload mission completion task and ground surveillance task were simultaneously imposed. Consistent with the reliance-compliance model of …

Why’D They Do That? Analyzing Pilot Mindset In Accidents And Incidents, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In teaching a series of classes that analyzed “classical” airline accidents, it was observed that human behavior in such accidents was often understood better when the “mindset” of the protagonists was studied explicitly, rather than implicitly, and that the time element was also useful in such analyses. Often pilots took actions not explainable by traditional error models, and not predictable from known influences. These observations started a series of iterations that eventually converged on the PEEMBO model (Predispositions, Environment, Events, Mindset and mental condition, Behaviors, and missed Opportunities.) The PEEMBO model now appears mature enough for routine use in accident …

A Real-Time Automated Transcription Tool For Tactical Communications Assessment, David T. Williamson, Lt Mathew D. Purtee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes the development of a real-time automated transcription tool for assessing tactical communications in a DIS environment. Java-based tools were developed to capture simulated radio communications data from tactical training exercises conducted at the Warfighter Training Research Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Human Effectiveness Directorate. A representative set of audio data was handtranscribed and used as training material for a class-based statistical language model using a commercially available speech recognition system. The language model was designed to allow run-time input of callsign data to provide increased flexibility. The resulting system is a real-time automated speech-to-text transcription …

Head-Up Display Symbology For Surface Operations: Eye Tracking Analysis Of Command-Guidance Vs. Situation-Guidance Formats, John Wilson, Becky L. Hooey, David C. Foyle

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This study investigated pilots' taxi performance and distribution of visual attention with four different head-up display (HUD) symbology formats: Command-guidance, Situation-guidance, Hybrid, and a baseline, No-route guidance. Taxi speed and centerline accuracy were highest with Hybrid and Situation-guidance whereas Commandguidance and No-guidance resulted in increased visual attention to the head-down map display and side window displays. These results are thought to be due to lack of sufficient preview information with the Command-guidance symbology. The conformal route information of the Situation-guidance and Hybrid HUD formats provided a common reference with the environment, which may have supported better distribution of attention.

Metrics Of Information Complexity For Air Traffic Control Displays, Jing Xing

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Information complexity associated with visual displays is a bottleneck that limits their use. While automation tools are designed to bring new functions to users and increase their capacities, they also creates new tasks associated with acquiring and integrating information from displays. In particular, a complex display increases information load to human operators and reduces usability. Thus the efficiency of the tool largely depends on the complexity of displayed information. To evaluate the costs and benefits of an automation system, it is important to understand how much information is shown on the display, and whether the information is too complex for …

Pilots' Conflict Detection With Imperfect Conflict Alerting System For The Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Christopher D. Wickens, Esa M. Rantanen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Twenty-four pilots viewed dynamic encounters between the pilot’s “ownship” and an intruder aircraft on a 2-D simulated Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) and estimated the point and time of closest approach. A three-level alert system provided a correct categorical estimate of the projected miss distance (MD) on 83% of the trials. The remaining 17% of alerts incorrectly predicted MD. The data of these pilots were compared with a matched “baseline” pilots, who viewed identical trials without the aid of automated alerts. Roughly half the pilots depended on and benefited from this automation, and others did not. Those who benefited …

Capturing The Research And Development Process Of Aviation Systems: Creating A Multi-Media Living Legacy, Anthony D. Andre, Becky L. Hooey, David C. Foyle

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Too often, successful system development projects fail to leave a legacy of design transfer information, beyond providing access to the mere physical descriptions of the system, or the software code itself. Yet, information about high-level design decisions, assumptions, constraints, philosophies and methodologies is often sought after by system designers, engineers, and researchers alike. Such information is critical for facilitating an understanding of the design and evaluation decisions that underlie the final design. In contrast, published articles about a given complex system are usually limited to discussions of experimental results and in applicability beyond the academic and research community. This paper …

Effects Of Workload And Likelihood Information On Human Response To Alarm Signals, Ernesto A. Bustamante, James P. Bliss

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine how workload and likelihood information would affect participants’ responses to alarm signals while they performed a battery of tasks. As expected, participants’ overall response rates and false alarm response rates were significantly lower, and true alarm response rates were significantly higher when they used a likelihood alarm system. These results were particularly noticeable under high workload conditions. Results from this study suggest that although people may respond less often to alarm signals when they are provided with likelihood information, they will more likely respond to true signals rather than false alarms. Therefore, …

Eid For A Terrain-Aware Synthetic Vision System, Clark Borst, Marieke Suijkerbuijk, Max Mulder, Rene M.M. Van Passen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) are likely to become an integral part of the commercial flight deck in the future. The introduction of SVS is driven by the need to increase safety, most notably to reduce Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT). Various avionics companies and research institutes have successfully developed SVS that have shown to increase the pilot’s situational awareness regarding to attitude, position and clearance relative to the terrain. To further increase the pilot’s terrain awareness, we believe that more meaningful information should be added to the synthetic view on the outside world. This can be accomplished by showing the …

Developing Pilot Skills In Crm Assessment: An Effective Tool For The Check Pilot, Jose Manuel Ponz Cantó

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The European Joint Aviation Authorities eventually opted for making the check pilot responsible for CRM skills assessment. Along the way, several options were considered; NOTECHS, a version of LOSA, or even special tests for CRM skill demonstration.

Eventually, it was decided that CRM skills should not be evaluated outside of the pilot´s flying environment (we believe quite rightly), and such skills, or behavioural markers should only be assessed during flight checks.

Thus, the problem was apparently solved. However, no provisions were made for the training of check pilots in CRM assessment, and no special training other than required in the …

Atcs Age And En Route Operational Errors: A Re-Investigation, Dana Broach

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Public Law 92-297 requires that air traffic control specialists (ATCSs), hired on or after May 16, 1972, retire at age 56. This law is based on testimony given in 1971 that as controllers aged, the cumulative effects of stress, fatigue (from shift work), and age-related cognitive changes created a safety risk (U.S. House of Representatives, 1971). The hypothesis has been considered in two studies of en route operational errors (OEs) with contradictory results (Center for Naval Analyses Corporation (CNAC), 1995; Broach, 1999). The purpose of this re-investigation was to test the hypothesis that controller age, controlling for experience, was related …

Speech Errors Management In Air Traffic Control Communications: A Detailed Study, Jean-Leon Bouraoui, Nadine Vigouroux

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Many studies have reported on some human factors influencing the communication process, especially in aeronautical framework (see Davison (2003) for example). When spoken, communication comprises three different components: production, perception and understanding. The communication is often disturbed by one or many errors that affect one or several of these components. Consequently, one way to make air traffic control (ATC) communications more efficient and robust is to have as much knowledge as possible on these problems and their usual management. This paper presents the interests brought by corpus-based studies to Air Traffic Control (ATC) applications, especially interactions/communication between controllers and pilots. …

A Comparison Of Saint With Imprint And Micro Saint Sharp, Gerald P. Chubb

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

SAINT was a hybrid modeling and simulation language developed in FORTRAN for main frame computers that allowed simulation of human activities in the context of system operation. MicroSaint was initially developed in the C language, specifically for Personal Computers (PCs), mimicking much but not all of what was in the original FORTRAN version. IMPRINT Version 7 uses Micro Saint IV as its underlying computational engine. MicroSaint Sharp is based on the C# programming language and will be the computational engine underlying IMPRINT Version 8. Representational capabilities of these various modeling techniques are compared to illustrate what improvements have been made …

Complexity Mitigation Through Airspace Structure, M. L. Cummings, C. G. Tsonis, D. C. Cunha

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Cognitive complexity is a term that appears frequently in air traffic control research literature, yet there has not been a significant distinction between different components of complexity, such as environmental, organizational, and display complexity, all which influence cognitive complexity. It is not well understood if and how these different sources of complexity add to controller cognitive complexity and workload. In order to address this need for complexity decomposition and deconstruction, an experiment was conducted to explore whether or not different components of complexity could be effectively measured and compared. The goal of the experiment was to quantify whether or not …

Ab Initio Training In The Glass Cockpit Era: New Technology Meets New Pilots: A Preliminary Descriptive Analysis, Paul A. Craig, John E. Bertrand, Wayne Dornan, Steve Gossett

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Aerospace Department at Middle Tennessee State University and the NASA Langley Research Center entered into a cooperative agreement in 2003. The project is named the SATS Aerospace Flight Education Research (SAFER) and is part of NASA’s Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) initiative. The SATS project envisions a future flight environment that employs small aircraft to transport people and cargo from point to point using smaller, under utilized airports instead of major gridlocked airports. The aircraft used in the SATS vision would take advantage of a range of emerging technologies including glass cockpits, new structures, and new engines. But with …

Safety Attitudes In The Aviation System: Influences Of A Highly Regulated Environment, Teresa C. D'Oliveira

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Although safety is considered paramount in the aviation industry, very few studies have explored the influence that such a highly regulated environment may have on safety attitudes. This paper explores how perceptions and attitudes may be influenced by context characteristics and analyses how a highly regulated context, such as the aviation industry, compares with other industries. Results suggest that the aviation industry seems to be centered on individual behaviors and attitudes towards safety; in contrast other industries highlight safety at the organizational level. Implications of these results and repercussions of national safety campaigns to promote safety at the workplace are …

The Interplay Of Traits And Motives On Volunteering: Agreeableness, Extraversion And Prosocial Value Motivation, Gustavo Carlo, Morris A. Okun, George Knight, Maria Rosario T. De Guzman

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Social psychology and personality theorists have proposed that our understanding of prosocial behavior will be enhanced by examining the interplay of traits and motives. The present study was designed to test several pathways by which agreeableness, extraversion, and prosocial value motivation to volunteer influence volunteerism. A sample of 796 college students completed measures of the Big Five traits, prosocial value motivation to volunteer, and volunteering. Results of path analyses showed that prosocial value motivation to volunteer partially mediated the relations between agreeableness and extraversion, and volunteering. Furthermore, as agreeableness decreased, extraversion was more strongly related to prosocial value motivation to …

Measurement Equivalence Of The Center For Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale For Latino And Anglo Adolescents: A National Study, Lisa J. Crockett, Brandy A. Randall, Yuh-Ling Shen, S T. Russell, Anne K. Driscoll

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The cross-ethnic measurement equivalence of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; L. S. Radloff, 1977) was examined using a subsample of adolescents (N = 10,691) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Configural and metric invariance, as well as functional and scalar equivalence, were examined for Anglo American, Mexican American, Cuban American, and Puerto Rican American youths age 12-18 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in each group provided evidence of configural invariance for European and Mexican American adolescents but not for Cuban and Puerto Rican youths. A 2-group CFA for Anglo and Mexican Americans demonstrated partial metric …

Power And The Creation Of Patronizing Environments: The Stereotype-Based Behaviors Of The Powerful And Their Effects On Female Performance In Masculine Domains, Theresa Vescio, Sarah J. Gervais, Mark Snyder, Ann Hoover

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This work tested the following hypothesis: When powerful men stereotype their female subordinates in masculine domains, they behave in patronizing ways that affect the performance of their subordinates. Experiment 1 examined the stereotyping tendencies and patronizing behaviors of the powerful. Findings revealed that powerful men who stereotyped their female subordinates (i.e., those who were weakness focused) gave female subordinates few valued resources but much praise. In Experiment 2, low-power participants received resources (valued or devalued positions) and praise (high or low) from a powerful man. Subordinates who were assigned to a devalued position but received high praise (i.e., the patronizing …

Developmental Stability And Change In Self-Regulation From Childhood To Adolescence, Marcela Raffaelli, Lisa Crockett, Yuh-Ling Shen

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The authors examined the developmental course of self-regulation in a cohort of children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The longitudinal sample included 646 children (48% girls; 52% boys; 36.2% Black, 23.4% Hispanic, 40.4% White) who were 4 to 5 years old in 1986 and who were followed up at ages 8 to 9 and ages 12 to 13. Levels of self-regulation (assessed with 12 maternal-report items that measured regulation of affect, behavior, attention) increased from early childhood (when sample children were 4 or 5 years old) to middle childhood (ages 8 or 9), but not from middle childhood …

Introduction: Moral Development Study In The 21st Century, Carolyn P. Edwards, Gustavo Carlo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Questions of right and wrong, good and bad, lawful and unlawful, have been debated by philosophers, theologians, scholars, and ordinary people since ancient times. The moral domain represents humanity's answers to three questions: What is the right thing to do? How is the best state of affairs achieved? What qualities make for a good person? However, the scientific investigation of the moral life has a much shorter intellectual history than does philosophical and religious reflection; nevertheless, it is not new. Moral development theory and research emerged as a critical topic over 100 years ago, at the beginning of the 20th …

Association Between A Dopamine-4 Receptor Polymorphism And Blood Pressure, Srijan Sen, Randolph Nesse, Li Sheng, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Lillian Gleiberman, Margit Burmeister, Alan B. Weder

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Background: Dopamine receptor genes are candidates for hypertension susceptibility. Locally released dopamine increases renal sodium excretion, and defective renal dopamine receptor signaling has been shown to play a role in hypertension. Dopamine-4 receptors are expressed in juxtaglomerular and cortical collecting cells, where dopamine activation could alter sodium and water metabolism and affect blood pressure (BP). The dopamine-4 receptor (DRD4) gene has a 16 amino acid (48 base pairs [bp]) repeat polymorphism located in exon 3 where a G-protein binding area is encoded. The long allele (defined as at least one 7 to 10 repeat) has been associated with the personality …

Parental Responsibility Statutes: An Organization And Policy Implications, Eve M. Brank, Stephanie Carsten Kucera, Stephanie A. Hays

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We find ourselves at a confusing time in the history of juvenile justice. As a nation, we are transferring children into an adult system at a greater rate than we have ever seen before. Public response urges that juveniles be locked away not only to punish them, but also to keep the public safe. The public views these delinquent children as a threat and something to fear. Legislators respond to the public fear with more liberal transfer options into the adult system and punitive juvenile sanctions within the juvenile system. If a juvenile escapes transfer into the adult system, then …

Relationship Between Parent Satisfaction Regarding Partnerships With Professionals And Age Of Child, Jean Ann Summers, Lesa Hoffman, Janet Marquis, Ann Turnbull, Denise Poston

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In the past, the assessment of families’ satisfaction with the quality of their partnerships with the professionals who serve their children has been restricted to specific programs or age groups, precluding investigation of the relationship between parents’ perspectives on satisfaction and the importance of partnership components for children at different ages. Differences in policies, service models, and family needs at different life-cycle stages suggest a need to understand how satisfaction might differ among parents of children of different ages. In this study, 147 parents completed the Beach Center Family-Professional Partnership Scale to describe the perceived importance of and satisfaction with …

Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Laura Yamhure Thompson, C. R. Snyder, Lesa Hoffman

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Abstract from: Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C, & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality 73: 313-359. Six studies regarding forgiveness are presented. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a self-report measure of dispositional forgiveness (with subscales to assess forgiveness of self, others, and situations) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. Forgiveness correlated positively with cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and distraction; it correlated negatively with rumination, vengeance, and hostility. Forgiveness …

First Documentation Of Combinatorial Song Syntax In A Suboscine Passerine Species, Daniel Leger

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Birds with songs having two or more acoustically distinct elements can arrange them either rigidly (i.e., in the same sequence) or flexibly. Flexible song syntax can be achieved either by varying the number of repetitions of elements or by combining elements in different ways. Combinatorial syntax has been documented only in the songs of oscine passerines and in one nonpasserine, but not in the suboscine passerines. Dawn and day songs of a tyrant flycatcher, the Flammulated Attila (Attila flammulatus), were recorded in Costa Rica. Flexible syntax was noted in both dawn and day song. Attilas not only varied …

Weight Loss Practices In Amateur Wrestlers And Its Relationship To Disordered Eating, Lyndsey M. Manderfield

Graduate Research Papers

The premise behind many athletic programs is to encourage wellness, a state of well being in both physical and emotional aspects. This research paper reviews how wrestling and other athletic programs where weight plays a significant role, may affect eating and other weight-related habits. It addresses whether weight loss practices in wrestling play a role in disordered eating patterns of its participants.

Overview Of Attachment Disorder And Effective Treatments For Children, Kathryn H. Hedican

Graduate Research Papers

When children experience extreme chronic trauma as a result of the effects of the disruption of healthy attachment patterns, a disorder known as Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) can develop. The importance for mental health counselors to understand the etiology of RAD cannot be overemphasized. Symptoms most often associated with this disorder include the inability to trust, failure to develop intimate relationships, or show affection, lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, and anti-social behaviors and attitudes (Levy & Orlans, 1998 as cited in Sheperis, Renfro-Michel, & Doggett, 2003). Highlighting the foundational work of Erikson, Harlow, Bowlby, and Ainsworth includes a brief overview …

Cutting And Self-Mutilating Behaviors Among Adolescent Girls : A Counselor's Role In Understanding And Treatment, Carla C. Hughes

Graduate Research Papers

With the reported incidence of cutting and self-mutilating behaviors in adolescent girls on the rise, counselors need to take a look at the changing role they can play in helping these young girls understand the reasons underlying their self-destructive behaviors. The counselor can also help them find new ways to cope with the deep emotional trauma that precipitates the behavior. Understanding the causes and dynamics of this disorder will lead to better opportunities for effective treatment. This paper is intended to focus on the nature of the disorder and the role of counseling in bringing these young women back from …