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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Synthesis And Characterization Of Lectin Mimetics (Neo-Lectins), Czharena Kay Rama, Joshua Whited
Synthesis And Characterization Of Lectin Mimetics (Neo-Lectins), Czharena Kay Rama, Joshua Whited
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
The cell surface expresses a variety of carbohydrates such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycolipids. They play critical roles in pathological and physiological processes, including cell signaling, immune responses, pathogen-host interactions, tumor metastasis, and other cellular events. Due to its function and uses in cell communication, it is a curious subject of observation for scientific research. The molecular mechanism of carbohydrate recognition is still undetermined, and lectins, sugar binding proteins, are used to analyze the particular structures expressed on the cell surface. Lectins are normally found in plants and animals, and the isolation process of lectins is laborious, toxic, immunogenic and …
The Identification Of Anti-Cancer Molecular Targets Of Cox-2 Inhibitor Nimesulide, Yuridia Olivera Ortiz, Nethrie D. Idippily
The Identification Of Anti-Cancer Molecular Targets Of Cox-2 Inhibitor Nimesulide, Yuridia Olivera Ortiz, Nethrie D. Idippily
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs which were primarily used for the treatment inflammation and pain have also shown anti-cancer activity in many studies. The mechanism of action of NSAIDs in cancer may involve cyclooxygenase (COX) dependent or independent pathways. According to studies, COX-2 is overexpressed in several cancers such as prostate, breast, nonsmall-cell lung, colon, and pancreas. Nimesulide is an NSAID with COX-2 inhibitory activity and investigations show that it could induce apoptosis in cancer. Previously, a library of compounds was synthesized using Nimesulide as a lead compound. However, they displayed different molecular targets: tubulin and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). …
The Use Of Ipad Pros As An Assistive Device In Occupational Therapy, Osorio Lana
The Use Of Ipad Pros As An Assistive Device In Occupational Therapy, Osorio Lana
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
RESEARCH QUESTION: How can IPADS be used as an assistive devices for children and adults with disabilities? A literature review was conducted using the keywords, in order to find articles about using iPads as a therapeutic device. As a result it was concluded that iPads due to its versatility and popularity has made great progress as a therapeutic tool. Apps recommended as having a therapeutic purpose were also purchased and installed. The iPads will be used as a learning device amongst the Health Science Programs at Cleveland State University. KEYWORDS: iPad, assistive technology, occupational therapy, tablet, allied health, assistive therapeutic …
Variation Of Bone Microarchitecture Within And Among Contemporaneous Species Of Fossil Horses: Feasibility, Emily A. Edwards
Variation Of Bone Microarchitecture Within And Among Contemporaneous Species Of Fossil Horses: Feasibility, Emily A. Edwards
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Mesohippus, Miohippus, and Merychippus are extinct horse species that date back fifteen to thirty million years ago, which spanned over three time periods in North America. Each of the horses habituated different terrains from wet to dry. The third metacarpal became the prominent one-toe of horse evolution and is the specimen of this study. The aim is to determine if reorientation, segmentation, correcting size differences, and isolation are feasible. Horse fossils are extensive, documented, and are used as an analogous fossil lineage to humans for this study. Imaging of the third metacarpal was accomplished by micro-CT scanning with a focus …
The Effects Of Superior Laryngeal Nerve Lesion On Swallowing Kinematics And Airway Protection, Saja Abid, Rebecca Z. German
The Effects Of Superior Laryngeal Nerve Lesion On Swallowing Kinematics And Airway Protection, Saja Abid, Rebecca Z. German
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
The superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) carries sensory information from the mucosal tissues of the pharynx superior to the vocal folds, and carries motor signals to the cricothyroid muscles. It also provides partial innervation to the thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Finally, the SLN initiates the swallow. When a food or liquid bolus is swallowed, the epiglottis and the false and true vocal folds work together to seal off the airway and allow the bolus to pass through the esophagus. If the SLN is damaged, it usually leads to dysphasia in which food or liquid enters the airway. We hypothesized that …
Dialects Accents And Intelligence: A Study On Dialectal Perceptions, Taylor Moore
Dialects Accents And Intelligence: A Study On Dialectal Perceptions, Taylor Moore
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Speech language pathologists are given the tools to help clients with a wide range of pathologies. Issues relating to speech, hearing, swallowing, etc can all benefit from a Speech language pathologist's insight. One area that can be difficult is dialect. People across America speak with many different dialects and speech language pathologists are taught to recognize these differences but not correct them. Dialect showcases culture but does not define intelligence. Dialects like African American Venacular English are rule governed systems of communication (Carter, 2012). The research done on AAVE is seemingly endless (Baugh, 1983; Pearson,2013; Robinson,2011; Carter 2010; Bronstein,1970......) and …
Sequential And Dynamic Rna:Rna Base-Pairing Interactions Between U6atac And U12 Snrnas Predicted To Form Helix 1a And Helix 1b, Maitri Patel, Jagjit Singh
Sequential And Dynamic Rna:Rna Base-Pairing Interactions Between U6atac And U12 Snrnas Predicted To Form Helix 1a And Helix 1b, Maitri Patel, Jagjit Singh
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA splicing is important step for gene expression. Splicing is a two-step process which is carried out by a multi-megadalton molecular weight ribonucleoprotein (RNP) machinery called spliceosome. Spliceosome converts pre- mRNA to mRNA by removing non-coding sequence (introns) and splice together coding sequence (exons). Mammalian pre-mRNA are spliced by two different class of spliceosomes which are known as U2- and U12- dependent spliceosomes. U12 dependent spliceosome is composed of five small nuclear RNAs (snRNA). As compared to U2-dependent spliceosome, there is very less known about the catalytic process of U12-dependent splicing. U6atac and U12 snRNA are central to …
Defining An Enriched Environment For Pre-Ambulation Training Using A Multi-Directional, Over-Ground Harness System For Young Children With Down Syndrome, Lauren Schuck, Lisa Haecker
Defining An Enriched Environment For Pre-Ambulation Training Using A Multi-Directional, Over-Ground Harness System For Young Children With Down Syndrome, Lauren Schuck, Lisa Haecker
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
This theoretical literature review aims to define the components of an enriched environment (EE) while using a multi-directional, over-ground harness system (MOH), for pre-ambulatory children with Down syndrome (DS). While using an EE has not been clearly defined within humans, children with DS may benefit from this combination of interventions to optimize developmental outcomes. Of the 15 articles critiqued, 6 were found to be most relevant to help define an EE with specific activities when using a MOH for pre-ambulation training. As a part of defining an EE within a MOH, activities will be suggested that stimulate the four components …
Effect Of Calorie Restriction On Circadian Rhythms Of Glycolytic Enzymes In Mice, Enas A. Muhammad, Artem Astafev, Kuldeep Makwana
Effect Of Calorie Restriction On Circadian Rhythms Of Glycolytic Enzymes In Mice, Enas A. Muhammad, Artem Astafev, Kuldeep Makwana
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Multicellular and unicellular organisms have all proven to exhibit circadian rhythms which persist over approximately 24 hours. This internal time keeping system is responsible for regulating the body's biological functions. It has been known that calorie restriction effects circadian rhythms by causing a response in clock gene expression. These clock genes react to food intake and become either upregulated or downregulated accordingly. With glycolysis being a biological pathway that occurs in most organisms, measuring glycolytic gene expression in the liver tissue of young male mice becomes of interest. More specifically, hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase are the enzymes of interest. …
Effect Of Hypoxic Conditions On Skeletal Myoblasts, Abdo Boumitri, Shuai Zhao
Effect Of Hypoxic Conditions On Skeletal Myoblasts, Abdo Boumitri, Shuai Zhao
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Ischemic injury in skeletal muscle caused by hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions occurs in response to vascular and musculoskeletal traumas, diseases and following reconstructive surgeries. Thus, a thorough understanding of the effect of hypoxia on skeletal myoblasts is warranted to identify potential therapeutic targets. We have determined that treatment with cobalt chloride (to mimic hypoxic conditions) leads to decreased numbers of viable (attached) skeletal myoblast over time and an increase in the percentage of detached myoblasts. To determine the contribution of apoptosis (cell death) to this increase in detached myoblasts, we assessed PARP cleavage, a well- accepted marker for apoptosis. Consistent …
Understanding The Expression And Trafficking Of Plasmodium Falciparum Maurer’S Clefts Proteins, Sophia Degeorgia, Katharine Komisarz, Ashka Patel, Raghavendra Yadavalli
Understanding The Expression And Trafficking Of Plasmodium Falciparum Maurer’S Clefts Proteins, Sophia Degeorgia, Katharine Komisarz, Ashka Patel, Raghavendra Yadavalli
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Malaria is a potentially fatal disease caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium. Of the five species that cause human malaria, P. falciparum causes an estimated 1 million deaths annually, particularly in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. After invasion into human red blood cells, parasite induced transport structures known as Maurer's clefts, are formed within red cells. In previous studies, two Maurer's clefts proteins were identified; an approximately 130 kDa peripheral membrane protein and a 20-kDa integral membrane protein. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy identified both proteins …
Elimination Of Acoustical Noise For Stm Examination Of Pentacene Crystallization On Si (001), William Myers, Mark Bowling
Elimination Of Acoustical Noise For Stm Examination Of Pentacene Crystallization On Si (001), William Myers, Mark Bowling
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Organic electronics are used in traditional solar cells and also in flexible electronics. Unfortunately, the conductivities of organic semiconductors are significantly lower than their inorganic counterparts. This project examines crystallization by directed selfassembly of the organic molecules via a surface reconstruction as a method to increase conductivity. The crystallization is characterized by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). In order to achieve optimal STM images, this work examined: (1) noise isolation, (2) etching sharp STM tips and (3) achieving reconstructed Si surface. The STM is housed in a glovebox to keep the surface reconstructions and organic molecules from degrading. However, acoustical noise …
Cloud Overlap Of Cumuliform Clouds In The Shallow Boundary Layer, William Calabrase
Cloud Overlap Of Cumuliform Clouds In The Shallow Boundary Layer, William Calabrase
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Cloud albedo, or the proportion of sunlight reflected by a cloud, has a significant impact on the Earth's radiation budget and is strongly influenced by cloud shape. It is a major source of uncertainty in climate modeling. To characterize the shape of shallow cumulus clouds we study the behavior of the cloud overlap ratio, the ratio between the average cloud fraction and projected cloud cover. In this study, we use a high resolution computer model (LES) to 1) determine how the cloud overlap ratio of a cloud field is related to the overlap of individual clouds, and 2) to study …
Biostatistical Analysis On The Effects Of The Circadian Clock & Glucose Genes On Different Feeding Regimens, Rana Faraj, Nikkhil Velingkaar
Biostatistical Analysis On The Effects Of The Circadian Clock & Glucose Genes On Different Feeding Regimens, Rana Faraj, Nikkhil Velingkaar
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Circadian clocks are internal biological systems that control many physiological processes. The circadian clock is considered to be the master regulator of metabolism in mammals. The molecular metabolism is not very well known. The circadian clock regulated expression in metabolic enzymes and in turn, diet also regulates circadian clock on a molecular level. To better understand the interaction between circadian clock and metabolism, mice were subjected to different feeding regimens and metabolic tissue, such as liver and skeletal muscles, have been collected across the circadian cycle. Expression of genes have been analyzed in the liver using RT-QPCR. Large set of …
How Big Is A Cloud: A Statistical Analysis Of Cloud Size Distributions Derived From Large Eddy Simulations, Dorothy Pharis, Nicholas Barron
How Big Is A Cloud: A Statistical Analysis Of Cloud Size Distributions Derived From Large Eddy Simulations, Dorothy Pharis, Nicholas Barron
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
To accurately represent cumulous clouds in climate and weather models, it is important to understand how large clouds, in certain cloud fields, are. These fields can be described by a cloud size distribution (CSD), the number of clouds of a certain defined size. This study utilized data from a Large Eddy Simulation (LES), a high resolution numerical model describing the atmosphere, to explore what defines the cloud size distribution. First, we have developed a toolkit to illustrate the cloud size distribution by using the slope and deriving an estimate for the scale break. Second, we performed a statistical analysis of …
Synchronization Of Cell Growth Makes Capture Of G2 Phase Cells Possible, Maryam Assar, Noopur Joshi
Synchronization Of Cell Growth Makes Capture Of G2 Phase Cells Possible, Maryam Assar, Noopur Joshi
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes, one set maternal and the other set paternal, pair with one another. Pairing is a prerequisite for crossing over, where allelic regions on homologs break and recombine with the corresponding homolog. This crossing over results in recombinant chromosomes that in turn increase genetic diversity. What causes the homologs to pair at specific sites is unknown. We are investigating whether specific DNA sequences are involved in pairing. Our first step to identify pairing sites involves mitotic cells of budding yeast in order to isolate pairing regions in sister chromatids. Mitotic cells are used instead of meiotic cells …
Optimizing Dynamic Light Scattering For The Analysis Of Anisotropic Nanoparticles In Solution, Tony Dobrila
Optimizing Dynamic Light Scattering For The Analysis Of Anisotropic Nanoparticles In Solution, Tony Dobrila
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
To further understanding of light scattering on solution of anisotropic hard-to-image soft particles such as elastin-like polypeptide micelles the light scattering characterization of anisotropic easy-to-image inorganic gold nanoparticles was undertaken. We used Depolarized Dynamic Light Scattering (DDLS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study commercial gold nanoparticles: nanospheres, nanorods with aspect-ratio=3, and nanorods with aspect ratio=7. According to SEM particles appeared to be larger than manufacturer specs, namely 2R=18.9±1.3nm, (26.1±4.1)x(65.5±9.5)nm, and (16.3±2.2)x(103.6±16.7)nm, respectively. DDLS on nanospheres showed no rotational diffusion (VH) signal, q dependence of decay rate consistent with that of spherical particles, no concentration dependence of translational diffusion coef- …
How Dry Is The Lower Atmosphere: Finding Relations Between Various Moments In The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Vladimir Sworski
How Dry Is The Lower Atmosphere: Finding Relations Between Various Moments In The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Vladimir Sworski
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL), consisting of the bottom few kilometers of the troposphere, is a highly turbulent region with strong mixing of moisture and winds. This region's activity is driven by thermals, which rise to the top of the boundary layer and thicken it through entrainment of warm air from above. To better predict the behavior of the ABL, a good understanding of the distribution of heat, moisture and momentum is important. In this study, we use a high resolution computer model (LES) to determine those distributions. We were able to reproduce observations when using a temporal averaging that …
Correlating Wet-Sample Electron Microscopy With Light Scattering Spectroscopy On The Example Of Polymeric Microgels, Christian Gunder
Correlating Wet-Sample Electron Microscopy With Light Scattering Spectroscopy On The Example Of Polymeric Microgels, Christian Gunder
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Amphiphilic cellulose-based microgels with a reversible volume-phase transition at around 40.5°C—the low critical solution temperature (LCST)—have been synthesized, characterized, and optimized. After carefully planned synthesis and filtering the samples with a 0.22μm filter microgels were characterized with dynamic light scattering (DLS), yielding reproducible results for the radii of particles around 100-120 nm below the LCST and 60-70 nm above it. Through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), air dried samples and wet samples were also analyzed. Air dried samples were dried for 24 hours until all water was evaporated, ensuring the collapse of microgels as if they were expelling …
Effect Of Parental Communication On Adjustment Of Typically Developing Children With An Atypically Developing Sibling, Christina Adkins, Meghan Murray
Effect Of Parental Communication On Adjustment Of Typically Developing Children With An Atypically Developing Sibling, Christina Adkins, Meghan Murray
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Disorders comprised of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) as a group are comprised of autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, and various genetic conditions that stunt the intellectual and functional development of an individual. These disorders affect roughly 14% of families in the US (Boyle et al., 2011), which approximates to seven million households in the US. The presence of IDD in a child is often associated with increased stress for the parents, given that IDD is often accompanied by behavioral problems in the affected child. Surprisingly, relatively little work has been done on the effects of IDD on typically developing …
Life Behind Glass: Bioreactor Studies On The Salt-Water Adaptation Of Scenedesmus Dimorphus, Joshua Hartranft, Alex Fedai, Sahar Ataya
Life Behind Glass: Bioreactor Studies On The Salt-Water Adaptation Of Scenedesmus Dimorphus, Joshua Hartranft, Alex Fedai, Sahar Ataya
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Algae has considerable promise as source for liquid biofuel because of high productivity and because algae farms do not compete with food crops for arable land. Freshwater algae is preferred over saltwater algae because of the higher lipid content in the former. Unfortunately, freshwater algae “farms” would require a vast amount of fresh water, and given the scarcity of fresh water, this is not a viable long-term solution. Therefore, the adaption of a fresh-water species of algae to a salt-water environment is a potential solution. In this study, it was shown that the growth rate of the freshwater algae S. …
Glycerolipid Analysis Of Adaptation To Saline Changes In The Culture Conditions Of Algae, Scenedesmus Dimorphus, By Gc-Ms, Tyler Fitzgerald, Satya Girish Chandra Avula, Chandana Mannem
Glycerolipid Analysis Of Adaptation To Saline Changes In The Culture Conditions Of Algae, Scenedesmus Dimorphus, By Gc-Ms, Tyler Fitzgerald, Satya Girish Chandra Avula, Chandana Mannem
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Since fossil fuels are decreasing over time an alternative energy source will be soon required. The algae, Scenedesmus dimorphus, grows in freshwater and is known for its fast growth of glycerolipid content which is used for biodiesel production. After the algae is grown in optimal conditions, the released fatty acids and glycerolipids are transformed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) which are used as biodiesel. The FAMEs were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the total glycerolipid content in the different algae samples. The samples that were analyzed include freshwater controls and saline adapted samples. Analysis …
Design And Fabrication Of A Microfluidic Device Using A 3d Printer, Aaron Smith
Design And Fabrication Of A Microfluidic Device Using A 3d Printer, Aaron Smith
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
The goal of this work was to design and implement a microfluidic mixer-based chemical reactor using a 3-D printer. Microfluidic devices are very useful for processes that use expensive reactants or require a high level of control, and we hypothesize that the ability to develop a prototype using a 3-D printer would lower their costs and help overcome some of the limitations of soft-lithography based devices. One-level and two-level designs were made using SolidWorks® software, and various stages of the model were printed on Objet® and FDM® printers. The Objet printer offers the advantage of printing a prototype using a …
Scalable Assembly Of Nanoparticles Onto Templated Substrates, John Juchnowski
Scalable Assembly Of Nanoparticles Onto Templated Substrates, John Juchnowski
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Anisotropic nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes and noble metal nanorods, have excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. This work examined techniques for the nanopatterning of silicon substrates for the subsequent deposition of anisotropic nanoparticles in order to exploit their properties in macroscopic applications. Argon-ion-sputter induced rippling of Si (100) as well as a microparticle mask were examined as methods for templating a silicon substrate. For the ion-sputter
Light Scattering Characterization Of Elastin-Like Polypeptide Trimer Micelles, Ilona Tsuper, Daniel Terrano, Adam Maraschky
Light Scattering Characterization Of Elastin-Like Polypeptide Trimer Micelles, Ilona Tsuper, Daniel Terrano, Adam Maraschky
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Elastin-Like Polypeptides (ELP) can be used to form thermo-reversible vehicles for drug delivery systems. The ELP nanoparticles are composed of three-armed star polypeptides. Each of the three arms extending from the negatively charged foldon domain includes 20 repeats of the (GVGVP) amino acid sequence. The ELP polymer chains are soluble at room temperature and become insoluble at the transition temperature (close to 50 oC), forming micelles. The size and shape of the micelle is dependent on the temperature and the pH of solution, along with the concentration of the Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solvent. The technique of Depolarized Dynamic Light …
African Clawed Toads’ Responses To Visual And Lateral Line Stimuli, Marko Milosavljevic, Kevin Goth
African Clawed Toads’ Responses To Visual And Lateral Line Stimuli, Marko Milosavljevic, Kevin Goth
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
The African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, is an aquatic species commonly found throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Adults use vision to sense movements and lateral line to sense vibrations in the water. Here, we analyze the effectiveness of the toads' vision and lateral line systems individually and in combination. This study will help us understand how Xenopus utilizes sensory information to capture prey. We tested which sensory system elicits greater responses, how stimulus angle and distance affect the probability of a response, and if the toads respond equally to visual and lateral line stimuli. We found that a combination of both visual …
Identifying Patterns Of Stress Through Biological Markers, Kristyn Oravec
Identifying Patterns Of Stress Through Biological Markers, Kristyn Oravec
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
technique, the angle of incidence of the ion beam was 67° from the surface normal,
Bioinformatic Analysis Of The Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger Protein In Plasmodium Yoelii, Jamira Virk, Raghavendra Yadavalli
Bioinformatic Analysis Of The Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger Protein In Plasmodium Yoelii, Jamira Virk, Raghavendra Yadavalli
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Since its discovery over 100 years ago, malaria has been the most important parasitic disease in the world. Malaria affects about 300 to 500 million people every year; killing 5 million people every year. The most virulent causative agent in humans is Plasmodium falciparum; it is an important member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which also includes Toxoplasma gondii. These organisms contain specialized, unique structures, including rhoptry organelles. In Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii, they assist invasion into the host cell. Analyses have been performed on proteins located in rhoptries in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium. Among the proteins that have been analyzed, the …
Expression Of Recombinant Proteins In Bacteria For Antibody Production, John Sabljic, Anton Denisyuk, Hallie Schmolz, Olivera Prica
Expression Of Recombinant Proteins In Bacteria For Antibody Production, John Sabljic, Anton Denisyuk, Hallie Schmolz, Olivera Prica
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes fatal African trypanosomiasis in humans and nagana in cattle. Transmitted by the tsetse fly, T. brucei proliferates in the bloodstream of its mammalian host and evades the host's immune response by regularly switching its major surface antigen, VSG, which forms a thick coat on its cell membrane. VSGs are exclusively expressed from sub-telomeric regions of the T. brucei genome in a strictly monoallelic fashion. Telomeres, DNA-protein complexes located at chromosome ends, help maintain chromosome stability and integrity. We have also found that telomere proteins are important for regulating VSG expression and switching. We are …
Identification Of Factors That Mediate Strand Exchange During Early Meiosis At Low Double Strand Break Levels, Isaac Kuragayla, Rima Sandhu
Identification Of Factors That Mediate Strand Exchange During Early Meiosis At Low Double Strand Break Levels, Isaac Kuragayla, Rima Sandhu
Undergraduate Research Posters 2016
Genetic recombination is essential in order to create diversity amongst all of the genetic information. Crossovers also contribute to segregation of homologous chromosomes to opposite spindle poles during the first meiotic division. Meiotic strand exchange in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, budding yeast, aims to diversify genetic information in the resulting gametes which in budding yeast are called spores. While Dmc1 and Rad51 are two proteins that are known to play a role in double strand break (DSB) repair, the exact function of Rad51 is still unclear. It is known that Rad51 is responsible for strand exchange in mitosis, but it is still …