Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- English (309)
- HIV and AIDS (192)
- HIV Prevention (119)
- HIV Treatment/Care/Support (66)
- HIV and Children (44)
-
- India (41)
- South Africa (39)
- Adolescents (Female) (36)
- HIV Stigma and Discrimination (35)
- Kenya (34)
- People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLHA/PLWHA) (34)
- Zambia (32)
- Uganda (28)
- Antiretroviral Therapy/Treatment (23)
- Key Populations (23)
- Tanzania (23)
- Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) (20)
- Nigeria (20)
- Youth (20)
- Adolescents (Male) (19)
- Sex Workers (SWs)—male and female (18)
- Implementation Science (16)
- HIV Testing (15)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections (STDs/STIs) (15)
- Integrating Health Services (14)
- Mental Health (14)
- Migrants/Migration (14)
- Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (14)
- Sexual and Reproductive Health (14)
- Zimbabwe (14)
Articles 301 - 323 of 323
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Reducing Hiv Infection Among Youth: What Can Schools Do? Key Baseline Findings From Mexico, South Africa, And Thailand, Holley Stewart, Ann P. Mccauley, Simon Baker, Martha Givaudan, Shegs James, Iwin Leenen, Susan Pick, Priscilla Reddy, Usasinee Rewthong, Patchara Rumakom, Dilys Walker
Reducing Hiv Infection Among Youth: What Can Schools Do? Key Baseline Findings From Mexico, South Africa, And Thailand, Holley Stewart, Ann P. Mccauley, Simon Baker, Martha Givaudan, Shegs James, Iwin Leenen, Susan Pick, Priscilla Reddy, Usasinee Rewthong, Patchara Rumakom, Dilys Walker
HIV and AIDS
Although many program planners see schools as a convenient location for HIV-prevention programs, there is controversy about whether school programs can ever be strong enough to go beyond improving knowledge and attitudes to increasing the adoption of safe sexual behaviors. Evaluations of school programs in Mexico, South Africa, and Thailand focus on this question: Can school HIV programs change behavior? In each country, local organizations have worked with educators on teacher training and course design to ensure high-quality school interventions. Researchers surveyed students’ knowledge, attitudes, norms, and reported behavior before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and again several months …
Community Involvement In The Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv: Insights And Recommendations, Naomi Rutenberg, Mary Lyn Field-Nguer, Laura Nyblade
Community Involvement In The Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv: Insights And Recommendations, Naomi Rutenberg, Mary Lyn Field-Nguer, Laura Nyblade
HIV and AIDS
Mother-to-child transmission is the primary route of HIV infection in children under 15 years of age. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, an estimated 5.1 million children worldwide have been infected with HIV. Clinical trials in several countries have shown that mother-to-child transmission of HIV can be greatly reduced through administering antiretroviral therapy to pregnant women. These trials culminated in a recommendation by UNAIDS and its partners in the Interagency Task Team for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission that prevention of perinatal transmission should be a part of the standard package of care for HIV-positive women and their children. …
Women, Communities, And The Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv: Issues And Findings From Community Research In Botswana And Zambia, Laura Nyblade, Mary Lyn Field-Nguer
Women, Communities, And The Prevention Of Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv: Issues And Findings From Community Research In Botswana And Zambia, Laura Nyblade, Mary Lyn Field-Nguer
HIV and AIDS
This paper discusses research in Botswana and Zambia that showed gaps in community knowledge about HIV transmission, particularly from mother to child, and yielded insights into community perspectives about the barriers to using voluntary counseling and testing services; the stigma and fear associated with HIV; traditional norms on breastfeeding; and the role of family and community members in women’s decisions to participate in programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. A separate Population Council publication (“Community involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: Insights and recommendations”) offers recommendations for community involvement strategies that will encourage program planners to …
Hiv And Partner Violence: What Are The Implications For Voluntary Counseling And Testing?, Carolyn Knapp
Hiv And Partner Violence: What Are The Implications For Voluntary Counseling And Testing?, Carolyn Knapp
HIV and AIDS
Millions of women around the world face two great threats to their health and well-being: HIV/AIDS and violence by an intimate partner. One of the strongest associations between the two is the role that violence and the threat of violence play in limiting a woman’s ability to negotiate safer sex with a partner. A similar fear of violence also discourages women who receive HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) from telling partners about test results. This study explored the links between HIV infection, serostatus disclosure, and partner violence among women attending a VCT clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Researchers …
A Question Of Scale? The Challenge Of Expanding The Impact Of Non-Governmental Organisations' Hiv/Aids Efforts In Developing Countries, Jocelyn Dejong
A Question Of Scale? The Challenge Of Expanding The Impact Of Non-Governmental Organisations' Hiv/Aids Efforts In Developing Countries, Jocelyn Dejong
HIV and AIDS
There are currently more than 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and in 1999 5.3 million individuals were newly infected with the virus. AIDS activities initiated by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been highly influential on thinking and strategies found within the HIV/AIDS sector. Yet NGOs often experience particular difficulties in increasing the scale of their activities to reach larger numbers of people, to have an impact at levels higher than the community, and to address the broader social determinants of HIV/AIDS. Perceiving the urgent need for NGOs to expand the scale of their activities in the face of an …
Prevention Of Trafficking And The Care And Support Of Trafficked Persons In The Context Of An Emerging Hiv/Aids Epidemic In Nepal, Celine Daly
HIV and AIDS
This study is a collaborative effort between the Asia Foundation (Kathmandu) and the Horizons project of the Population Council (New Delhi) to document the current intervention models and community-based study of human trafficking in the context of an emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nepal. To address the human rights component of trafficking, the three components of this study focus on the rights and needs of trafficked persons as well as those who are vulnerable to trafficking. An analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of laws, policies, and interventions in the apprehension, prosecution, and conviction of alleged traffickers is not included in …
The Case For Microbicides: A Global Priority, Kathy Attawell
The Case For Microbicides: A Global Priority, Kathy Attawell
HIV and AIDS
The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to spread, undermining development, reversing health gains, and exacerbating poverty. It will be some time before a vaccine is available and accessible, thus there is an urgent need to identify additional prevention options, in particular a method that women control, which could save millions of lives. This report from the Population Council and International Family Health presents the case for microbicides—products used vaginally to prevent infection from HIV and other STIs in women and their sexual partners—and discusses recent progress and developments, outstanding challenges, and the action required to ensure that products will be made available …
Making A Difference For Children Affected By Aids: Baseline Findings From Operations Research In Uganda, Laelia Gilborn, Rebecca Nyonyintono, Robert Kabumbuli, Gabriel Jagwe-Wadda
Making A Difference For Children Affected By Aids: Baseline Findings From Operations Research In Uganda, Laelia Gilborn, Rebecca Nyonyintono, Robert Kabumbuli, Gabriel Jagwe-Wadda
HIV and AIDS
Many organizations and programs have begun to provide services and support to AIDS-orphaned children in East and southern Africa. Typical program components include the provision of school fees and supplies, supplementary feeding, home-visiting programs in which community members visit and assist affected children, and vocational training. However, few of these programs have been formally evaluated for impact. This paper reports on baseline findings from a study of two programs for AIDS-affected children and their families implemented by PLAN International in the Luwero and Tororo districts of Uganda. One program, referred to as orphan support, provides educational, health, and nutritional assistance …
Acceptability Of The Female Condom After A Social Marketing Campaign In Campinas, Brazil, Horizons Program
Acceptability Of The Female Condom After A Social Marketing Campaign In Campinas, Brazil, Horizons Program
HIV and AIDS
The female condom is a relatively new product that is intended to serve the dual role of protecting against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Recent research has found moderate to high levels of initial trial and acceptance of the female condom among women. However, information is lacking about its continued use, particularly among women at high risk of HIV and other STIs. The female condom was registered in Brazil in January 1997 and since then has been available commercially through DKT, a social marketing organization. In addition to socially marketed female condoms, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has …
Transitions To Adulthood In The Context Of Aids In South Africa: Report Of Wave I, Naomi Rutenberg, Cathrien Kehus-Alons, Lisanne Brown, Kate Macintyre, Anthea Dallimore, Carol E. Kaufman
Transitions To Adulthood In The Context Of Aids In South Africa: Report Of Wave I, Naomi Rutenberg, Cathrien Kehus-Alons, Lisanne Brown, Kate Macintyre, Anthea Dallimore, Carol E. Kaufman
HIV and AIDS
This is a prospective study of reproductive behavior and sexual health of adolescents in South Africa as well as their education and employment experiences, family and environmental conditions, and other factors in their lives that may influence their sexual behavior and choices. This report is designed to inform educators, policymakers, and the public in South Africa and beyond of the initial findings of the study, with the ultimate goal of helping to design and refine policies and programs that will improve opportunities and capacities of adolescents and may contribute to changing behaviors and choices. The report focuses on describing the …
Hiv Voluntary Counseling And Testing Among Youth Ages 14 To 21: Results From An Exploratory Study In Nairobi, Kenya, And Kampala And Masaka, Uganda, Horizons Program, Kenya Project Partners, Uganda Project Partners
Hiv Voluntary Counseling And Testing Among Youth Ages 14 To 21: Results From An Exploratory Study In Nairobi, Kenya, And Kampala And Masaka, Uganda, Horizons Program, Kenya Project Partners, Uganda Project Partners
HIV and AIDS
HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs increase safe sexual behavior and use of care and support services among adults. By helping clients learn their HIV serostatus and creating a personalized HIV risk-reduction plan, VCT can provide the information and support necessary to change risky behaviors that could lead to HIV infection or transmission. Counseling and a risk-reduction plan are the key features distinguishing VCT from other HIV testing services. VCT has become a widely advocated HIV/AIDS prevention strategy among adults. Sixty percent of all new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, however, occur among young people ages 10–24. Because few …
Interventions To Reduce Hiv/Aids Stigma: What Have We Learned?, Lisanne Brown, Lea Trujillo, Kate Macintyre
Interventions To Reduce Hiv/Aids Stigma: What Have We Learned?, Lisanne Brown, Lea Trujillo, Kate Macintyre
HIV and AIDS
Stigma is a common human reaction to disease. Throughout history many diseases have carried considerable stigma, including leprosy, tuberculosis, cancer, mental illness, and many sexually transmitted diseases. HIV/AIDS is only the latest disease to be stigmatized. This paper reviews 21 interventions that have explicitly attempted to decrease AIDS stigma both in the developed and developing countries and 9 studies that aim to decrease stigma related with other diseases. The studies selected met stringent evaluation criteria in order to draw common lessons for future development of interventions to combat stigma. This paper assesses published and reported studies through comparison of audiences, …
Hiv And Partner Violence: Implications For Hiv Voluntary Counseling And Testing Programs In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Suzanne Maman, Jessie K. Mbwambo, Margaret Hogan, Gad P. Kilonzo, Michael D. Sweat, Ellen Weiss
Hiv And Partner Violence: Implications For Hiv Voluntary Counseling And Testing Programs In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Suzanne Maman, Jessie K. Mbwambo, Margaret Hogan, Gad P. Kilonzo, Michael D. Sweat, Ellen Weiss
HIV and AIDS
This study explored the links between HIV infection, serostatus disclosure, and partner violence among women attending a VCT clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Men and women both perceive HIV testing as a way to plan for the future but are motivated to undergo testing by a number of different individual, relationship, and environmental factors. The women in our study described more barriers to HIV testing than did men, and women who have communicated with their partners about VCT before seeking services are significantly more likely to share their HIV test results than those who have not talked with their …
Male Circumcision And Hiv Prevention: Directions For Future Research, Johannes Van Dam, Marie Christine Anastasi
Male Circumcision And Hiv Prevention: Directions For Future Research, Johannes Van Dam, Marie Christine Anastasi
HIV and AIDS
A growing body of scientific publications suggests that male circumcision is associated with reduced risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, male circumcision is being considered as a potential intervention in the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection, even though this procedure has profound cultural implications and carries the risk of complications, and its benefits are realized only many years later. This report presents the findings of a meeting of international researchers, organized by the Horizons Project to explore the programmatic and research implications of the association between male circumcision and HIV prevention. Most studies on male circumcision and …
The Female Condom: Dynamics Of Use In Urban Zimbabwe, Deanna Kerrigan, Steve Mobley, Naomi Rutenberg, Andrew A. Fisher, Ellen Weiss
The Female Condom: Dynamics Of Use In Urban Zimbabwe, Deanna Kerrigan, Steve Mobley, Naomi Rutenberg, Andrew A. Fisher, Ellen Weiss
HIV and AIDS
In July 1997, Population Services International (PSI), at the request of the Zimbabwe National AIDS Coordination Programme, launched a social marketing program for the female condom in Zimbabwe. To avoid stigma associated with condoms and STI prevention, the female condom was marketed as a family planning product or “contraceptive sheath” under the brand name “Care.” It was initially sold through pharmacies and clinics at a heavily subsidized retail price of US $0.24 for two; distribution has since expanded to other urban outlets, including supermarkets and convenience stores. Approximately one year after the start of the social marketing program, the Horizons …
Peer Education And Hiv/Aids: Past Experience, Future Directions, Deanna Kerrigan, Ellen Weiss
Peer Education And Hiv/Aids: Past Experience, Future Directions, Deanna Kerrigan, Ellen Weiss
HIV and AIDS
Peer education typically involves training and supporting members of a given group to effect change among members of the same group. Peer education is often used to effect changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors at the individual level. However, peer education may also create change at the group or societal level by modifying norms and stimulating collective action that contributes to changes in policies and programs. Worldwide, peer education is one of the most widely used strategies to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This report presents findings from a project designed to identify components and principles that influence HIV/AIDS peer …
The Female Condom In Zimbabwe: The Interplay Of Research, Advocacy, And Government Action, Population Council
The Female Condom In Zimbabwe: The Interplay Of Research, Advocacy, And Government Action, Population Council
HIV and AIDS
During the past decade, a significant increase in reported cases of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe prompted the government, local organizations, and international donors to intensify prevention efforts. As part of this response, in November 1996 Zimbabwe’s National AIDS Coordinating Programme invited Population Services International to launch a social marketing program to promote the female condom, making this protective device widely available for the first time in Africa. After an acceptability study showed that Zimbabwean men and women liked using the female condom, leaders of these organizations encouraged public discussion and media attention, which helped pave the way to approval and introduction …
Literature Review: Challenging Hiv-Related Stigma And Discrimination In Southeast Asia: Past Successes And Future Priorities, Joanna Busza
Literature Review: Challenging Hiv-Related Stigma And Discrimination In Southeast Asia: Past Successes And Future Priorities, Joanna Busza
HIV and AIDS
Pervasive stigma has surrounded HIV/AIDS since the beginning of the pandemic. In Southeast Asia, as elsewhere, it has been accompanied by discrimination, affecting transmission patterns and access to care and support. This paper describes the regional experience of stigma and discrimination and offers a review of community-based interventions that have attempted to reduce them. The evidence presented comes primarily from unpublished literature and anecdotal evidence gained through interviews with project staff throughout the region.
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa: Results Of Four Action-Research Interventions In East And Southern Africa, Ann Leonard, Esther Muia
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa: Results Of Four Action-Research Interventions In East And Southern Africa, Ann Leonard, Esther Muia
HIV and AIDS
The Community Counseling Aides (CCA) project operating with support from the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in Uganda, is a government initiative being carried out in collaboration with local communities. As the Ministry of Health seeks to develop local capacity to support and operate these efforts at the community level, it has identified the need to improve the skills of local project staff so that they may begin to assume the responsibility for monitoring and evaluating their own program performance. This is part of an overall strategy on the part of the Ugandan Government to decentralize control and allocation of …
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa—Dissemination Of Phase I Findings: Report Of Five National Workshops, Population Council
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa—Dissemination Of Phase I Findings: Report Of Five National Workshops, Population Council
HIV and AIDS
Given the constraints faced by the health care infrastructure in responding to the AIDS crisis in sub-Saharan Africa, and the limitations of traditional educational approaches in motivating people to modify their sexual behavior within the African context, community-based efforts at AIDS prevention, and care of those affected, are the first lines of defense against the disease. Thus, they deserve greater scrutiny, to learn from the experiences and to continue and expand their efforts. The “Community-Based AIDS Prevention and Care in Africa: Building on Local Initiatives” project is being carried out by the Population Council with support from Glaxo Wellcome. The …
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa: Case Studies From Five African Countries, Ann Leonard
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa: Case Studies From Five African Countries, Ann Leonard
HIV and AIDS
The Population Council carried out a three-year project entitled “Community-Based AIDS Prevention and Care in Africa: Building on Local Initiatives.” Given the constraints faced by the health care infrastructure in responding to the AIDS crisis and the limitations of traditional educational approaches in motivating people to modify their sexual behavior, in the African context community-based AIDS prevention and care of those affected are the first line of defense against the infection. This project was developed to explore efforts by organizations in Africa dealing directly with the consequences of AIDS, to understand the essential components of effective community-based efforts for AIDS …
The Development Of Microbicides: A New Method Of Hiv Prevention For Women, Christopher J. Elias, Lori L. Heise
The Development Of Microbicides: A New Method Of Hiv Prevention For Women, Christopher J. Elias, Lori L. Heise
HIV and AIDS
A critical review of current epidemiological trends and social science research demonstrates that there is an urgent need for expanding the range of female-controlled HIV prevention methods. Existing efforts to control the spread of HIV infection primarily through the encouragement of a reduction in the number of sexual partners, widespread condom promotion, and the control of other sexually transmitted infections are inadequate for many of the world's women. Underlying gender power inequities severely limit the ability of many women to protect themselves from HIV infection, especially in the absence of a prevention technology they can use, when necessary, without their …
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa: Workshop Report, Andrea Eschen
Community-Based Aids Prevention And Care In Africa: Workshop Report, Andrea Eschen
HIV and AIDS
Representatives from community-based AIDS prevention and care programs in five sub-Saharan African countries spoke about their programs’ strengths, shortcomings, and hopes for the future at a meeting organized by the Population Council that took place on June 5, 1993, in Berlin just prior to the IXth International Conference on AIDS. Participants’ experiences and insights demonstrated the ingenuity and imagination that communities have generated to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS and how they have taken action where government activities have fallen short. The workshop brought representatives of these programs together with staff of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, funding institutions, …