Physiology Commons^™

The Crossroads Of Wellness And Second Victim Syndrome: Identifying Factors That Alter The Pathway Of Caregiver Recovery Following An Unanticipated Adverse Patient Outcome, Kimia Zarabian, A. Katharine Hindle, Ivy Benjenk, Anita Vincent, Jamil M. Kazma, Benjamin Shambon, Raymond Pla, Eric Heinz

Journal of Wellness

Introduction: Second Victim Syndrome (SVS) describes the phenomenon in which a caregiver experiences a traumatic psychological and emotional response to an adverse patient event or medical error. Using quantitative survey analysis, we aim to better understand the personal factors that affect SVS development and recovery.

Methods: Caregivers at a small urban academic medical center who had experienced an adverse patient event in the past six months were invited to take part in this institution-wide, voluntary, quantitative, cross-sectional study. Three surveys were administered; the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory (HRLSI) was used as a surrogate to measure stressful life events. The …

Biomechanical Properties Of Land Based And Shallow Water Wait: A Comparative Review Of Literature, Mostafa Yaghoubi, Philip Fink, Wyatt H. Page, Sarah P. Shultz

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

Aquatic locomotion exercises are frequently used in rehabilitation and cross-training for land-based athletes. Hydrostatic pressure, thermal conductivity and drag force affect a person's ability to move; therefore, it is important to understand differences of biomechanical gait in water vs land. This review investigated biomechanical differences between shallow water and land-based exercises. PubMed, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus and Scopus were searched; 33 studies included walking forward (27), backward (6) and running (6). Electromyographic amplitude was similar or less in submaximal intensity during aquatic gait, in comparison to on land. At maximal intensities, however, the amplitude was similar (n=5) or higher (n=4) in …

No Changes In Appetite-Related Hormones Following Swimming And Cycling Exercise Interventions In Adults With Obesity, Brandon G. Fico, Mohammed Alkatan, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1819-1825, 2020. Swimming is a favorable and ideal modality of exercise for individuals with obesity and arthritis as it encompasses a minimal weight-bearing stress and a reduced heat load. However, the available evidence indicates that regular swimming may not be effective in reducing body weight and body fatness. A current hypothesis is that exercise in cold water stimulates appetite. We determined the effect of swimming training on appetite-related hormones. Thirty-nine adults with obesity and osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of supervised swimming or cycling training. In the initial few weeks, participants exercised …

Cardiovascular And Muscular Response To No Load Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction, Wenyuan Zhu, Noam Yitzchaki, Tayla E. Kuehne, Ryo Kataoka, Kevin Mattocks, Samuel L. Buckner

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1807-1818, 2020. Changes in muscle thickness (MT), isometric torque, and arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) were examined following four sets of twenty unilateral elbow flexion exercise. Participants performed four sets of maximal voluntary contractions with no external load throughout a full range of motion of a bicep curl with and without the application of blood flow restriction (BFR). For torque there was an interaction (p = 0.012). The BFR condition had lower torque following exercise (56.07 ± 17.78 Nm) compared to the control condition (58.67 ± 19.06 Nm). For MT, there was a main …

Lower Limb Graduated Compression Garments Modulate Autonomic Nervous System And Improve Post-Training Recovery Measured Via Heart Rate Variability, Jonathan Hu, Jonathan D. Browne, Jaxon T. Baum, Anthony Robinson, Michael T. Arnold, Sean P. Reid, Eric V. Neufeld, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(7): 1794-1806, 2020. Prior studies have examined the benefits of graduated compression garments (GCG) with regards to diverse exercise regimens; however, the relationship between GCG and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to examine Heart Rate Variability (HRV) trends—a proxy for ANS modulation—in response to donning GCG during a progressive overload training regimen designed to induce overtraining. Ten college-aged male novice runners were recruited for the 8-week crossover study. After three weeks of monitored free living, participants were randomized and blinded to an intervention group …

Short Term High-Repetition Back Squat Protocol Does Not Improve 5-Km Run Performance, Matthew J. Barenie, Jordan T. Domenick, Jason E. Bennett, George G. Schweitzer, Paulina Shetty, Edward P. Weiss

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(7): 1770-1782, 2020. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that a novel high-repetition, low-resistance back squat training protocol, designed to stimulate high-intensity interval training, improves 5-km run performance. Fifteen runners [4 male, 11 female; 150 + minutes of endurance exercise/week; age = 22.7 ± 2.0 y; 21.5 ± 2.2 kg/m² BMI] in this single-group test-retest design completed two weeks of back squats consisting of three sets of 15-24 repetitions at 60% of estimated one-repetition max (1RM), three times per week (1-2 days of rest between sessions). Outcome tests included a …

Energy Expenditure And Muscular Recruitment Patterns Of Riding A Novel Electrically Powered Skateboard, Anthony J. Robinson, Robert P. Carter, Jonathan D. Browne, Jonathan Hu, Michael T. Arnold, Jaxon T. Baum, Eric V. Neufeld, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1783-1793, 2020. Analysis of metabolic gas exchange and muscular output measures have enabled researchers to index activity intensity and energy expenditure for a myriad of exercises. However, there is no current research that investigates the physiological demands of riding electrically powered skateboards. The aim of this study was to measure the energetic cost and muscular trends of riding a novel electrically powered skateboard engineered to emulate snowboarding on dry-land. While riding the skateboard, eight participants (aged 21-37 years, 1 female) donned a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer to measure energy expenditure (mean = 12.5, …

A Comparison Of United States Marine Corps Physical Fitness Test And Combat Fitness Test Results, Marc Keefer, Mark Debeliso

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1741-1755, 2020. The United States Marines Corps (USMC) have installed a Physical Fitness Test (PFT) to measure physical fitness levels and a Combat Fitness Test (CFT) to assess a Marine’s functional fitness as it relates to the demands of combat operations. The PFT involves three events; pull-ups/push-ups (PU), two-minute abdominal crunches/sit-ups (AC), and a timed three-mile run (RUN). The CFT also involves three events; Movement to Contact (MTC), two-minute Ammunition Lift (AL), and Maneuver-Under-Fire (MANUF). It is of interest to determine if the PFT and CFT are both necessary. As such, the purpose of …

Metabolic Flexibility And Weight Status May Contribute To Inter-Individual Changes In Breastmilk Lipid Content In Response To An Acute Bout Of Exercise: Preliminary Findings From A Pilot Study, Jill M. Maples, Charlotte Mccarley, Maire M. Blankenship, Kristin Yoho, K.Paige Johnson, Kimberly B. Fortner, Rachel A. Tinius

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1756-1769, 2020. The purposes of this pilot study were to describe changes in breastmilk lipid content in response to an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise and to explore maternal metabolic health factors, including metabolic flexibility, which may impact this change. A cross-sectional, observational, pilot study design was performed in 14 women between 4 and 6 months postpartum. Whole body fasting lipid oxidation was assessed, a standardized high-fat breakfast was consumed, and lipid oxidation was again measured 120-minutes post-meal. Metabolic flexibility was determined by comparing the change in lipid oxidation before and after the …

New Multisite Bioelectrical Impedance Device Compared To Hydrostatic Weighing And Skinfold Body Fat Methods, Andrew D. Wells, Bryanne N. Bellovary, Jonathan M. Houck, Jeremy B. Ducharme, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman A. Masoud, Ann L. Gibson, Christine M. Mermier

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1718-1728, 2020. The purpose of this study was to compare the Skulpt Chisel™ to seven-site skinfold (SKF) and hydrostatic weighing (HW) body fat percentage (%BF) estimates. Twenty-six participants (aged 24 ± 4 years; BMI 23.1 ± 3.5 kg∙m^-2) were assessed. Significant differences in %BF estimates were found for all methodological pairings; p < 0.05. The SKF method underestimated %BF compared to HW (-2.52 ± 3.42 %BF). The Skulpt Chisel™ overestimated %BF compared to both HW (3.38 ± 6.10 %BF) and SKF (5.90 ± 5.26 %BF). Limits of agreement comparing HW to Skulpt Chisel™ indicated a difference between 95% confidence interval bounds (Upper bound: 5.84 %BF, Lower bound 0.92 %BF) and for HW to SKF (Upper bound: -1.14 %BF, Lower bound: -3.91 %BF). Regression analysis showed no significant bias for any methodological pairing; (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the Skulpt Chisel™ method should be used with caution when evaluating %BF of adults with similar demographics reported in this study.

The Effects Of Acute Anaerobic Exercise On The Cardiovascular And Metabolic Response To The Cold Pressor Test In Healthy Adult Males, Marc P. Morissette, Dean M. Cordingley, Todd A. Duhamel, Jeff R. S. Leiter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1729-1740, 2020. Little is known about the physiological response to the cold pressor test (CPT) when in a clinically-induced state of autonomic nervous system (ANS) imbalance, despite its utility in various disease- and injury-states. To date, research in this area is limited to acute aerobic and isometric exercise, with a paucity of research investigating the effects of anaerobic exercise on the physiological response to the CPT. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to assess the effects of the Wingate anaerobic cycle test (WAT) on cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic recovery following the CPT in …

Use Of Heart Rate Index To Predict Oxygen Uptake – A Validation Study, Jie Kang, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Avery D. Faigenbaum, Jill A. Bush-Wallace, Christopher Roser, Devyn Montemarano, Hannah Mercado, Morgan Choma, Christian Mendez, Matthew Pollock

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(7): 1705-1717, 2020. An equation that uses heart rate index (HRI) defined as HR/HRrest to predict oxygen uptake (VO₂) in METs (e.g., METs = 6 × HRI ‒ 5) has been developed retrospectively from aggregate data of 60 published studies. However, the prediction error of this model as used by an individual has not been established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the predictive validity of the HRI equation by comparing submaximal and maximal VO₂ predicted by the equation (VO₂-Pred) with that measured by indirect calorimetry (VO …

Relationships Of Lower-Body Power Measures To Sprint And Change Of Direction Speed Among Ncaa Division Ii Women’S Lacrosse Players: An Exploratory Study, Emily Kulakowski, Robert G. Lockie, Quincy Johnson, Keston Lindsay, J. Jay Dawes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 1667-1676, 2020. This study sought to determine if significant relationships exist between lower-body power measures to sprint and change of direction speed (CODS) in Division II collegiate women’s lacrosse athletes. Archived data for 17 NCAA Division II female lacrosse athletes was provided to the investigators for analysis. Jumping performance was assessed using a countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and standing broad jump (SBJ). Sprint speed was measured at 10m and 30m, of a 30m sprint. CODS was evaluated using a T-Test (TT), a modified T-Test (MTT), and the 5-0-5 Agility Test (5-0-5). No …

No Change In Executive Function Or Stress Hormones Following A Bout Of Moderate Treadmill Exercise In Preadolescent Children, Brian T. Ebisuzaki, Nicholas D. Riemen, Kory M. Bettencourt, Lupita M. Gonzalez, Kelly A. Bennion, Cory J. Greever

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1650-1666, 2020. Several studies suggest that acute bouts of exercise improve executive function in preadolescent children. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood. Specifically, no studies have examined the relationship between the stress hormone response to exercise and improvements in executive function in preadolescent children. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a bout of moderate intensity exercise versus rest on working memory (List Sorting Working Memory Task) and selective inhibition/attention (Eriksen flanker task) in preadolescent children, as well as to investigate whether changes in stress hormones …

Multi-Joint Vs Single-Joint Resistance Exercises Induce A Similar Strength Increase In Trained Men: A Randomized Longitudinal Crossover Study, Felipe Alves Brigatto, Júlio Benvenutti Bueno De Camargo, Witter Felipe De Ungaro, Moisés Diego Germano, Paulo Henrique Marchetti, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, Tiago Volpi Braz, Charles Ricardo Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1677-1690, 2020. The type of exercise is a relevant resistance training-variable that might be manipulated in order to induce significant increases in muscle strength. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of multi-joint vs single-joint resistance exercises on maximal strength. Sixteen resistance-trained men (age: 23.1 ± 4.4 years; body mass: 86.0 ± 12.8; height: 177.9 ± 6.4 cm; training experience: 4.2 ± 3.4 years) performed one of the following training protocols for six weeks: MULTI, consisting of only multi-joint exercises or SINGLE, consisting of only single-joint exercises. Subjects were then submitted …

The Generality Of Strength: Relationship Between Different Measures Of Muscular Strength In Older Women, João Pedro Nunes, Paolo M. Cunha, Melissa Antunes, Bruna D. V. Costa, Witalo Kassiano, Gabriel Kunevaliki, Alex S. Ribeiro, Edilson S. Cyrino

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1638-1649, 2020. The aims of this study were: (i) to analyze the relationship between the performance of different measures of muscular strength, and (ii) to identify which measurements present a greater relationship with an overall strength score. Sixty older women (aged 69 ± 6 years) were submitted to muscular strength measurements from isotonic, isokinetic, and isometric tests. An overall-strength score was generated with z-scores of the values obtained in all tests. Interquartile intervals were created for each measure and the overall-strength score. Pearson’s r (0.463-0.951, p < 0.05) and Cronbach’s α (0.500-0.966) suggested that subjects had relatively similar strength performance compared to their peers in the different tests. Greater associations were observed between tests for similar tasks. In addition, strong-magnitude associations were revealed between all the tests and the overall-strength score (r = 0.710-0.806; α = 0.760-0.846). Factor …

Pre-Exercise Maltodextrin Ingestion And Transient Hypoglycemia In Cycling And Running, Costas Chryssanthopoulos, Evangelia Tzeravini, Elias Zachrogiannis, Maria Megalou, Alexander Kokkinos, Maria Maridaki, George Dimitriadis, Michaella Alexandrou, Chrysoula Kontrafouri, Damianos Papafilippou, Argyro Pountoukidou, Effraimia Tsolaki, Maria Evangelia Koloutsou, Nikolaos Zacharodimos, Michael Koutsilieris, Anastassios Philippou

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1691-1704, 2020. This study examined the phenomenon of transient hypoglycemia and metabolic responses to pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) maltodextrin ingestion in cycling and running on the same individuals. Eleven active males cycled or ran for 30 min at 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) after ingestion of either 1g/kg body mass maltodextrin (CHO-Cycle and CHO-Run respectively) or placebo (PL-Cycle and PL-Run) solutions. Fluids were ingested 30min before exercise in a double-blind and random manner.Blood glucose and serum insulin were higher before exercise in CHO (mean CHO-Cycle+CHO-Run) (Glucose: 7.4 ± 0.3 mmol^.l^-1; …

Impact Of Velcro Cuff Closure On Forearm Skin Temperature In Surfers Wearing A 2mm And 3mm Wetsuit, Daniel Kellogg, Tyler Wiles, Jeff A. Nessler, Sean C. Newcomer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 1574-1582, 2020. Surfing is a worldwide sport that often requires participants to wear a wetsuit to assist in thermoregulation. In a recent study, forearm skin temperature decreased by approximately 3 °C while wearing a wetsuit during recreational surfing. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that reducing water flow in and out of the wetsuit by cuffing the wetsuit at the wrist, with a novel cuff closure system (Velcro cuff), would result in greater forearm skin temperature while surfing. One hundred and twelve (94 male, 18 female) recreational surfers between the …

The Impact Of Formal Strength And Conditioning On The Fitness Of Law Enforcement Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Nicholas Maclean, Rodney Pope, Ryan J. Holmes, Charles Kornhauser, Robin Marc Orr

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1615-1629, 2020. Research involving law enforcement populations has suggested better fitness could enhance job task performance and reduce injuries. Academy training should lead to improvements in recruit fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a strength and conditioning program on fitness among law enforcement recruits. Twenty-six recruits (23 males, three females) completed a 27-week academy, which incorporated 3-4 physical training sessions per week. Fitness assessment occurred during pre- (week 0), mid- (week 14), and post-testing (week 27) time points. The fitness assessments included: vertical jump, one-minute push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, …

What Factors Predict Upper Body Push To Pull Ratios In Professional Firefighters?, Justin J. Merrigan, Adam A. Burke, Marcie B. Fyock-Martin, Joel R. Martin

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1605-1614, 2020. Shoulder joint injuries are common for professional firefighters. A potential cause of shoulder injury is an imbalance between anterior (push) and posterior (pull) shoulder joint musculature. Understanding what contributes to these imbalances may help to identify areas needing improvement. The purpose of this study was to investigate different push to pull (P2P) ratios and the relationships among common upper body fitness assessments, body composition, and push to pull (P2P) ratios in firefighters. Thirty-three professional firefighters completed the following testing protocol: one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, pull-up repetitions to failure, push-up repetitions to …

Comparison Of Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance And Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry To Assess Body Composition In College-Aged Adults, Rachel Tauber, Clayton Camic, Shuqi Zhang, Peter Chomentowski Iii

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1595-1604, 2020. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of whole body percent fat (%BF) and segmental fat-free mass (FFM) using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in college-aged adults. Sixty-two participants male (n = 32) and female (n = 30) completed MF-BIA and DEXA measurements following established pre-test guidelines. %BF and segmental FFM (right arm, left arm, trunk, right leg, and left leg) were collected and analyzed. The MF-BIA significantly (p < 0.05) underestimated %BF for all participants, females, and males compared to DEXA. …

Increased Physical Activity And Reduced Pain With Spinal Cord Stimulation: A 12-Month Study, Jacob E. Barkley, Henry Vucetic, David Leone, Bina Mehta, Michael J. Rebold, Mallory Kobak, Andrew Carnes, Gregory S. Farnell

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1583-1594, 2020. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in pain and physical activity after replacing a traditional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implantable pulse generator with a next generation SCS in patients for whom traditional SCS was no longer providing adequate relief of low back and/or leg pain. Subjects (n = 19) who reported that they were no longer receiving adequate relief from traditional SCS were implanted with a next generation SCS. Eighteen additional patients who were receiving relief from traditional SCS were also followed as a control. Both groups (next …

Acute Post-Exercise Blood Pressure Responses In Middle-Aged Persons With Elevated Blood Pressure/Stage 1 Hypertension Following Moderate And High-Intensity Isoenergetic Endurance Exercise, Terje Gjøvaag, Hanna Berge, Marianne Olsrud, Boye Welde

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1532-1548, 2020. This study investigated the acute post-exercise hypotension (PEH) response in persons with elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension following moderate and high-intensity isoenergetic endurance exercise. Twelve middle-aged persons (six females), with resting systolic and diastolic BP of 130±6 and 84±7 mmHg, participated in three bicycle ergometer bouts: 1) Testing of peak aerobic capacity (VO_2peak), 2) Moderate intensity exercise (MOD) at 66% of VO_2peak, 3) High-intensity exercise (INT) at 80% of VO_2peak. All variables were recorded pre-exercise, during exercise and 0, 5, 10, and 30 minutes …

Effects Of Drop-Set And Pyramidal Resistance Training Systems On Microvascular Oxygenation: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Approach, Vitor Angleri, Ramon De Oliveira, Thais Marina Pires De Campos Biazon, Felipe Damas, Audrey Borghi, Renato Barroso, Cleiton Augusto Libardi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1549-1562, 2020. Metabolic stress is a primary mechanism of muscle hypertrophy and is associated with microvascular oxygenation and muscle activation. Considering that drop-set (DS) and crescent pyramid (CP) resistance training systems are recommended to modulate these mechanisms related to muscle hypertrophy, we aimed to investigate if these resistance training systems produce a different microvascular oxygenation status and muscle activation from those observed in traditional resistance training (TRAD). Twelve volunteers had their legs randomized in an intra-subject cross-over design in TRAD (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-RM), DS (3 sets of ~50-75% 1-RM) …

The Effects Of Concurrent Activation Potentiation On Bat Swing Velocity Of Division Ii College Softball Athletes, Alexis Mace, Charles Allen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1630-1637, 2020. As an ethical and practical ergogenic strategy, concurrent activation potentiation (CAP), achieved by remote voluntary contractions (RVC) such as jaw clenching, has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular and athletic performance characteristics. The effects of CAP on bat swing velocity (BSV), an important component for successful hitting in sports such as baseball and softball has yet to be reported in the literature. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of maximal jaw clenching on BSV in collegiate division II softball players. Thirteen (n = 13) division II softball …

What Magnitude Of Force Is A Slopestyle Skier Exposed To When Landing A Big Air Jump?, Isak Löfquist, Glenn Björklund

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1563-1573, 2020. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of force a slopestyle skier is exposed to when landing either forward or switch in a big air jump. Ten male freeskiers (age 23 ± 6 years; height 179.2 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 72.5 ± 8.6 kg; mass of equipment 16.7 ± 1.4 kg; total mass 89.2 ± 8.6 kg) participated and each performed five 180 jumps and five switch 180 jumps in a randomized order. Forces were quantified using pressure insoles. The results showed a force of 1446 ± 367 …

Relationships Between Anthropometry And Maximal Strength In Male Classic Powerlifters, Pierre-Marc Ferland, Antoine Laurier, Alain-Steve Comtois

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1512-1531, 2020. Several studies have determined the influence of physical characteristics on strength. The present quantified the relationships between anthropometry and maximal strength. Male classic powerlifters (n=59) were measured before a championship. Two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis was used. Powerlifters that presented higher relative maximal strength (RMS) in the squat and bench generally had higher body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), torso circumference (C), waist C/height, torso C/height (r=0.26 to 0.49, p<0.05), and smaller lower leg length (L)/height and forearm L/torso C (r=-0.31 to -0.45, p<0.05) ratios. Powerlifters with a higher % of their deadlift on their total generally presented a smaller BW, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), waist and torso C, trunk L, waist C/height, torso C/height, trunk L/height, waist C/hip C, thigh L/ lower leg L, trunk L/thigh L ratios (r=-0.26 to -0.49, p<0.05) and higher lower leg L, lower leg L/height, reach/height, and forearm L/torso C ratios (r=0.32 to 0.51, p<0.05). Stepwise regressions revealed that a bigger torso positively predicted absolute maximal strength (AMS) in the squat (β=0.41, p=0.04), the bench (β=0.77, p<0.01), the deadlift (β=0.88, p<0.01) and the total (β=0.89, p<0.01), that a higher torso C/height ratio positively predicted RMS in the squat(β=0.48, p<0.01), the bench (β=-0.87, p<0.01) and the total (β=0.66, p<0.01), and that reach/height positively predicted RMS in the deadlift (β=0.37, p<0.01) and it’s % on the total (β=0.31, p<0.01), but negatively predicted RMS in the bench (β=-0.25, p=0.02) and its % on the total (β=-0.24, p=0.04) As all of the stronger correlations came from AMS, powerlifters should focus on increasing AMS (weight lifted) instead of RMS (Wilks pts).

Vo2, Liking, And Relative Reinforcing Value Of Cooperative And Competitive Exergame Play In Young Children, Jonathan B. Naylor, Beth J. Patton, Jacob E. Barkley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1501-1511, 2020. The purpose of the current study was to examine physiologic response, liking, and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of children playing an exergame with a friend under two goal structures: competitive and cooperative. A sample of twenty participants (8.7 ± 1.3 years old) and a self-selected friend completed three conditions: rest, competitive, and cooperative play. During the competitive condition, participants played Nintendo Wii Tennis® against their friend. During cooperative play, participants and their friend played together against a computer avatar. During each condition, oxygen consumption (VO₂, ml∙kg-1∙min-1) and liking (visual analog …

Physiological Responses To Counterweighted Single-Leg Cycling In Older Males, Phil Lascola, C. Eric Heidorn, Brandon Pollock, Keith Burns, John Mcdaniel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1487-1500, 2020. Single-leg cycling (SLC) allows for a greater muscle specific exercise capacity and therefore provides a greater stimulus for metabolic and vascular adaptations compared to double-leg cycling (DLC). The purpose of this investigation was to compare the cardiovascular, peripheral, and metabolic responses of counterweighted (10kg) SLC to DLC in a healthy older male population. Eleven males (56-86 years) performed two cycling modalities consisting of DLC and SLC. For each modality, participants performed 4-minute cycling trials (60rpm) at three work rates (25, 50, 75W). Repeated measures ANOVAs and paired samples T-test (α=0.05) were used …

Hydration Efficiency Of A Protein Beverage Consumed In A Bolus Vs. Metered Pattern During Recovery, Chris Mcbride, Tara Boy, Matt Green, Eric O'Neal, Lee Renfroe

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1476-1486, 2020. This study compared hydration efficiency of a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage consumed in a bolus (BOL) vs. a metered (MET) drinking pattern during recovery from exercise induced hypohydration. Participants (n = 10) lost 2 - 2.5% of body mass from sweating during a morning exercise session. Participants were then assigned to either consume a carbohydrate/electrolyte/protein beverage in a bolus (BOL) or metered incremental consumption (MET) (counterbalanced) pattern post exercise. Total rehydration beverage administered during recovery equaled 125% of fluid lost during exercise. BOL was administered within the first hour of recovery, MET …