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Full-Text Articles in Physiology
Shoulder Taps: Relationships Between A New Movement Screening Assessment With Body Composition And Physical Fitness In Law Enforcement Recruits, Caitlyn E. Heredia, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Robert G. Lockie
Shoulder Taps: Relationships Between A New Movement Screening Assessment With Body Composition And Physical Fitness In Law Enforcement Recruits, Caitlyn E. Heredia, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Robert G. Lockie
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 17(4): 702-719, 2024. The overhead squat, as part of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), can analyze total- and lower-body mechanics. Shoulder taps, which incorporates a push-up position and challenges shoulder, trunk, and hip stability, may identify movement deficiencies indicated by multiple FMS actions which could be useful for law enforcement recruits. This study determined overhead squat and shoulder taps relationships, associations between these screens with body composition and fitness, and differences in body composition and fitness according to overhead squat/shoulder taps scores in recruits by sex. Retrospective analysis was conducted on 202 recruit datasets (158 …
The Effects Of A Core Stabilization Training Program On The Performance Of Functional Tasks In Firefighters, Emily G. Maxwell, Sean M. Collins, Jill M. Lucas
The Effects Of A Core Stabilization Training Program On The Performance Of Functional Tasks In Firefighters, Emily G. Maxwell, Sean M. Collins, Jill M. Lucas
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 17(4): 602-610, 2024. The purpose of this study was to observe if core stabilization training plays a significant role in firefighter time-to-completion during a functional performance test. A within subjects study design was used in which subjects (n = 13, 84.6% male, 33.7 ± 7.4 years of age, 91.06 ± 13.29 kg, 25.79 ± 6.55 percent body fat, 8.96 ± 7.51 years of firefighting experience) completed two performance tests (pre and post core training), comprised of 7 firefighter-specific exercises performed while wearing a 22.68 kg weight vest to mimic typical firefighter equipment. Between testing …
A Preliminary Comparison Of Firefighter Candidates' Biddle Physical Ability Test Performance And Success Based On Training Class Participation, Robert G. Lockie, Tomas Ruvalcaba, Megan Thompson, Erika Viramontes, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla
A Preliminary Comparison Of Firefighter Candidates' Biddle Physical Ability Test Performance And Success Based On Training Class Participation, Robert G. Lockie, Tomas Ruvalcaba, Megan Thompson, Erika Viramontes, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 1627-1640, 2022. The Biddle Physical Ability Test (BPAT) was developed to identify candidates who possess the physical ability to become structural firefighters. The test must be completed in ≤ 9:34 min:s before a candidate is admitted to an academy. Some community colleges offer semester-long training classes for candidates. This study analyzed whether candidates who completed a training class could perform the BPAT more effectively. Retrospective analysis of 30 males and 2 females who attempted the BPAT was conducted. BPAT tasks were: dry and charged hose drag; halyard raise, roof walk, and attic crawl; roof …
The Effects Of Traditional Versus Ability-Based Physical Training On The Health And Fitness Of Custody Assistant Recruits, Karly Rodas, Joseph Dulla, Matthew R. Moreno, Ashley Bloodgood, Megan Mcguire, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie
The Effects Of Traditional Versus Ability-Based Physical Training On The Health And Fitness Of Custody Assistant Recruits, Karly Rodas, Joseph Dulla, Matthew R. Moreno, Ashley Bloodgood, Megan Mcguire, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 1641-1660, 2022. This study investigated traditional training (TT) versus ability-based training (ABT) in custody assistant recruits. Retrospective analysis was conducted on two recruit classes who completed an 8-week academy. The TT group (18 males, 13 females) followed a physical training model where recruits completed the same exercises with the same intensity; the ABT group (17 males, 12 females) had exercises tailored towards their ability. Pre- and post-academy, recruits were assessed in: body mass; body fat percentage (BF%); resting heart rate (RHR); blood pressure (BP); waist circumference (WC); waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); grip strength; push-ups; sit-ups; …
Exploring Predictive Ability Of Fitness Test Data Relative To Fire Academy Graduation In Trainees: Practical Applications For Physical Training, Robert G. Lockie, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Fernando Montes, Tomas Ruvalcaba, J. Jay Dawes
Exploring Predictive Ability Of Fitness Test Data Relative To Fire Academy Graduation In Trainees: Practical Applications For Physical Training, Robert G. Lockie, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Fernando Montes, Tomas Ruvalcaba, J. Jay Dawes
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 1274-1294, 2022. This study investigated the predictive abilities of fitness tests relative to academy graduation in firefighter trainees. Archival fitness test data from 305 trainees were analyzed, including: Illinois agility test (IAT); push-ups; pull-ups; leg tucks; multistage fitness test; 4.54-kg backwards overhead medicine ball throw (BOMBT); 10-repetition maximum deadlift; and a 91.44-m farmers carry with 18-kg kettlebells. Within the department, trainees were allocated points for each test. Trainees were split into graduated (245 males, 16 females) or released (29 males, 15 females) groups. Independent samples t-tests and effect sizes calculated between-group fitness test differences …
The Bigger They Are: Relationships Between Body Height And Mass With The Body Drag Task In Law Enforcement Recruits, Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla
The Bigger They Are: Relationships Between Body Height And Mass With The Body Drag Task In Law Enforcement Recruits, Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 570-584, 2022. California law enforcement recruits must perform a body drag before they graduate academy. While this task may be challenging for smaller recruits, no research has analyzed height and body mass relationships with the body drag. Data from 643 recruits (542 males, 101 females) who completed the drag in the final weeks of academy were analyzed. The recruits lifted a 74.84-kg, 1.73-m tall dummy and dragged it 9.75 m as quickly as possible. Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes; partial correlations controlling for sex detailed relationships between height and body mass with …
An Analysis Of The Body Drag Test In Law Enforcement Recruits With Consideration To Current Population Demographics, Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Karly A. Rodas, Joseph M. Dulla
An Analysis Of The Body Drag Test In Law Enforcement Recruits With Consideration To Current Population Demographics, Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Karly A. Rodas, Joseph M. Dulla
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(7): 276-288, 2022. An essential job task for law enforcement officers is a body drag, where they must drag a person from a hazardous environment. In California, a 9.75-m body drag with a 74.84-kg dummy must be completed within 28 s to graduate academy. This mass is less than the average US adult, which may suggest it should be increased. This has not happened due to concerns regarding a potential increase in recruit injuries and failure rates. However, if recruits can complete the drag without formal training, this could leave scope for increasing the mass. …
The Health And Fitness Characteristics Of Civilian Jailer Recruits Prior To Academy Training, Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Karly A. Rodas
The Health And Fitness Characteristics Of Civilian Jailer Recruits Prior To Academy Training, Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Karly A. Rodas
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 58-78, 2022. Civilian jailer (CJ) recruits may not complete fitness testing within their hiring process. As certain job tasks in custody/jail facilities can be physically demanding (e.g., inmate restraint), better health and fitness should help a recruit graduate from a CJ academy and be prepared for the occupation. This study investigated the health and fitness characteristics of CJ recruits entering academy training, detailed between-sex differences, and categorized recruits relative to population norms. Retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 89 CJ recruits (48 males, 41 females) across three academy classes from one law enforcement …
The Effects Aerobic Fitness Has On Heart Rate Responses For A Custody Assistant Recruit Class Performing A Formation Run, Karly Rodas, Matthew Moreno, Ashley Bloodgood, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla, Robin Marc Orr, Robert G. Lockie
The Effects Aerobic Fitness Has On Heart Rate Responses For A Custody Assistant Recruit Class Performing A Formation Run, Karly Rodas, Matthew Moreno, Ashley Bloodgood, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla, Robin Marc Orr, Robert G. Lockie
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 1219-1233, 2021. This study measured the heart rate (HR) responses to a formation run (group run completed along a set route) performed by higher fitness (HF), moderate fitness (MF), or lower fitness (LF) custody assistant (CA) recruits. Retrospective data from 26 recruits (12 males, 14 females) were analyzed. Prior to academy training, a YMCA step test was administered. Recruits were divided into three groups based on recovery HR: top 25% were HF; bottom 25% were LF; the rest were MF. Recruit HR was measured during a formation run completed at an ~11-minute mile· pace …
Relationships Between Absolute And Relative Lower-Body Power And Foot Pursuit Ability In Law Enforcement Recruits, Robert G. Lockie, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla, J. Jay Dawes
Relationships Between Absolute And Relative Lower-Body Power And Foot Pursuit Ability In Law Enforcement Recruits, Robert G. Lockie, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla, J. Jay Dawes
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 1078-1089, 2021. An essential job task for law enforcement officers is a foot pursuit. Lower-body power should aid foot pursuit ability; however, there has been minimal investigation of this relationship. This study investigated relationships between absolute and relative lower-body power measured by the vertical jump (VJ) with the 75-yard pursuit run (75PR), which is a change-of-direction (COD) speed test that simulates a foot pursuit in law enforcement recruits. Data from 487 male and 95 female recruits who completed the VJ and 75PR prior to academy training was analyzed. VJ variables included VJ height, relative …
Are There Differences In Fitness Between Recruits From Larger (Hosting) And Smaller (Participating) Law Enforcement Agencies?, Erika Hernandez, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla, Robert G. Lockie
Are There Differences In Fitness Between Recruits From Larger (Hosting) And Smaller (Participating) Law Enforcement Agencies?, Erika Hernandez, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Joseph Dulla, Robert G. Lockie
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 885-901, 2021. Law enforcement agencies often conduct academy training classes that include recruits hired by both the larger hosting agency (HA), and by smaller participating agencies (PA). HAs that need to fill more positions may have recruits with a wide range of fitness levels. Smaller agencies may be more selective in their hiring as they do not have as many available positions. This study compared HA and PA recruit fitness prior to academy. Retrospective analysis was conducted on 11 academy classes, incorporating 742 HA recruits (602 males, 140 females) and 99 PA recruits (82 …
Effects Of Heart Rate Biofeedback, Sleep, And Alertness On Marksmanship Accuracy During A Live-Fire Stress Shoot, Jared Hornsby, Brittany Johnson, Donald P. Meckley, Anna Blackley, Will Peveler, Jeffrey Lowes, J. Jay Dawes
Effects Of Heart Rate Biofeedback, Sleep, And Alertness On Marksmanship Accuracy During A Live-Fire Stress Shoot, Jared Hornsby, Brittany Johnson, Donald P. Meckley, Anna Blackley, Will Peveler, Jeffrey Lowes, J. Jay Dawes
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 123-133, 2021. On the job, law enforcement may be required to utilize lethal force to maintain personal or public safety. Officers’ attention to detail, decision-making, and marksmanship accuracy (MA) may be impaired by reduced sleep, increased heart rate (HR), and breathing rate (BR). HR biofeedback (emWave, EW) may help mitigate these impairments. This study sought to determine the impact EW had on MA, stress shoot time-to-completion (TTC), HR and BR versus placebo (PLA). Ten active-duty police officers volunteered for this study. Officers completed two live-fire stress shoots on a 25-m gun range (i.e., familiarization, …
The Impact Of Formal Strength And Conditioning On The Fitness Of Law Enforcement Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Nicholas Maclean, Rodney Pope, Ryan J. Holmes, Charles Kornhauser, Robin Marc Orr
The Impact Of Formal Strength And Conditioning On The Fitness Of Law Enforcement Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Nicholas Maclean, Rodney Pope, Ryan J. Holmes, Charles Kornhauser, Robin Marc Orr
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1615-1629, 2020. Research involving law enforcement populations has suggested better fitness could enhance job task performance and reduce injuries. Academy training should lead to improvements in recruit fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a strength and conditioning program on fitness among law enforcement recruits. Twenty-six recruits (23 males, three females) completed a 27-week academy, which incorporated 3-4 physical training sessions per week. Fitness assessment occurred during pre- (week 0), mid- (week 14), and post-testing (week 27) time points. The fitness assessments included: vertical jump, one-minute push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, …
Job-Specific Physical Fitness Changes Measured By The Work Sample Test Battery Within Deputy Sheriffs Between Training Academy And Their First Patrol Assignment, Robert G. Lockie, Rodney Pope, Olivia Saaroni, Joseph Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr
Job-Specific Physical Fitness Changes Measured By The Work Sample Test Battery Within Deputy Sheriffs Between Training Academy And Their First Patrol Assignment, Robert G. Lockie, Rodney Pope, Olivia Saaroni, Joseph Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1262-1274, 2020. Deputy Sheriffs need to exhibit job-specific fitness throughout their occupational lifespan. This study evaluated job-specific fitness changes measured by the Work Sample Test Battery (WSTB) in deputy sheriffs from training academy to patrol school (refresher program completed before first patrol assignment). WSTB data for 34 deputy sheriffs (28 males, 6 females) was retrospectively analyzed. The WSTB included five tests: a 99-yard obstacle course (99OC); a 165-pound body drag (BD); 6-foot chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climbs; and a 500-yard run (500R). WSTB task times measured at the end of …
The Relationship Between Aerobic Test Performance And Injuries In Police Recruits, Robin Marc Orr, Danielle Ferguson, Ben Schram, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Rodney Pope
The Relationship Between Aerobic Test Performance And Injuries In Police Recruits, Robin Marc Orr, Danielle Ferguson, Ben Schram, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Rodney Pope
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1052-1062, 2020. Lower levels of fitness are associated with an increased risk of injury in police recruits. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between initial aerobic performance assessments and injury risk during police recruit training. Retrospective data from 219 police recruits undergoing training program at a state police training academy, including 20-m Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT) and 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (IFT) scores and injury data, were collected. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between levels of fitness (MSFT rs = - 0.292, p < 0.001: 30-15 IFT rs=- 0.315, p < 0.001) and rates of injury. Furthermore, a Pearson’s correlation showed a strong correlation between MSFT and the 30-15 IFT scores (r = 0.877, p < 0.001). Police recruits with lower fitness were at a higher risk of injury than those with higher fitness over the duration of a recruit training program. These findings indicate that aerobic performance assessments may be used by law enforcement agencies to estimate the relative risks of injury among cadets.
The Relationship Between Lower-Body Strength And Power, And Load Carriage Tasks: A Critical Review, Robin Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Daniel Godeassi
The Relationship Between Lower-Body Strength And Power, And Load Carriage Tasks: A Critical Review, Robin Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Daniel Godeassi
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 1001-1022, 2019. The purpose of this review was to critically appraise articles that have investigated the association between lower-body strength and power during load carriage in tactical personnel. Literature databases were searched with specific search terms, yielding 921 articles. Additional studies found from article reference lists were also assessed for eligibility. Out of these articles, 16 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Articles were assessed by the Downs and Black evaluation tool with inter-rater agreement determined by Cohen’s kappa and final results graded according to the Kennelly quality grading system. Of the …
Relationships Between Assessments In A Physical Ability Test For Law Enforcement: Is There Redundancy In Certain Assessments?, Karly Cesario, Joe Dulla, Ashley Blood Good, Matthew R. Moreno, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie
Relationships Between Assessments In A Physical Ability Test For Law Enforcement: Is There Redundancy In Certain Assessments?, Karly Cesario, Joe Dulla, Ashley Blood Good, Matthew R. Moreno, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 1063-1073, 2018. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between tests incorporated into a physical assessment battery (PAT) for a law enforcement (LEA) to determine if there were redundancies (i.e. tests measuring the same qualities). A retrospective analysis of 226 recruits (196 males, 30 females) was conducted. The PAT consisted of: maximal push-ups and sit-ups completed in 60 s; a 75-yard pursuit run (75PR); maximal revolutions completed on an arm ergometer in 60 s; and a 2.4 km run. A one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) determined if there were significant differences in the PAT data between the sexes. Pearson’s correlations (p<0.05) calculated relationships between each of the tests within the PAT, and males and females were analyzed separately. Further, tests that could potentially measure similar qualities, including upper-body endurance (push-ups/arm ergometer), abdominal endurance (push-ups/sit-ups), and aerobic fitness (arm ergometer/2.4 km run) were investigated further with one-sample t-tests to determine agreement. Males performed better than the females in all tests (p≤0.017). There were significant correlations …
Aerobic Fitness Is Of Greater Importance Than Strength And Power In The Load Carriage Performance Of Specialist Police, Jeremy Robinson, Adam Roberts, Shane Irving, Robin M. Orr
Aerobic Fitness Is Of Greater Importance Than Strength And Power In The Load Carriage Performance Of Specialist Police, Jeremy Robinson, Adam Roberts, Shane Irving, Robin M. Orr
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 987-998, 2018.Police officers are required to carry external loads as part of their occupation. One means of preparing officers to carry loads is through physical conditioning. The aim of this study was to investigate whether strength, power or aerobic endurance had the greatest association with load carriage performance. Retrospective data from 42 male specialist tactical police officers (mean body weight = 88.8±8.25 kg) informed this study. Baseline data were provided for strength (1 Repetition Maximum [RM] bench press, deadlift, squat and pull-up), lower body power (vertical jump, 10m sprint) and aerobic (‘beep’ test) …
Selecting The Best Of The Best: Associations Between Anthropometric And Fitness Assessment Results And Success In Police Specialist Selection, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Erin Caust, Benjamin Hinton, Rodney Pope
Selecting The Best Of The Best: Associations Between Anthropometric And Fitness Assessment Results And Success In Police Specialist Selection, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, Erin Caust, Benjamin Hinton, Rodney Pope
International Journal of Exercise Science
International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 785-796, 2018. To successfully complete specialist police selection, officers must be physically fit. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between performance on selected anthropometric and fitness tests and successful selection into a specialist police unit. Thirty-two male police officers (mean age = 29.48±4.99 years) participated in a Barrier Fitness Assessment (BFA), followed by a Specialist Selection Course (SSC). The BFA spanned two consecutive days of testing (pull-ups, push-ups, seven-stage sit-ups, a timed loaded pack march, a Multi-Stage Fitness Test, an agility run, a lift and carry task and a 300m …