Physiology Commons^™

Using Hexoskin Wearable Technology To Obtain Body Metrics In A Trail Hiking Setting, Jeffrey Montes, Tori M. Stone, Jacob W. Manning, Damon Mccune, Debra K. Tacad, Jack C. Young, Mark Debeliso Phd, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 425-430, 2015. Use of wearable technology to obtain various body metrics appears to be a trending phenomenon. However there is very little literature supporting the notion that these apparatuses can be used for research purposes in the field. The purpose of this study was to utilize Hexoskin wearable technology shirts (HxS) to obtain data in a pilot study using a trail hiking situation. Ten individuals (male, n = 4, female n = 6) volunteered to participate. On the first day, volunteers completed two approximately flat trail hikes at a self-preferred pace with a 15-minute …

Assessment Of Dietary Behaviors, Body Composition, And Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among College Club Rugby Team, Carly R. Macdougall, Gytis Balilionis, Svetlana Nepocatych

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 403-413, 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary behaviors, body composition, and potential cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among college club rugby team players. 15 athletes completed demographics, three 24-hour dietary recalls, body composition and blood lipid profile assessments following an overnight fast. Mean ± SD age of participants was 20 ± 1 years; weight 81 ± 16 kg; BMI 25.7 ± 3.2 kg/m²; body fat 13 ± 5%; total cholesterol 133 ± 37 mg/dl; high-density lipoprotein 49 ± 18 mg/dl; low-density lipoproteins 77 ± 26 mg/dl; triglycerides 86 …

Seasonal Variation In The Distribution Of Daily Stepping In 11-13 Year Old School Children, Paul Mccrorie, Elaine Duncan, Malcolm Granat, Benedict Stansfield

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 358-371, 2015. Seasonality studies in adolescent’s physical activity (PA) tend to report total PA (e.g. steps/day) rather than more specific detail such as steps/hour. This study compared the detailed changes in PA between seasons. Thirty three adolescents (baseline age 12.2 ± 0.3y) wore the activPAL activity monitor for 8 days on two occasions. Steps/day were higher in summer (Mdn = 12,879) than winter (Mdn = 10,512), p.05), however, boys had significantly higher step counts in summer between ’13:00-14:00’ (p=.023), ’19:00-20:00’ (p=.032) and ‘20:00-21:00’ (p=.023). Total steps/day masked sex differences within specific hours of the …

Tactical Athletes: An Integrated Approach To Understanding And Enhancing The Health And Performance Of Firefighters-In-Training, Stacy L. Gnacinski, Barbara B. Meyer, David J. Cornell, Jason Mims, Kathryn R. Zalewski, Kyle T. Ebersole

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 341-357, 2015. In an effort to reduce the rates of firefighter fatality, injury, and workplace stress, there has been a call for research to advance knowledge of firefighting performance and injury prevention. Physical and psychological variables important to firefighter health and performance have been identified, yet the interrelated nature of these variables has been overlooked. Given the overlap between the physical and psychological demands of firefighting and sport, and given that an integrated framework has been used in the sport domain to guide athlete health and performance research and practice, firefighter organizations could benefit …

Use And Misuse Of The Likert Item Responses And Other Ordinal Measures, Phillip A. Bishop, Robert L. Herron

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(3): 297-302, 2015. Likert, Likert-type, and ordinal-scale responses are very popular psychometric item scoring schemes for attempting to quantify people’s opinions, interests, or perceived efficacy of an intervention and are used extensively in Physical Education and Exercise Science research. However, these numbered measures are generally considered ordinal and violate some statistical assumptions needed to evaluate them as normally distributed, parametric data. This is an issue because parametric statistics are generally perceived as being more statistically powerful than non-parametric statistics. To avoid possible misinterpretation, care must be taken in analyzing these types of data. The use …

Evaluation Of A New Automated Pulmonary Gas Analysis System, Tove Hallenstål, Ida Sundqvist, Michael Svensson, Ji-Guo Yu Dr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(3): 287-296, 2015. The study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a new automated pulmonary gas analysis system - Exercise Physiology System (EPS). The Oxycon Pro, a well-established automated pulmonary gas analysis system was used as a reference system. Six well-trained cyclists were recruited and performed two identical submaximal exercises on a cycle ergometer over one week interval. During the exercises, pulmonary gas exchange: ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO₂), elimination of carbon dioxide (VCO₂), and ratio between carbon dioxide and oxygen (RER) was measured using both systems in randomized …

Relation Of Income And Education Level With Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Erik A. Willis, Dave White, Alex Shafer, Kristofer Wisniewski, Fredric L. Goss, Laurel B. Chiapetta, Vincent C. Arena, Robert J. Robertson, Elizabeth F. Nagle

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(3): 265-276, 2015. While there is strong evidence measuring the association between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and socioeconomic status (SES) there are limited data on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and SES. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine differences in CRF and LTPA between household income and individual education in young adults. A sample of 171 (males n=98, female n=73) young adults participated in the University of Pittsburgh-Physical Activity Study. Participants completed CRF testing. Demographic characteristics were assessed via interviewer administered standardized survey and LTPA was assessed using the interviewer …

Effects Of Caffeine On Repeated Upper/Lower Body Wingates And Handgrip Performance, Thomas Andre, Matt Green, Joshua Gann, Eric O'Neal, Tom Coates

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(3): 243-255, 2015. Caffeine enhances aerobic performance, but research is equivocal regarding anaerobic performance. This study examined effects of caffeine (7 mg/kg) on anaerobic performance in anaerobically active males (n = 10). Participants completed counterbalanced, double blind caffeine (Caf) and placebo (Pl) trials including a) 6 x 15 s upper body Wingates (UW_ant), b) 6 x 15 s lower body Wingates (LW_ant) and c) 6 x15 s maximal effort static hand grip test (HG) with 3 min recovery between bouts, 30 min between exercises. Peak power (P_peak), mean power …

Exercise In Individuals With Down Syndrome: A Brief Review, Rachel L. Kerstiens, Matt Green

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2): 192-201, 2015. Research examining acute and long-term responses to exercise of individuals with Downs Syndrome (DS) is sparse. However, if this group experiences benefits associated with improved quantity or quality of life, it would be important to elucidate specific responses and discourage adoption of a sedentary lifestyle in individuals with DS. Specifically, these individuals have multiple blunted physiological responses to exercise both at the onset and termination of an acute exercise bout. Mechanistically, this could be rooted in hormonal responses which are blunted, in comparison to non-DS participants. Specific studies indicate individuals with …

Children In Organized Hockey: How Much Physical Activity Do They Really Get?, Carla Van Den Berg, Angela M. Kolen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2): 184-191, 2015. For optimal physical and mental health and child growth, development and maturation, the Canadian physical activity guidelines recommend children participate in minimally 60 minutes of moderate intense physical activity each day. It is often believed that children’s participation in sport provides sufficient physical activity to meet these recommendations. The purpose of this study was to measure the amount and intensity of physical activity obtained by children participating in a regularly scheduled ice hockey practice and game. Actigraph GT3X triaxial accelerometers (motion detectors) were used to determine the intensity and amount of physical …

Health-Related Fitness And Energy Expenditure In Recreational Youth Rock Climbers 8-16 Years Of Age, Shannon R. Siegel, Jacob M. Robinson, Sean A. Johnston, Martin R. Lindley, Karin A. Pfeiffer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2): 174-183, 2015. Information on the characteristics of youth rock climbers is minimal. The purpose was to 1) Determine the influence of a three-month program of bouldering and vertical rock climbing on the anthropometry and health-related physical fitness of relatively novice youth climbers, and 2) determine whether rock climbing and bouldering in novice youth climbers can provide adequate levels of moderate to vigourous physical activity (US DHHS, 2008). Fifteen participants (11 males and 4 females; mean age = 11.5 ± 2.3 years) from a newly established youth climbing team were assessed twice weekly during their …

Greater Physiological Responses While Playing Xbox Kinect Compared To Nintendo Wii, Derek W. Marks, Lauren Rispen, Gabriel Calara

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2): 164-173, 2015. Increasing popularity of active video game use as a mode of physical activity prompted this investigation into the physiological differences to playing the Nintendo Wii^TM and XBox Kinect^TM. Differences in motion capture technology between these systems suggests that using one may result in different movement patterns, and therefore physiological responses, than the other. The purpose of this study was to compare the average (10 minute) and peak heart rate (HR, bpm), oxygen consumption (VO₂ mL ^. kg^{-1 .} min^-1), and energy expenditure (EE, kcal …

Bone Turnover Response To Acute Exercise With Varying Impact Levels: A Preliminary Investigation, Amy L. Morgan, Jennifer Weiss, Edward T. Kelley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2): 154-163, 2015. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there are changes in metabolic markers of bone turnover within the 24-hour period following an acute bout of jogging or water exercise. Ten healthy females (22-30 yr.) underwent three trials with different ground impact forces: jogging, water aerobics and control. For the jogging and water aerobics trials, subjects exercised for 30 min at 60-70% of predicted maximal heart rate in addition to a 5 min warm up and cool down. For the control trial, subjects rested for 40 min, i.e., the total …

A Comparison Of Aquatic- Vs. Land-Based Plyometrics On Various Performance Variables, Mallory S. Kobak, Michael J. Rebold, Renee Desalvo, Ronald Otterstetter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2) : 134-144, 2015. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an aquatic- (W) and land-based (L) plyometric program on balance, vertical jump height, and isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring strength. Thirty-four participants were randomized into three groups, W (n = 12), L (n = 11), and control (n = 11). The W and L groups completed an eight-week plyometric program. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of condition (F = 346.95, p < 0.001) and interaction between condition by time (F = 1.88, p = 0.01). Paired samples t-tests revealed statistically significant improvements from …

The Effects Of High Intensity Interval-Based Kettlebells And Battle Rope Training On Grip Strength And Body Composition In College-Aged Adults, Jeffrey Quednow, Tim Sedlak, Joseph Meier, Jeffrey Janot, Saori Braun

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2) : 124-133, 2015. The aim of this current study is to evaluate the changes in body composition and hand grip strength following high intensity interval training (HIIT) utilizing kettlebells and battle ropes. We hypothesize results will show that our HIIT protocol will improve grip strength and body composition. Subjects in the experimental and control group consist of 13 college-aged students (9 females; 4 males). Subjects in both groups complete a pre-test and post-test consisting of height, weight, grip strength via handgrip dynamometers and body composition via skinfold calipers. The experimental group completes a 5-week …

Activity Profile Differences Between Sub-Elite Futsal Teams, Sera Dogramaci, Mark Watsford, Aron Murphy

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2) : 112-123, 2015. Whilst there are a range of studies examining the differences in match demands between levels of competition, there is an absence of the analysis these differences between teams within the same level of competition. The study used notational analysis to identify performance indicators that differentiated between sub-elite futsal teams from Brazil, Spain and Australia during regular season matches. Based on world rankings, Spanish and Brazilian futsal was deemed to be superior to Australian futsal. The Australian players spent a significantly greater time engaged in high intensity activity than the Spanish players …

Reduced Regional Cerebral White Matter Perfusion In Middle-Aged Hispanic Adults, Evan P. Pasha, Takashi Tarumi, Mitzi M. Gonzales, Miriam E. Pearman, Andrean P. Haley, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Hispanics are at least 1.5 times more likely at any age past 55 years to have mild cognitive impairment and manifest dementia symptoms 7 years earlier than non-Hispanic Caucasians. Regional cerebral hypoperfusion has been implicated as an initial event in the pathogenesis of dementia. Aim: To compare cerebral perfusion in brain regions known to be susceptible to vascular related hypoperfusion in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Caucasian adults. Methods: Apparently healthy middle-aged Hispanic (n=16) and non-Hispanic Caucasian (n=16) subjects were matched across age, gender, years of education, and cognitive status. Arterial spin labeled perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) estimated cerebral blood …

Leg Lean Mass Adaptations Following Short-Term Barbell Training In Women, Jacob A. Mota, Matt S. Stock, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Alexander S. Drusch, Brennan J. Thompson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Participation in a resistance training program results in both neural adaptations and increases in lean body mass, the latter of which is considered a slow process. The majority of previous investigations that have examined the time course associated with muscular adaptations have utilized exercise machines or single-joint movements. Furthermore, the adaptations associated with resistance training in women are not as well understood as those for men. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a four week resistance training intervention on changes in leg lean mass in untrained, college-aged women. Thirty-five women (mean ± SD age = …

The Effects Of Ammonia Inhalants On Anaerobic Performance Following A Simulated American Football Game, Joseph R. Secrest, Eric J. Jones, Mark Faries, Christopher M. Hearon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ammonia inhalants (AI) are anecdotally referred to as ergogenic aids in the realm of aggressive team/lifting sports. However, the efficacy of AI usage has yet to be established or reported to our knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the effects of AI’s on anaerobic performance following a simulated American football game (SAFG) in a climate controlled setting (35.8 °C, 27.5% RH). METHODS: Ten apparently healthy anaerobically trained college-aged males participated dressed in American football apparel, excluding the helmet. Each subject participated in two trials, 136 minutes each, separated by a minimum of 48 hours (AI or …

A Comparative Study On The Energy Cost Of Pushing The Hope Haven Kidchair And Free Wheelchair Mission Gen 2 Wheelchair, Elisa J. Hamm, Benjamin M. Jonah, Karen Rispin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Wheelchair skills tests can be used to assess the mobility provided by different types of wheelchairs [1]. A repeated measures study design in which participants complete skills in one type of wheelchair and then another minimizes individual variation [2]. Free Wheelchair Mission Generation 2 (FWM-2) and Hope Haven KidChair (H-KC) offer two pediatric-sized wheelchairs designed for use in low-resource settings. We hypothesize that four simple skills tests will be able to distinguish some strengths and weaknesses of the mobility provided by these two wheelchairs. Methods: This study was done in partnership with a host organization at a …

Time-Clamped, Rpe-Matched Treadmill Activity And Interactive Video Game Dancing Differ In Step Count But Not Heart Rate Response, Cara D. Loveland, Matthew J. Garver, Haley E. Grisham, Elizabeth M. Knight

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Participation in regular moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) results in numerous health benefits. Task enjoyment is a known antecedent and promoter of regular activity engagement. Participation in interactive video gaming has increased in recent years. Purpose: The aims of the present investigation were to: 1) determine heart rate (HR) and step count outcomes of time-clamped and RPE-matched interactive video game dancing (VGD) and treadmill activity; 2) characterize the suitability of VGD to achieve MVPA designation; and, 3) investigate step count outcomes recorded by pedometry and accelerometry. Methods: Subjects underwent three testing sessions with the latter …

The Effects Of Metabolic Syndrome On The Increased Prevalence Of Cognitive Decline In Minority Groups., Omokeji T. Adeniji, Juan Navarro, Upender Cheeti, Matthew Barlow

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the leading causes of dementia, affecting over five million people in the United States. It is clinically diagnosed by the presence of amyloid plaques and hyperphosphoryated tau. Alzheimer’s disease patients present with memory and cognitive decline. The cumulative effects of an increasing elderly population and the elevation in the number of persons with diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity, which are risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease elevated the interest in understanding the interrelatedness between factors of metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. The disparity between the incidences of Alzheimer’s disease among racial groups in the …

Elevated Psa Is Associated With Decreased Physical Function In Men With Prostate Cancer, Clayton S. Robinson, Darpan I. Patel

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Studies have reported an association between cortisol and fatigue in multiple clinical populations, including prostate cancer (PCa). Treatment options for men with PCa, such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), come with a wide variety of adverse effects, including cancer-related fatigue, which greatly impacts quality of life (QoL). PURPOSE: Conduct a preliminary analysis on the association between cortisol, fatigue and QoL in men with PCa. METHODS: This study is part of an ongoing study to determine the impact of PCa and PCa treatment on fatigue and QoL approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio …

Concurrent Validity Of The Sahara Portable Bone Sonometer, Anthony Joseph Anzalone, Phil Esposito

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Osteoporosis is a contemporary health issue in today’s society. Bone mineral density tests have the ability to detect low bone density before a fracture occurs. Presently, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a common method used to measure bone mineral density. In recent years, quantitative ultrasonography (ultrasound) has been used as a screening device at health fairs and other venues to estimate bone mineral density. The use of ultrasound offers several advantages: it exposes individuals to no radiation, it is inexpensive, and requires less tester skill and oversight than DXA.

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of calcaneal ultrasound as a …

The Need For Reporting Metabolic Sampling Interval In Publication: An Example Using Maximal Vo2 Values And Running Economy, Chase M. Harbach, Matthew J. Garver, Cory M. Scheadler, Sarah J. Taylor, Logan M. Smith, Taylor G. Flowers, Heather X. Johnston

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Knowledge of metabolic outcomes, such as maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂) or running economy, has wide-ranging application. Metabolic outcomes are widely reported in literature yet the metabolic sampling interval (example: breath-by-breath, 30-sec average) utilized for collection is rarely ever stated. Purpose: The purposes of the present investigation were to probe the potential discrepancies created when analyzing running economy and VO_2max raw metabolic data with four different metabolic sampling intervals. Methods: Five recreationally-active and endurance-trained subjects were included in the present analysis and four metabolic sampling intervals were analyzed: 30-sec average, 20-sec average, 8-breath, and …

Methods To Minimize Confounding Effects Of Hematocrit And Hemoglobin When Using Dried Blood Spots, Eric A. Prado, Adam Venable, Andie Henning, Jakob Vingren, David W. Hill, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Dried blood spots (DBS) are an alternative method of collecting venous blood samples that can be used to measure blood biomarkers. Two confounding factors, hemoglobin and hematocrit, limit the validity of DBS in comparison to the gold standard serum sample. The saturation of biomarkers on DBS filter paper is affected by the sample’s hematocrit and hemoglobin. Also hemoglobin contamination is known to confounder for antibody binding in assay systems. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to evaluate a DBS punching technique designed to limit the effects of hematocrit whilst minimizing sample volume and 2) to evaluate a novel …

24 Hours Of Electrical Pulse Stimulation Upregulates Glut4 And Ampk Protein Content In Human Myotubes, Daniel A. Conde, Cecilia Gamboa, Jeffrey D. Covington, Arild C. Rustan, George A. King, Armando Varela, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS), an in vitro exercise mimetic, has been shown to increase mitochondrial and lipid content in cultured human myotubes. We have recently shown that myotubes retain certain in vivo characteristics of the donors. Purpose: We aimed to examine the EPS-induced adaptations in relation to Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) and 5’Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) content using human myotubes. Additionally, we examined if the duration of EPS as well as cell harvest times (immediate vs. 24hrs. after the cessation of EPS) plays a role in EPS induced changes in GLUT4 and AMPK content. Methods: EPS was applied …

Elevated Medical Costs For Obese Fifth Graders In California And Texas, Danielle E. Levitt, Allen W. Jackson, James R. Morrow Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Finkelstein et al. (2014) estimated that an obese ten-year-old, typically in the fifth grade, will incur between $12,660 and $19,630 in direct medical costs beyond those of a normal-weight ten-year-old over a lifetime.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to estimate the lifetime direct medical costs attributable to obesity for fifth graders in the two most populous states, Texas and California. METHODS: Body composition data from the Presidential Youth Fitness Program’s FITNESSGRAM® administered in California and Texas each school year from 2010 – 2011 to 2012 – 2013 were used. Data included information on 447,619 – 456,409 fifth graders each year in …

Establishing The Learned Effect Of Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Tests, Erin F. Thompson, Jospeh R. Secrest, Eric J. Jones, Malcolm T. Whitehead

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) is a recognized and well-established measure of power output, muscular endurance, and fatigue. However, a learning effect could reduce the reliability of these measures. PURPOSE: To establish the number of WAnT trials needed to produce a learned effect. METHODS: Thirty-six apparently healthy college-aged men (n=20) and women (n=16) who had not previously performed a WAnT participated in five WAnT trials separated by a minimum of 72 hours. Peak Power (PP) and Mean Power (MP) were recorded for each trial. Resistance for trials was calculated at 7.5% of each respective participant’s weight. …

The Freshman 15: Comparing Change In Weight Of Male And Female Student Athletes During The First Year Of College, Nolan E. Klein, Jimmy Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Before entering college many students are warned about the “Freshman 15” or the notion that students gain 15 lbs of body weight during their first year of college. Previous studies have shown that though students do gain weight during their first year in college, the gain is less than the fabled 15 lbs. However, less is known about first year weight gain in college athletes. Purpose: This study was done to determine whether male and female student athletes at a small private university gained weight during their first year of college and how much body weight changed during that …