Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons^™

Acknowledgment Of Reviewers

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

No abstract provided.

Inorganic Arsenic Speciation Analysis In Food Using Hplc/Icp-Ms: Method Development And Validation, Yu-Cheng Lai, Yi-Chen Tsai, Yu-Ning Shin, Ya-Chun Chou, Ying-Ru Shen, Nu-Ching Lin, Shu-Han Chang, Ya-Min Kao, Su-Hsiang Tseng, Der-Yuan Wang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Arsenic (As) compounds can be classified as organic or inorganic, with inorganic arsenic (iAs) having significantly higher toxicity than organic As. As may accumulate in food materials that have been exposed to As-contaminated environments. Thus, the “Sanitation Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods” published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare set the standard limits for iAs content in rice, seaweed, seafood, and marine oils to safeguard public health. Therefore, a robust analytical method must be developed to selectively and quantitatively determine iAs content in rice, seaweed, seafood, and marine oils. Herein, we reported and verified the method of …

Optimization Of Quechers And High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Conditions To Assess The Impact Of Preparation Procedures On Eu Priority Pahs In Coffee Samples And Their Pahs Consumption Risk, Ying-Chun Wan, Zwe-Lin Kong, Yu-Hsuan Chao, Chia-Fang Teng, Deng-Jye Yang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The good performance conditions for determination of EU priority PAHs in coffee samples were established to evaluate the effects of roasting degree on the PAHs in coffee beans and the brewing methods on the PAHs transfer from coffee beans to their brews. The consumption risk of the PAHs in coffee products was also assessed. The PAHs levels of the roasted coffee beans were in the order: 923.65 ng/g (dark roast) > 132.20 ng/g (medium roast) > 69.28 ng/g (light roast). Compared with general brewing with the drip bag (PAHs content, 0.30–0.62 ng/mL in coffee brews), the coffee machine brewing (set at 4 …

Effect Of Sterilization Conditions On The Formation Of Furan And Its Derivatives In Canned Foods With Different Substrates, Wen-Xuan Tsao, Bing-Huei Chen, Tsai-Hua Kao

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This study explored the effects of sterilization conditions on the formation of furan and its 10 derivatives in canned foods with a sterilizing value (F0) at 4. The contents of furans were determined by SPME arrow-GC-MS/MS, along with the furan precursors analyzed for elucidating the possible mechanism of furan formation. Results revealed that the total furan contents rose substantially in canned meat paste, tomato mackerel, chicken puree, tomato paste, pineapple slice, pineapple juice and carrot juice following sterilization. However, the total furan content did not change significantly ( p > 0.05) in canned oily mackerel, but decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) in canned apple puree after sterilization. With the exception of apple puree and pineapple slice, all the other canned foods showed a higher total furan content under low-temperature-long-time condition than that under high-temperature-short-time condition. Following heating, only the furan level showed a large increase in chicken puree, meat paste and tomato mackerel, whereas in canned fruit- and vegetable-based foods, the contents of furan and furfural showed a pronounced increase. The levels of alkylated furans were higher in sterilized samples containing high level of amino acid, while that of oxygenated furans were higher in sterilized samples containing high level of reducing sugar.

Optimum Synthesis Of Au@Ag Nanoparticle As Plasma Amplifier To Detect Trace Concentration Of Afb1 Via Object-Binder-Metal Sers Method, Wenwen Chen, Qiang Chen, Wei Zhang, De Zhang, Zhi Yu, Ying Song, Xiubing Zhang, Dejiang Ni, Pei Liang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The problem of aflatoxin contamination emerged gradually in the field of food safety. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultra-sensitive and non-destructive spectroscopy technology with extensive application prospects in the detection field. In this paper, with the detection of AFB1 as the target, Au@Ag NPs substrate with uniform morphology and strong SERS effect was prepared. Furthermore, the intermediates formed by hydrogen bonding between AFB1 and melamine facilitate the binding of toxin molecules to the substrate. Moreover, the AFB1-melamine-Au@Ag NPs detection system was established by optimizing the melamine dosage, and the limit of detection can reach 10^-8 mol/L (M). In …

Simple And Rapid Detection Of Ractopamine In Pork With Comparison Of Lspr And Lfia Sensors, Min Ji Lee, Sheik Aliya, Eun-Seon Lee, Tae-Joon Jeon, Mi-Hwa Oh, Yun Suk Huh

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This study developed a simple and rapid strategic technique to detect ractopamine (chemical growth-promoting agent) in pork. Two highly sensitive and specific gold nanoparticle-based portable sensors, i.e., localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors, and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips were developed to detect veterinary drug residues in food products, that have detrimental effects on humans. Optimization studies were conducted on several sensor devices to improve sensitivity. Each sensor comprised functionalized gold nanoparticles conjugated with ractopamine antibodies. The LSPR sensor chip achieved excellent detection sensitivity = 1.19 fg/mL and was advantageous for quantitative analysis due to its wide dynamic range. On …

Recent Trends In Analysis Of Mycotoxins In Food Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials, Bing-Huei Chen, Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Mycotoxins (MYTs), a class of low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi in food and feed, pose serious global threat to both human health and world economy. Due to their mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified various MYTs under Group 1 to 3 category with aflatoxins being designated under Group 1 category (carcinogenic to humans). Also, the presence of MYTs in trace amounts in diverse food matrices necessitates exploration of highly sensitive methods for onsite analysis. Although conventional chromatographic methods are highly sensitive, they are expensive, tedious and cannot …

Recent Advances In Immunoassay-Based Mycotoxin Analysis And Toxicogenomic Technologies, Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew, Mohd-Redzwan Sabran

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The co-occurrence and accumulation of mycotoxin in food and feed constitutes a major issue to food safety, food security, and public health. Accurate and sensitive mycotoxins analysis can avoid toxin contamination as well as reduce food wastage caused by false positive results. This mini review focuses on the recent advance in detection methods for multiple mycotoxins, which mainly depends on immunoassay technologies. Advance immunoassay technologies integrated in mycotoxin analysis enable simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins and enhance the outcomes’ quality. It highlights toxicogenomic as novel approach for hazard assessment by utilizing computational methods to map molecular events and biological processes. …

Analysis Of Highly Polar Pesticides In Foods By Lc-Ms/Ms, Wan-Rou Liao, Kuan-Lu Wu, Kun-Hao Chiang, Chieh-En Teng, Sung-Fang Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Highly polar pesticides (HPP) are a group of pesticides that are characterize as low Log Kow. Many high-throughput multi-residue analysis methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of such polar pesticides have been proposed. In this article, we summarize the various sample preparation methods including quick polar pesticides (QuPPe), dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe), especially for QuPPe, which are mainly used for the determination of HPP in foods. In addition, we summarize LC-based separation methodologies that are currently used for the analysis …

Microbial Toxins In Fermented Foods: Health Implications And Analytical Techniques For Detection, Khadijah Fayyaz, Asad Nawaz, Amin N. Olaimat, Kashif Akram, Umar Farooq, Mehreen Fatima, Shahida Anusha Siddiqui, Insha Shakeel Rana, Mahnoor Mahnoor, Hafiz Muhammad Shahbaz

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Recently, demand for fermented foods has increased due to their improved nutritional value, taste, and health-promoting properties. Worldwide consumption of these products is increasing. Fermented foods are generally safe for human consumption. However, some toxins, primarily biogenic amines (putrescine, phenylethylamine, histamine, tyramine, and cadaverine), mycotoxins (fumonisins, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and trichothecenes), and bacterial toxins (endotoxins, enterotoxins, and emetic toxins) can be produced as a result of using an inappropriate starter culture, processing conditions, and improper storage. These toxins can cause a multitude of foodborne illnesses and can lead to cardiovascular aberration and adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Analytical techniques are in …

Recent Advances In The Analysis Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Food And Water, Bing-Huei Chen, Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj, Kuo-Chiang Hsu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of harmful and persistent organic contaminant, are widely distributed in the environment and eventually accumulated in water and food. Also, they are formed in different varieties and varying amounts during processing of food depending on the food composition, cooking method and processing condition. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), various PAHs are classified under Group 1 to 3 category, with Group 1 designated as carcinogenic to humans, Group 2A as probable carcinogen, Group 2B as possible carcinogen and Group 3 as noncarcinogenic. Therefore, it is imperative to develop rapid and …

Preface, Bing-Huei Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

No abstract provided.

The Presence Of Microcystin In The Northwest Indiana Watershed, Breeann Mild

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.

Developmental Behavioral Alterations Following Lead (Pb) Exposure In The Zebrafish Model System, Jenny Chen

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.

Behavioral Alterations Following Exposure To A Mixture Of Lead And Atrazine During Early Development In The Zebrafish Model System, Anusha Kv Lakshmi Dharmavathi

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

Lead (Pb) and atrazine (ATZ) are hazardous environmental toxicants that can exist as a mixture in potable water. Numerous single chemical studies on Pb and ATZ support adverse health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, but mixture studies are limited. Th e aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that Pb and ATZ mixtures result in a greater than additive toxicity, causing increased adverse health outcomes than single chemical exposures. Th e zebrafish model system was exposed to 3 or 30 ppb (µg/L) ATZ, 10 ppb (equivalent to 0.1 µg/dL) or 100 ppb Pb, along with mixtures of each beginning at …

Supporting The Protect Initiative, Josh Lefton, Jackson Murray, Ahmed Thabet, Sriram Baireddy, Prakash Shukla, Mridul Gupta, Reagan Becker, Julie Ertle, Tony Doan, Aerin Yang

Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement

Recently, medication dosage errors have received more political and media attention. Dosage errors are the most common medical errors, affecting about 1.5 million people annually.

Furthermore, U.S. poison-control centers reported more than 200,000 cases per year of medication errors. These cases result in medical costs of around $3.5 billion, and children under 6 years old constitute approximately 30% of these cases.

The PROTECT Initiative (Preventing Overdoses and Treatment Errors in Children Taskforce) was launched in 2008 as a collaborative effort between public health agencies and patient advocates to minimize dosage errors.

In alignment with the PROTECT Initiative effort, this project …

Wastewater-Informed Public Health Intervention Playbook

Sustain Magazine

As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic quickly spread from country to country and continent to continent in 2020, governments and scientists needed a way to track COVID-19 through populations in order to position public health interventions in the most impactful locations. Having a decision-based risk framework may help to guide policy creation that could minimize or prevent possible outbreaks and surges of infection within communities. The University of Louisville in partnership with Louisville’s Department of Public Health and Wellness tested this strategy in 2021 and 2022. This Wastewater-Informed Public Health Intervention Playbook describes the decisions and actions of that academic and public …

Associations Between Cannabis, Psychosis, And Schizophrenia In Adolescents, Lauren Moment

Academic Leadership Journal in Student Research

The effects of cannabis use on the brain, mind, and body have been studied for decades. The developing brain, particularly the adolescent and young adult brain, undergoes critical development that makes it especially susceptible to the effects of cannabis use. Among the adverse effects of cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood, psychosis and psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia) have been examined. The association of cannabis use with schizophrenia was first elucidated in a Swedish study of army conscripts. Specifically, conscripts reported their cannabis use exposure and were followed longitudinally to assess the emergence of schizophrenia. The authors found that those …

Diallyl Disulfide Inhibits Proliferation, Epithelial—Mesenchymal Transition, And Invasion Through Rorα-Mediated Downregulation Of Wnt1/Β-Catenin Pathway In Gastric Cancer Cells, Jian Su, Hui He, Yu-Kun Li, Hong Xia, Fang Liu, Ying Zeng, Xi Zeng, Hui Ling, Bo Su, Qi Su

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway due to dysfunction of retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is related to cancer development and progression. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an active component of garlic, has been reported in our previous study for upregulation of RORα expression in gastric cancer (GC) cells. It remains to be elucidated the role and mechanism of RORα in DADS against GC. This study revealed that DADS treatment resulted in reduced expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, TCF-4, intranuclear β-catenin and p-β-catenin in GC cells, concomitant with the compromised expression of β-catenin target genes (Axin, c-Jun, and c-Myc). RORα overexpression augmented DADS-induced downregulation …

Melatonin Exerts Anti-Fibrinolytic Effects By Regulating Il-1Β-Induced Changes In Upa, Upar, And Pai-1 Expression/Production In Human Dental Pulp Cells, Mei-Chi Chang, Bor-Hao Zhong, Hui-Na Lee, Fu-Hsiung Chuang, Ming-Shu Lee, Hsiao-Hua Chang, Yu-Hwa Pan, Jiiang-Huei Jeng

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Interleukin-1b (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and its expression is increased in inflamed dental pulp. IL-1β affects plasminogen activation system molecules, which are crucial for tissue inflammation, fibrinolysis, matrix turnover, and cell adhesion and migration. Melatonin, which provides circadian and seasonal signals, is a physiological endocrine generated by the pineal gland. It has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies are warranted to determine whether melatonin prevents IL-1β-induced expression/production of plasminogen system molecules. Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were exposed to IL-1β or melatonin alone or to IL-1β with/without pretreatment with melatonin or other inhibitors. The mRNA expression of uPA, uPAR, and …

Stress Amelioration And Anti-Inflammatory Potential Of Shiikuwasha (Citrus Depressa Hayata) Essential Oil, Limonene, And Γ-Terpinene, Yonathan Asikin, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Hironori Iwasaki, Hirosuke Oku, Koji Wada

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) essential oil (SEO) extracted from Shiikuwasha fruit pulp contains two major volatile components, limonene and γ-terpinene (56.56–57.31 and 24.41–24.98%, respectively). In this study, we showed that the aroma streams of SEO, limonene, and γ-terpinene exhibited significant physiological stress amelioration effects in nine healthy female panelists tested in a 30-min visual display task. While SEO administration significantly reduced work errors by 15 min compared to the odorless control condition, the limonene stream reduced work errors only at the first and fourth 5-min intervals, and the γ-terpinene effect lasted only for the initial 5-min. However, γ-terpinene inhalation …

Composition Decipherment Of Ficus Pumila Var. Awkeotsang And Its Potential On Covid-19 Symptom Amelioration And In Silico Prediction Of Sars-Cov-2 Interference., Hao-Chun Hu, Szu-Yin Yu, Xiao-Shan Hung, Chun-Han Su, Yu-Liang Yang, Chien-Kei Wei, Yuan-Bin Cheng, Yang-Chang Wu, Chia-Hung Yen, Tsong-Long Hwang, Shu-Li Chen, István Szatmári, Attila Hunyadi, Yi-Hong Tsai, Fang-Rong Chang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The jelly from achenes of Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang (FPAA) is a famous beverage ingredient in Taiwan. In this work, ficumarin (1), a new compound was obtained from its twigs (FPAT) and elucidated with comprehensive spectroscopic data. The biosynthetic origin was proposed from the p‐coumaroyl‐CoA pathway. Alloxanthoxyletin, betulinic acid, and catechin were identified as the major and active constituents responsible for relieving neutrophilic inflammation by FPAT. Among them, the most potent alloxanthoxyletin was found to interact with PRO350 and GLU377 of human INOSOX. Further, Nrf2 activating capacity of the FPAT fraction and its coumarins was confirmed. With …

Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Potential, And Health Risk Assessment Of Radix Oryzae Glutinosae, Hai-Ping Liu, Jian-Feng Tang, Kai Ren, Tong-Jun Chen, Ping-Ping Zhu, Dong-Dong Sun, Wei-Yun Wang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Radix Oryzae Glutinosae (ROG) has been used as a traditional anhidrotic agent in China. Ten samples were systematically assessed based on four aspects of their chemical profiles and antioxidant activity. The former was achieved using ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV), infrared absorption spectra (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) fingerprints, and antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The presence of amino acids, flavonoids, organic acids, and sugars was indicated in all samples. A hierarchical …

Exploring The Relationship Between Metabolite Composition And The Cold/Hot Properties Ascribed In Traditional Chinese Medicine By Mass Spectral Molecular Networking–A Pilot Study, Chun-Han Su, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Kuei-Hung Lai, Yu-Chia Chang, Chi-Hui Sun, Po-Wen Tu, Ching-Chih Lin, Tsong-Long Hwang, Yu-Liang Yang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been applied to improve human health for millennia. In the TCM system, “medicinal property” (yao xing; hot and cold properties) is a core concept used to describe the influences of medicinal materials on human physiological conditions, and metabolites are believed to be one of the major ingredients of TCMs that affect their medicinal property. However, due to a lack of comprehensive analyses of TCM metabolomes, information about the relationships between TCM metabolite composition and medicinal property remains limited. In this pilot study, a mass spectral molecular networking-based platform was established and applied to …

Quantification Of Anthocyanosides In Grapes By Quechers And Biphenyl-Uhplc Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Lun-Chi Yang, Sung-Fang Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

In this study, the QuEChERS and UHPLC-MS/MS method using a biphenyl stationary phase was developed and applied for the rapid separation of 12 anthocyanosides in grapes. Efficient separation was achieved for a wide range of mono- and un-glycosylated anthocyanosides. The linear ranges of the target anthocyanosides were 0.5 to 500 ng mL⁻¹. The intra- and inter-day precisions were both below 11.8%. Anthocyanosides in grapes from different sources were successfully quantified. Thus, the developed QuEChERS and UHPLC-MS/MS method provide an attractive alternative for the quantification of anthocyanosides in grapes.

Fluorescence Detection Of Malachite Green In Fish Based On Aptamer And Sybr Green I, Jia Wang, Chengyi Hong, Zhengzhong Lin, Zhi-Yong Huang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A simple fluorescence method to quantitatively monitor malachite green (MG) was introduced based on the conformation switch effect of MG-aptamer (Apt) and the fluorochrome of SYBR Green I (SGI). SGI can embed in the stem–loop structure of Apt to produce fluorescence. However, the fluorescence will be quenched when MG is introduced because of the specific binding of Apt to MG. Under the optimal conditions, the fluorescence method displayed excellent linear relationship between the fluorescence quenching efficiencies and the MG concentrations ranging from 0.02 μmol L⁻¹ to 1.0 μmol L⁻¹. The detection limit of the method was 0.67 …

Bromelain Activates The Amp-Activated Protein Kinase-Autophagy Pathway To Alleviate Hepatic Lipid Accumulation, Po-An Hu, Man-Chen Hsu, Szu-Han Chen, Chia-Hui Chen, Yu Ru Kou, Jenq-Wen Huang, Tzong-Shyuan Lee

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Bromelain, a cysteine protease found in pineapple, is known to exert protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of bromelain using in vivo and in vitro models. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without bromelain (20 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. We found that treatment with bromelain alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation accompanied by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and autophagy flux, as evidenced by the elevated levels of phosphorylated AMPK, ATG5, ATG7, LC3-II, and …

Metabolism-Involved Drug Interactions With Traditional Chinese Medicines In Cardiovascular Diseases, Ren-Jong Liang, Shu-Hao Hsu, Tien-Yu Chang, Tzu-Yi Chiang, Hong-Jaan Wang, Yune-Fang Ueng

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Herbal medicines have been widely used for the past millennia. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a major modality in Chinese medical care and has garnered global attention owing to its pharmacological effects and multi-targeted actions. The increased incidence of sequential or concurrent use of herbs and drugs in patients forces us to consider herb-drug interactions (HDIs) in this modern era. One of the main causes of HDIs is modulation of drug metabolism, in which cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and transporters play primary roles. In this review, we focus on in vivo studies of HDIs, particularly in the treatment of …

Real-World Evidence Of The Herb-Drug Interactions, Hsueh-Yi Pan, Li-Wei Wu, Pin-Chun Wang, Ping-Hung Chiu, Meng-Ting Wang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Herbal medicine (HM) is a type of medicine that uses active ingredients made from plants to treat diseases and maintain health and wellbeing. Due to its increasing worldwide usage, the possibility of HMs and conventional drugs being concurrently used is high, potentially leading to adverse events resulting from herb-drug interactions. Despite the safety concerns regarding such interactions, few studies have been conducted for assessing clinical consequences of using HMs with conventional drugs in real-world settings. As clinical trials are not forthcoming rapidly enough to provide the evidence for herb-drug interactions, observational studies are considered as an alternative approach. The present …

Phytochemicals, Acute Toxicity And Genotoxicity Of Chewing Sticks From Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides Root And Distemonanthus Benthamianus Stem, Chinwe S. Alaribe, Akolade R. Oladipupo, Anjola T. Adebesin, Omolayomi Kaska, Emuejevoke T. Toye

Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University

Dental caries has been reported to touch almost half of the world’s population, making it one of the most prevalent disease conditions in the world. Studies have shown that chewing sticks could be useful in cleaning of teeth and could offer protection against dental conditions, including caries. Given the increasing usage of chewing sticks and their unstandardized nature, in this study we investigated the acute toxicity, genotoxic effects on liver and kidney, and phytochemical constituents of chewing sticks from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides root and Distemonanthus benthamianus stem, widely used in West Africa. Chemical tests showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, …