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Full-Text Articles in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health
The Handpump Choice Is Yours: A Pilot Study In Rumphi District, Malawi, Rochelle Holm, Alinafe Kamangira, Victor Kasulo, Prince Kaponda, Edwin Hara, Channing Carney-Filmore, Muthi Nhlema
The Handpump Choice Is Yours: A Pilot Study In Rumphi District, Malawi, Rochelle Holm, Alinafe Kamangira, Victor Kasulo, Prince Kaponda, Edwin Hara, Channing Carney-Filmore, Muthi Nhlema
Faculty Scholarship
In sub-Saharan Africa, moving towards the Sustainable Development Goals will require an approach to water and sanitation service delivery for many rural communities where handpumps still dominate infrastructure. This paper reviews a case study of allowing users (local government and communities) in Rumphi District, Malawi, to choose a handpump model based on information about the life-cycle costs. The results indicate that there is some awareness within communities and within the local government of several handpump options for the rural water supply in the study area. Given a choice of different handpump models in the treatment communities, each community chose the …
Designing Local Solutions For Emptying Pit Latrines In Low-Income Urban Settlements (Malawi), W. C. Chipeta, R. H. Holm, J. F. Kamanula, W. E. Mtonga, F. L. De Los Reyes
Designing Local Solutions For Emptying Pit Latrines In Low-Income Urban Settlements (Malawi), W. C. Chipeta, R. H. Holm, J. F. Kamanula, W. E. Mtonga, F. L. De Los Reyes
Faculty Scholarship
A lack of effective options in local technology poses challenges when onsite household sanitation facilities are eventually filled to capacity in unplanned settlement areas within Mzuzu City, located in northern Malawi. Vacuum trucks currently dominate the market but focus on emptying septic tanks in the more easily accessible planned settlement areas, rather than servicing the pit latrines common in unplanned settlement areas. As a result, households in the unplanned settlement areas within Mzuzu rely primarily on manual pit emptying (i.e., shoveling by hand) or digging a new pit latrine. These practices have associated health risks and are limited by space …
Reducing The Burden Of Rural Water Supply Through Greywater Reuse: A Case Study From Northern Malawi, Evan Newcomer, Courtney Boyd, Laban Nyirenda, Emmanuel Opong, Shannon Marquez, Rochelle Holm
Reducing The Burden Of Rural Water Supply Through Greywater Reuse: A Case Study From Northern Malawi, Evan Newcomer, Courtney Boyd, Laban Nyirenda, Emmanuel Opong, Shannon Marquez, Rochelle Holm
Faculty Scholarship
Greywater reuse has potential for non-potable applications that conserve freshwater resources in water-stressed areas especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The feasibility of reusing greywater for domestic activities in a rural area of Malawi, Africa, was evaluated from microbiological and public acceptance perspectives. Median Escherichia coli concentrations for eight domestic greywater sources (handwashing, laundry, runoff from a tap apron, bathing, cleaning a home/kitchen, cleaning a water collection container, washing plates and soaking vegetables) ranged from 100 to >20, 000 colony forming units (cfu)/100 ml. Twenty-four of 47 greywater samples tested (51%) met the World Health Organization guideline for unrestricted use of greywater …
Characterization Of Pit Latrines To Support The Design And Selection Of Emptying Tools In Peri-Urban Mzuzu, Malawi, Rashid Chiposa, Rochelle H. Holm, Chimuleke Munthali, Russel C.G. Chidya, Francis L. De Los Reyes
Characterization Of Pit Latrines To Support The Design And Selection Of Emptying Tools In Peri-Urban Mzuzu, Malawi, Rashid Chiposa, Rochelle H. Holm, Chimuleke Munthali, Russel C.G. Chidya, Francis L. De Los Reyes
Faculty Scholarship
The urban areas of many low-income countries must balance a rising demand for pit latrines for household sanitation provision against limitations in space, resulting in a need for pit latrine emptying services. This study was undertaken in the peri-urban neighborhood of Area 1B in the city of Mzuzu, Malawi, to examine the characteristics of household pit latrines for designing and selecting pit latrine emptying tools. We used 150 structured household surveys and field observations. From this, a subset was selected and 30 manual cone penetrometer tests were conducted at full latrines. Chemical oxygen demand analysis was also performed for 14 …
Trash Removal Methods For Improved Mechanical Emptying Of Pit Latrines Using A Screw Auger, Tracey Sisco, Tate Rogers, Walt Beckwith, Willy Chipeta, Rochelle Holm, Christopher A. Buckley, Francis L. De Los Reyes
Trash Removal Methods For Improved Mechanical Emptying Of Pit Latrines Using A Screw Auger, Tracey Sisco, Tate Rogers, Walt Beckwith, Willy Chipeta, Rochelle Holm, Christopher A. Buckley, Francis L. De Los Reyes
Faculty Scholarship
Trash in pit latrines is one of the largest challenges facing pit emptying technologies, including the powered auger (the Excrevator), developed for improved emptying in lower- and lower-middle income countries. This study focused on two trash removal methods in conjunction with pit emptying by the Excrevator: (1) simultaneous removal of trash with sludge and (2) manual trash removal prior to sludge removal. Simultaneous removal was tested by adding to the inlet of the Excrevator system two cutting heads designed to reduce the size of trash particles before entering the pipe and auger. Laboratory testing indicated that the auger will not …
Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge Resistance Using A Dynamic Cone Penetrometer In Low Income Areas In Mzuzu City, Malawi, Charles F.C. Chirwa, Ralph P. Hall, Leigh Anne H. Krometis, Eric A. Vance, Adam Edwards, Ting Guan, Rochelle H. Holm
Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge Resistance Using A Dynamic Cone Penetrometer In Low Income Areas In Mzuzu City, Malawi, Charles F.C. Chirwa, Ralph P. Hall, Leigh Anne H. Krometis, Eric A. Vance, Adam Edwards, Ting Guan, Rochelle H. Holm
Faculty Scholarship
Pit latrines can provide improved household sanitation, but without effective and inexpensive emptying options, they are often abandoned once full and may pose a public health threat. Emptying techniques can be difficult, as the sludge contents of each pit latrine are different. The design of effective emptying techniques (e.g., pumps) is limited by a lack of data characterizing typical in situ latrine sludge resistance. This investigation aimed to better understand the community education and technical engineering needs necessary to improve pit latrine management. In low income areas within Mzuzu city, Malawi, 300 pit latrines from three distinct areas were assessed …