Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Laboratory and Basic Science Research Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Replacement (3)
- Alternatives (2)
- Reduction (2)
- Refinement (2)
- 21st century toxicology (1)
-
- 3Rs (1)
- AXLR8 (1)
- Acute toxicity (1)
- Adverse outcome pathway (1)
- Animal experimentation (1)
- Animal research (1)
- Animal testing (1)
- Biomedical research (1)
- Burch (1)
- Chemical (1)
- Cosmetic (1)
- Data requirements (1)
- Ethics (1)
- FRAME (1)
- Five Freedoms (1)
- HSI (1)
- HSUS (1)
- Harmonization (1)
- Hazard labeling (1)
- Health research (1)
- Horizon 2020 (1)
- Human Toxicology Project (1)
- Humane science (1)
- In vitro (1)
- Limit dose (1)
- Publication Year
Articles 1 - 16 of 16
Full-Text Articles in Laboratory and Basic Science Research
Research And Testing Without Animals: Where Are We Now And Where Are We Heading?, Thomas Hartung
Research And Testing Without Animals: Where Are We Now And Where Are We Heading?, Thomas Hartung
Humane Science Movement Collection
Experiments involving non-human animals (hereinafter referred to as animals) were the predominant technology in the life sciences from the 1920s to the 1970s. Increasingly, animal-based procedures have been complemented and superseded by other approaches; yet, they still have an enormous reputation as an apparent definitive answer to many scientific and, especially, regulatory questions. They have been questioned first for ethical reasons: Can we justify making animals suffer for scientific inquiry? Simply said, people have different views on this question, but the general public views animal experimentation more and more critically. The animal research community has sought a compromise between those …
When Is An Alternative Not An Alternative? Supporting Progress For Absolute Replacement Of Animals In Science, Craig Redmond
When Is An Alternative Not An Alternative? Supporting Progress For Absolute Replacement Of Animals In Science, Craig Redmond
Humane Science Movement Collection
This chapter addresses some of the areas in which animals are still used within “alternatives”-based research and calls on animal welfare and in vitro organizations to lead the debate and encourage absolute replacement of animal use in research. Without this, progress to end animal research will always remain limited, despite the paradigm shift seen in recent decades.
Refinement On The Way Towards Replacement: Are We Doing What We Can?, Kathrin Herrmann
Refinement On The Way Towards Replacement: Are We Doing What We Can?, Kathrin Herrmann
Humane Science Movement Collection
No abstract provided.
Rethinking The 3rs: From Whitewashing To Rights, Charlotte E. Blattner
Rethinking The 3rs: From Whitewashing To Rights, Charlotte E. Blattner
Humane Science Movement Collection
Few other issues have prompted as many legislators to adopt legal instruction on the “proper” use of non-human animals (hereinafter referred to as animals) in medical and scientific research. Today, the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement of animals in scientific procedures) are globally accepted by a vast majority of states (Blattner, 2014); and prominent international organizations, such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2018, Article 7(8)(3)) and the Council of Europe (Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, 1986, Articles 6(2), 7 and 8). Widespread acceptance of the …
A Vision Becoming Reality, Gill Langley
A Vision Becoming Reality, Gill Langley
Laboratory Experiments Collection
Non-animal science in toxicology and health research has been progressing for decades, but only now is it being seen widely as advanced science. The emergence of novel human biology-based tools and models, combined with legislative and regulatory change, a 21st century concept for toxicology, continuing failures in the drug pipeline, and systematic critiques of animal models, have created a pivotal moment of change. The leading edge is starting to become the norm. Humans and other animals are likely to benefit as a result.
History Of The 3rs In Toxicity Testing: From Russell And Burch To 21st Century Toxicology, Martin L. Stephens, Nina S. Mak
History Of The 3rs In Toxicity Testing: From Russell And Burch To 21st Century Toxicology, Martin L. Stephens, Nina S. Mak
Humane Science Movement Collection
Toxicity testing is a key part of the process of assessing the hazards, safety, or risk that chemicals and other substances pose to humans, animals, or the environment. Standardized methods for such testing, typically involving animals, began to emerge during the first half of the 20th century. In 1959, British scientists William Russell and Rex Burch proposed a framework for reducing, refining, or replacing animal use in toxicology and other forms of biomedical experimentation. This “3Rs” or “alternatives” approach emerged at a time of growing sensitivity to the use of animals in experimentation, and progress in its implementation has been …
Humane Society International’S Global Campaign To End Animal Testing, Troy Seidle
Humane Society International’S Global Campaign To End Animal Testing, Troy Seidle
Experimentation Collection
The Research & Toxicology Department of Humane Society International (HSI) operates a multifaceted and science-driven global programme aimed at ending the use of animals in toxicity testing and research. The key strategic objectives include: a) ending cosmetics animal testing worldwide, via the multinational Be Cruelty-Free campaign; b) achieving near-term reductions in animal testing requirements through revision of product sector regulations; and c) advancing humane science by exposing failing animal models of human disease and shifting science funding toward human biology-based research and testing tools fit for the 21st century. HSI was instrumental in ensuring the implementation of the March 2013 …
Cross-Sector Review Of Drivers And Available 3rs Approaches For Acute Systemic Toxicity Testing, Troy Seidle, Sally Robinson, Tom Holmes, Stuart Creton, Pilar Prieto, Julia Scheel, Magda Chlebus
Cross-Sector Review Of Drivers And Available 3rs Approaches For Acute Systemic Toxicity Testing, Troy Seidle, Sally Robinson, Tom Holmes, Stuart Creton, Pilar Prieto, Julia Scheel, Magda Chlebus
Experimentation Collection
Acute systemic toxicity studies are carried out in many sectors in which synthetic chemicals are manufactured or used and are among the most criticized of all toxicology tests on both scientific and ethical grounds. A review of the drivers for acute toxicity testing within the pharmaceutical industry led to a paradigm shift whereby in vivo acute toxicity data are no longer routinely required in advance of human clinical trials. Based on this experience, the following review was undertaken to identify (1) regulatory and scientific drivers for acute toxicity testing in other industrial sectors, (2) activities aimed at replacing, reducing, or …
Personal Reflections On Russell And Burch, Frame, And The Hsus, Martin Stephens
Personal Reflections On Russell And Burch, Frame, And The Hsus, Martin Stephens
Animal Welfare Collection
The coincidence of anniversaries associated with the publication of William Russell and Rex Burch’s The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, the founding of the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), and the establishment of the collaboration between FRAME and the University of Nottingham, provides an opportunity to reflect on Russell and Burch’s legacy and how it was carried forward by FRAME. The Principles, published in 1959, was the pioneering work in what later became the alternatives or Three Rs field of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use. Such was the book’s initial and undeserved obscurity, …
Animals And Alternatives: Societal Expectations And Scientific Need, Alan M. Goldberg
Animals And Alternatives: Societal Expectations And Scientific Need, Alan M. Goldberg
Experimentation Collection
As Russell and Burch suggested more than 40 years ago, the most humane science is the best science. The path ahead is clear: pain and distress must be eliminated in animal experiments or reduced to an absolute minimum, and, as scientists, we must use the most humane approaches in our research. To accomplish the best science, we must train those who come after us in the principles and practice of humane science.
The First Forty Years Of The Alternatives Approach: Refining, Reducing, And Replacing The Use Of Laboratory Animals, Martin L. Stephens, Alan M. Goldberg, Andrew N. Rowan
The First Forty Years Of The Alternatives Approach: Refining, Reducing, And Replacing The Use Of Laboratory Animals, Martin L. Stephens, Alan M. Goldberg, Andrew N. Rowan
State of the Animals 2001
The concept of the Three Rs— reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use in biomedical experimentation—stems from a project launched in 1954 by a British organization, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). UFAW commissioned William Russell and Rex Burch to analyze the status of humane experimental techniques involving animals. In 1959 these scientists published a book that set out the principles of the Three Rs, which came to be known as alternative methods. Initially, Russell and Burch’s book was largely ignored, but their ideas were gradually picked up by the animal protection community in the 1960s and early ’70s. …
The Three Rs: The Way Forward, Michael Balls, Alan M. Goldberg, Julia H. Fentem, Caren L. Broadhead, Rex L. Burch, Michael F.W. Festing, John M. Frazier, Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, Margaret Jennings, Margot D.O. Van Der Kamp, David B. Morton, Andrew N. Rowan, Claire Russell, William M.S. Russell, Horst Spielmann, Martin Stephens, William S. Stokes, Donald W. Straughan, James D. Yager, Joanne Zurlo, Bert F.M. Van Zutphen
The Three Rs: The Way Forward, Michael Balls, Alan M. Goldberg, Julia H. Fentem, Caren L. Broadhead, Rex L. Burch, Michael F.W. Festing, John M. Frazier, Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, Margaret Jennings, Margot D.O. Van Der Kamp, David B. Morton, Andrew N. Rowan, Claire Russell, William M.S. Russell, Horst Spielmann, Martin Stephens, William S. Stokes, Donald W. Straughan, James D. Yager, Joanne Zurlo, Bert F.M. Van Zutphen
Experimentation Collection
This is the report of the eleventh of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), which was established in 1991 by the European Commission. ECVAM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well-informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test …
Alternatives To Animal Experimentation, Steven M. Niemi
Alternatives To Animal Experimentation, Steven M. Niemi
Experimentation Collection
Alternatives to animal experimentation are highly touted today by animal welfare advocates. Their campaign for adoption of alternatives has caused much discussion and debate within and outside of the biomedical community. The purpose of this paper was to examine the controversy and assess the more common alternatives, including the bacterial mutagenicity assay or Ames test, cell culture, and mathematical models for toxicity prediction. Safety testing of chemicals is the most promising of the fields for alternatives where laboratory animals are used, and incorporation of alternatives with live-animal assays is increasing. However, due to limitations of alternatives in use currently, there …
International Coalition To Abolish Ld-50, Michael Marten
International Coalition To Abolish Ld-50, Michael Marten
Popular Press Items
No abstract provided.
Fight For Alternatives Gathers Momentum: Commitments To Help Lab Animals Are Extracted From Industry And Government
Close Up Reports
The Humane Society of the United States wants to see an eventual end to all pain and suffering inflicted on animals in the laboratory. We are working hard to make this happen, and the "alternatives" concept is basic to our program. We want scientists to find alternative methods of testing and experimentation that do not involve the use of animals.
Laboratory Animals And Alternatives In The 80'S, Andrew N. Rowan
Laboratory Animals And Alternatives In The 80'S, Andrew N. Rowan
Laboratory Experiments Collection
No abstract provided.