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Full-Text Articles in Forest Sciences
Effects Of Pre-Sowing Peg And Kh 2 Po 4 Treatments On Germinationemergence And Yield Of Carrot, İbrahim Duman, Dursun Eşi̇yok
Effects Of Pre-Sowing Peg And Kh 2 Po 4 Treatments On Germinationemergence And Yield Of Carrot, İbrahim Duman, Dursun Eşi̇yok
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Studies were conducted at the fileds and laboratories of Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture during 1994-1995 to improve germination and emergence in carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantes) by priming, a presowing seed treatment. Seeds were treated with PEG-6000 (273 g/l) and KH 2 PO 4 (70 g/l) at 15°C for 10 days. Seeds were dried and taken for germination tests at the laboratory and for emergence tests in the open field. Besides germination, seedling emergence and yield were also determined in open field. According to the results the percentage of germination increased to 81% by PEG …
The Pollen Collection Activity And Preference Of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) In The Natural Habitat Of Antalya And Some Morphological And Quality Properties Of Different Pollen Types, Hasan Baydar
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
No abstract provided.
Root-Length Densities Of Lentil And Wheat And Measuring Infiltration In The Soil In Differentsoil Tillage, Lentil-Wheat Versa Fallow-Wheat Rotation Systems Undercentral Anatolian Conditions, Didar Eser, M. Sait Adak, Andreas Biesantz
Root-Length Densities Of Lentil And Wheat And Measuring Infiltration In The Soil In Differentsoil Tillage, Lentil-Wheat Versa Fallow-Wheat Rotation Systems Undercentral Anatolian Conditions, Didar Eser, M. Sait Adak, Andreas Biesantz
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The research was carried out for four years in the two locations Haymana-Ankara and Gözlü-Konya under different climate characteristics of the Central Anatolian Region. The aim of the reseach was to improve soil fertility in dry farming areas and to increase the benefit from fallow areas. Different soil tillage treatments and lentil-wheat versa fallow- wheat rotations systems resp. were examined in these experiments. According to experimental results highest root-length densities (RLD s ) of winter sown lentils were obtained in soil layers of 0-20 and 20-40 cm in comparison to deeper soil layers of 20 cm each down to 1 …
An Investigation On The Loading And Unloading Operations In Artvin Forest District, H. Hulusi Acar
An Investigation On The Loading And Unloading Operations In Artvin Forest District, H. Hulusi Acar
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Artvin Forest District which is the best example for mountainously areas in Turkey, was selected as a suitable study area for this investigation. Data which were collected by using the repetition time technique were analyzed. In this region, the loading-unloading and landing operations were examined from the economical and technical perspectives. Time analysis were performed, historical records and thus resulting data were analyzed statistically. The results were discussed and some of the practical implications were recommended. The studies in this investigation were performed in 1995-96 years. As a result, the highest productivity on loading both the softwood and hardwood logs …
A State-Dependent Model Of Forest Floor Development, Ertuğrul Bi̇lgi̇li̇
A State-Dependent Model Of Forest Floor Development, Ertuğrul Bi̇lgi̇li̇
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
A state-dependent, dynamic forest floor development model is presented. The model considers litterfall as input. The decomposition of the litter was modelled as influenced by the quality of litter and miccroclimatic conditions (temperature and moisture). Microclimatic conditions were determined based on weather data and stand structure. The predictions of the model compared with an independent data set suggested that the model functions realistically under a range of weather and stand conditions. The resulting model should be valuable in the prediction of fire behavior.
Selection Of Table Cornelian Cherry ( Cornus Mas L.) Types In Çoruh Valley, Muharrem Güleryüz, İbrahim Bolat, Lütfi Pirlak
Selection Of Table Cornelian Cherry ( Cornus Mas L.) Types In Çoruh Valley, Muharrem Güleryüz, İbrahim Bolat, Lütfi Pirlak
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The aim of this selection research was to determine the having large fruits and high yielded of cornelian cherries ( Cornus mas L.) grown in Çoruh valley during 1994-1995. Forty types were choosen in terms of fruit size and productivity in the first year. Fifteen of these types which were found to be superior for consumption were selected using weighted rankit method in the first year, and the second year, the fruit characteristic of those types were evaluated. The fruit characteristics for the selected types were ranged 2.907-3.906 g for fruit weights, 5.950-10.707 for flesh/stone ratio, 11.5-16.8% for TSS, 43.78-76.75 …
Genetic Basis Of Variation In Linseed ( Linum Usitatissimuml.) Cultivars, Orhan Kurt, G. M. Evans
Genetic Basis Of Variation In Linseed ( Linum Usitatissimuml.) Cultivars, Orhan Kurt, G. M. Evans
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This investigation was conducted at the University of wales in 1991-1994. The work described in this paper concerned with the genetic basis of variation in important characters of linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) A 8x8 full diallel cross including reciprocals was carried out using the cultivars Linda, Lidgate, Cristal, Antares, Barbara, Blue-Chip, Norman and McGregor and eight characters, namely, days to flowering, plant height, number of basal branches per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, seed yield per plant, total plant weight and harvest index investigated. The results were subjected to several standard systems of analysis (1, 2, …
A Research To Determine The Suitable Rice ( Oryza Sativa L.)Harvesting Time, Halil Sürek, Necmi Beşer
A Research To Determine The Suitable Rice ( Oryza Sativa L.)Harvesting Time, Halil Sürek, Necmi Beşer
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The objective of this study was to determine the suitable rice harvesting time to obtain high paddy yield and quality milled rice. The experiment was conducted in a randomized split block design with four replications under continuous flood irrigation in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Three planting times were praticed at May 10, May 20; and May 30. Four harvesting times were applied at 35, 42, 49, and 56 days after flowering (DAF). This study showed that maximum paddy yield and total milled rice, minimum berakage during milling, minimum unfilled and partially filled grains, acceptable moisture content, minimum chalky kernel in …
The Effect Of Prescribed Fire On The Natural Regeneration Success Oflebanon Cedar ( Cedrus Libani A. Rich.) At Antalya-Kaş Locality, Melih Boydak, Fikret Işik, Bayram Doğan
The Effect Of Prescribed Fire On The Natural Regeneration Success Oflebanon Cedar ( Cedrus Libani A. Rich.) At Antalya-Kaş Locality, Melih Boydak, Fikret Işik, Bayram Doğan
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
With this study the effect of prescribed fire on the natural regeneration success of Lebanon Cedar ( Cedrus libani A. Rich.) by shelterwood method was investigated at Antalya-Kaş localitiy. Split plot design with three replications was applied as experimental design. Prescribed fire was applied to slash pile at one of each main plot while the other was left as control. Main plots were divided into two subplots and equal number of seeds were used at each subplot for additional seeding by applying broadcast seeding (full seeding) or drill sowing methods. Seedling survival was recorded each year and the height growth …
Studies On The Cold Hardiness Of Some Temperate Zone Fruitspecies And Cultivars, Ayzin B. Küden, Ali Küden, Sevgi Paydaş, Nurettin Kaşka, Burhanettin İmrak
Studies On The Cold Hardiness Of Some Temperate Zone Fruitspecies And Cultivars, Ayzin B. Küden, Ali Küden, Sevgi Paydaş, Nurettin Kaşka, Burhanettin İmrak
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The research was carried out on apple, peach, nectarine and apricot cultivars during 1992-1994. In this work, the cold hardiness of apple, peach, nectarine and apricot cultivars were investigated. For this purpose, the relationship between the carbonhydrates or plant nutrient elements and the cold hardiness of the cultivars were investigated by viability tests. According to the results, apples and among them Granny Smith and Starkrimson cultivars, J.H. Hale and Monroe peach cultivars among the peaches, Maygrand among the nectarines and Precoce de Colomer and Canino apricot cultivars among the apricots were found as the most cold resistant cultivars. This cultivars …
Effect Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene And Butylated Hydroxyanisole Onsome Properties Of Kidney Fat And Tail Fat During Frozen Storage, Ömür Atay, A. Hamdi Ertaş
Effect Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene And Butylated Hydroxyanisole Onsome Properties Of Kidney Fat And Tail Fat During Frozen Storage, Ömür Atay, A. Hamdi Ertaş
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Some physical and chemical properties of kidney fat (obtained from cattle) and tail fat (obtained from sheep) were determined in this study. Effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and BHT+BHA on free fatty acids (FFA) contents, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and peroxide number were also examined during frozen storage at -18°C for 9 months. The following values were determined for kidney fat; melting point 47°C, saponification number 193, iodine number 42, refractive index (n D 40 ) 1.480, unsaponificable material 0.72%, titre degree 44.0°C. The following values were determined for tail fat; melting point 38°C, saponification number 191, …
Possibilities Of Growing Of Some Soybean [ Glycine Max (L.) Merill] Cultivars As A Doublecrop Under Kahramanmaraş Conditions, H. Ahmet Yilmaz, Lale Efe
Possibilities Of Growing Of Some Soybean [ Glycine Max (L.) Merill] Cultivars As A Doublecrop Under Kahramanmaraş Conditions, H. Ahmet Yilmaz, Lale Efe
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This study that was carried out in 1992-93 at Kahramanmaraş, it was aimed at investigating of adaptation to double cropping conditions of 23 soybean cultivars. For this reason, characteristics such as yield (kg/da), first pod height (cm), pod number per plant, plant height (cm), 100-seed weight (g), vegetation period (day), days for flowering, seed oil percentage (%) and seed protein percentage (%) were investigated on cultivars are tested. Two-years data collected were brought together and analysed according to split plot design. Means of cultivars and interaction means of years x cultivars were compared using Duncan multiple range test. As a …
An Investigation On The Logging Machines From The Economical And The Technical Point Of View At Giresun Forest District, H. Hulusi̇ Acar
An Investigation On The Logging Machines From The Economical And The Technical Point Of View At Giresun Forest District, H. Hulusi̇ Acar
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In forestry, transportation of harvested woods from compartments is very difficult, expensive and time-consuming task. Forests covering generally high and steep slopes of mountainous areas in Eastern Black Sea Region make the problem extremely dif-ficult. Transportation of forest products from forest to the landing have been practiced various forms. Studies were conducted on the loading, skidding and stacking machines and mobile skylines at Giresun Forest District. Furthermore, logging machines in the region were found very important from the technical and the economical point of view. In ad-dition, the rent values for loging machines is found to be insufficient.
Forecasting Of The Long-Term Allowable Cut For The Akçasu Forestry Enterprise, Altay Uğur Gül
Forecasting Of The Long-Term Allowable Cut For The Akçasu Forestry Enterprise, Altay Uğur Gül
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The long-term allowable cut was ensured using data of Forest Menegement Plan of the Akçasu Forest enterprise. In addition, actuel forest state was approximated to an optimal forest state within different rotation age. Three forest management units were established. A linear programming model was developed on used to test three different strategies for the black pine and beech management unit and five different strategies for the oak management unit. For the first period, the regeneration, afforestation area, allowable cut and total cut was 210.0 and 341.0 hectar, 58546.0 m 3 and 1764516 m 3 , respectively.
Studies On Antifungal Effects Of Some Plant Extracts In Vitro, Hüseyin Türküsay, Ersin Onoğur
Studies On Antifungal Effects Of Some Plant Extracts In Vitro, Hüseyin Türküsay, Ersin Onoğur
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
No abstract provided.
Development Of The Downy Mildew Pathogen Bremia Lactucae Ontransgenic Lettuce Expressing A Bacterial \Beta-1,3-Glucanase, Yeter Dede
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
A \beta-1,3-glucanase gene from Arthrobacter sp. driven by the 35S promoter was singly transformed into two lettuce cultivars, Cobham Gree and Diana, using the binary vector system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Tansformation was confirmed by using Southern and Northern analysis, Npt II enzyme assays and segregation of resistance to kanamycin. Transgenic plants were infected with the letuce downy mildew fungus, Bremia lactucae which contains \beta-1,3-gluncan in its cell wall and alternations in the development the fungus could easily be monitored. Transgenic plants inoculated with B. lactucae showed different levels of resistant responses compared to the control and they were examined microscopically.
Effects Of Temperature And Time Of Harvest On The Growth Andyield Of Aubergine ( Solanum Melongena L.), Ahmet Kürklü
Effects Of Temperature And Time Of Harvest On The Growth Andyield Of Aubergine ( Solanum Melongena L.), Ahmet Kürklü
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
An experimental study was conducted to define the response of aubergine to different temperatures in controlled greenhouses. Set temperatures of the greenhouses were 14, 18, 22, 26 and 30°C. In terms of vegetative growth, the plant response was the highest to the highest temperature then gradually decreasing for the lower temperatures. This was in contrast with the fruit development since as the temperature decreased from 30°C, mean fruit weight and size increased, and the total fruit yield was highest in 22°C which indicated an optimum temperature. However, there was no optimum for vegetative growth. This was found, by using a …
The Effects Of Phosphate Treatments On Chromosome Pairing In Diploid And Autotetraploid Meadow Fescue ( Festuca Pratensishuds.), Bilal Deni̇z, Ayten Tufan
The Effects Of Phosphate Treatments On Chromosome Pairing In Diploid And Autotetraploid Meadow Fescue ( Festuca Pratensishuds.), Bilal Deni̇z, Ayten Tufan
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This study was carried out under greenhouse conditions in 1994-1995. The influence of phosphate treatments (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4g P 2 O 5 /pot) on meiotic chromosome pairing and the number of arms bound at the first metaphase (MI) in plants of diploid Senu variety of meaddow fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds.) and its advanced generation (C 6 ) autotetraploid (Tetra Senu) were studied. In diploids, quadrivalents and univalents frequencies showed no difference with changes in phosphate treatments. Total bivalent frequency per cell remained stable with phosphate changes in spite of a significant increase in the number of …
Effects Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging On Post Harvest Qualities Of Pink Tomatoes, Ali Batu, A. Keith Thompson
Effects Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging On Post Harvest Qualities Of Pink Tomatoes, Ali Batu, A. Keith Thompson
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
An experiment retail plastic packaging system was used to compare the atmospheric composition within sealed packs containing tomato fruits. A range of plastic films with different permeability properties were tested to study the effects of these conditions on the changes in postharvest qualities of tomatoes harvested at the pink stage of maturity and stored at 13 o C for 60 days. The films used were 20 micron (PE20) and 50 micron (PE50) polyethylene, 10 micron polyvinylcholoride (PVC) or 25 micron polypropylene (PP) compared with unwrapped fruit as a control. Tomatoes were evaluated for changes in colour, firmness, weight, titratable acidity, …
Issues Related To Marketing And Extension For Sustainable Agricultural Production In Turkey, Sedef Akgüngör, Taner Kumuk
Issues Related To Marketing And Extension For Sustainable Agricultural Production In Turkey, Sedef Akgüngör, Taner Kumuk
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Sustainable agriculture, although a difficult term to define operationally, includes the practice of low input agricultural production technologies. An important condition to adopt these technologies is the access to markets for low input agricultural products. Ability to market these products at profitable prices would provide incentives for farmers to adopt the necessary methods. Contract farming is considered to be an effective means to introduce new production technologies to the farmers by providing assurance on prices and markets for agricultural products. Public extension agencies in developing countries may therefore be concerned to direct their efforts to introduce contract farming models to …
Effects Of Short Trem High Carbon Dioxide Treatment On Tomato Ripening, Ali Batu, A. K. Thompson
Effects Of Short Trem High Carbon Dioxide Treatment On Tomato Ripening, Ali Batu, A. K. Thompson
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits (Cv Criterium) were harvested at the mature green stage and stored at 13°C in controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions for 1, 3 and 5 days. The CA conditions were 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60% CO 2 all with 5.5%O 2 plus air as control. The tomatoes were then stored at 20°C in air until they were fully ripe. At that time colour, firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS) and days to ripening were measured. Fruit exposed to CO 2 for 5 days subsequently ripened more slowly than those exposed only one day. The …
Some Factors Affecting On Determination And Measurement Oftomato Firmness, Ali Batu
Some Factors Affecting On Determination And Measurement Oftomato Firmness, Ali Batu
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Firmness is one of the most important factor for determination of tomatoes quality. Distructive measurement of tomato firmness is one of the evaluation methods of fruit firmness. The Universal Instron is most common used machine for measurement of most adeqequate fruit firmness. During destructive measurement of firmness considedation of force or deformation values as a firmness of fruits could give incorrect result and taking epicarp strength over deformation values is more accurate to concern the firmness of tomato. Two of possible minimum firmness limits were suggested for tomato fruits at the point of retail marketing or using at home. All …
Sorption Of Aldicarb Sulfoxide By Samples Of Some Calcareous Soils From Turkey, Kemal Y. Gülüt, Mahmut Sayin
Sorption Of Aldicarb Sulfoxide By Samples Of Some Calcareous Soils From Turkey, Kemal Y. Gülüt, Mahmut Sayin
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Sorption of aldicarb and aldicarb sulfoxide was investigated spectrophotometrically on 16 soil samples. Ten of them were from the Çukurova region. The results showed that organic matter is the single soil property to give correlation with sorption of aldicarb. Clay minerals are also important in sorption but their effect is masked by fine carbonates and organic matter. CaCO 3 sorbs aldicarb weakly. Aldicarb sulfoxide was also sorbed by soil constituents very weakly.
An Investigation On The Transportation By Trucks At Mountainously Regions, H. Hulusi Acar
An Investigation On The Transportation By Trucks At Mountainously Regions, H. Hulusi Acar
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Artvin Forest District, which is the best example for mountainous forest areas in Turkey, was selected a suitable study area for this investigation. Data which were collected by using the repetition time technique were analyzed. Sixty six percent of the planned forest road network in Artvin Forest District has been completed. Now, the average forest road density in the district is 10.5 m/ha. The number of forest trucks in the region is enough. Trucks are 20 years old on average. These trucks are generally 3 axed and AS 600 Dodge type. In the region, transportation by trucks takes place between …
Effect Of Sodium Ascorbate On Some Quality Characteristics Of Turkish Pastırma, Hatice Gür-Yağli, A. Hamdi Ertaş
Effect Of Sodium Ascorbate On Some Quality Characteristics Of Turkish Pastırma, Hatice Gür-Yağli, A. Hamdi Ertaş
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Different amounts of sodium ascorbate (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg) were used in curing stage of Turkish pastırma production and the effect of sodium ascorbate was investigated on some quality characteristics of pastırma. It was observed that there was no effect of sodium ascorbate on pH and penetrometler value of pastirma. Sodium ascorbate caused to decrease of TBA-value and residual nitrite content (P
Agricultural Structure And Mechanisation Characteristics Of Theşanlıurfa-Harran Plain, Alim Işik, İbrahim Atun
Agricultural Structure And Mechanisation Characteristics Of Theşanlıurfa-Harran Plain, Alim Işik, İbrahim Atun
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The Şanlıurfa-Harran plain was firstly opened to irrigation in the South-eastern Anatolian Project, called GAP. Available mechanisation investment and agricultural structure should be known to estimate new requierements for the future in this plain. In this research, agricultural structure and mechanisation characteristics by a questeonnaire conducted before irrigation. Each farm has at least one tractor. In conclusion, it was found that average farm size was 35.5 hectars, plot size was 11.7 hectars, number of tractors per farm was 1.7, tractor engine power was 46.8 kW, number of machines per tractor was 3.8, fuel consumption of the tractor was 2 244 …
An Investigation On Internal Morphological Proporties Of Sapwood And Heartwood Oforiental Spruce [Picea Orientalis (L.) Link.], Nurgül Ay, Hamiyet Şahi̇n
An Investigation On Internal Morphological Proporties Of Sapwood And Heartwood Oforiental Spruce [Picea Orientalis (L.) Link.], Nurgül Ay, Hamiyet Şahi̇n
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In this study, sapwood and heartwood samples obtained from Oriental spruce growing naturally only in East Black Sea region were investigated. Trees of 36-44 cm diameter were obtained from the Karahava region of Maçka Forest District. The discs examined were cut at 2 m above the lower end of the stems. Sapwood and heartwood samples from each discs were taken from 12 th growth ring after cambium and 7 th growth ring after the pith, respectively. The results showed that length, widht, diameter, lumen widht of earlywood and latewood tracheids and the diameter of bordered pits were greater in sapwood …
An Investigation On Determination Of Characters Regarding To Seed And Straw Yield Usingdifferent Methods In Common Vetch, Sadık Çakmakçi, Aydın Ünay, Esvet Açikgöz
An Investigation On Determination Of Characters Regarding To Seed And Straw Yield Usingdifferent Methods In Common Vetch, Sadık Çakmakçi, Aydın Ünay, Esvet Açikgöz
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In this study, 178 common vecth genotypes were tested in Bursa in 1989-1991. The aim of this study was to determine characters that affect seed and straw yield using simple correlation coefficients, path analysis and stepwise analysis. Days to flower, spirng vigour, seeds/plant and pods/node for seed yield; plant height, spring vigour, leaflets/leaf and pods/node for straw yield were significant characteristics in pre-harvest selections. Harvest index, straw yield, spring vigour and 1000-seed weight for seed yield; plant height, spring vigour, seed yield and harvest index for straw yield were found to be significant in postharvest selections.
The Distribution, Cultural Characteristics, And Pathogenicity Ofdrechslera Sorokiniana In Wheat And Barley Fields In Erzurum Region, Cafer Eken, Erkol Demi̇rci̇
The Distribution, Cultural Characteristics, And Pathogenicity Ofdrechslera Sorokiniana In Wheat And Barley Fields In Erzurum Region, Cafer Eken, Erkol Demi̇rci̇
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In this study Drechslera sorokiniana incidence was determined on subcrown internod and crowns of wheat and barley samples collected from Erzurum region in 1994 and 1995. Mycelial development and sporulation were investigated in the laboratory in 3 light periods and 4 agar media. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests were carried out in greenhouse on five wheat cultivars in pots. Under the field conditions, the mean percentages of disease ratios were found 46.8 % in wheat, and 51.1 % in barley in 1994; 48.9 % in wheat and 54.3 % in barley in 1995. During study, subcrown internod and crown 208 isolates of …
In Vitro Multiplication Of Salep Orchids, Growing Commonly In The Eastmediterranean Region Of Turkey By Embriyo Culture, Kadriye Çağlayan, Ayşe Özavci, Akif Eskalen
In Vitro Multiplication Of Salep Orchids, Growing Commonly In The Eastmediterranean Region Of Turkey By Embriyo Culture, Kadriye Çağlayan, Ayşe Özavci, Akif Eskalen
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Possiblities of in vitro multiplication of salep orchids, which have a great danger of extinction from nature, was investigated. Orchis anatolica Boiss, Orhcis coriophora L., Ophyrs bornumuelleri Schulz, Ophyrs phrigra Fleischm. et Borm., Serapias vomeracea and Himantoglossum affine, which are growing commonly in the East Mediterranean Area, were cultured in vitro by using embryo culture. In order to culture salep embryos, 14 different media were used. The highest average germination rate and plant formation from protocorm were found as 2.39% and 1.86%, respectively on Van Waes Debergh + Tomato Ekstract + Active Carbon (VW&D + TE + AC) media. The …