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Full-Text Articles in Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology
Structural And Thermodynamic Basis Of Amprenavir/Darunavir And Atazanavir Resistance In Hiv-1 Protease With Mutations At Residue 50, Seema Mittal, Rajintha Bandaranayake, Nancy King, Moses Prabu-Jeyabalan, Madhavi Nalam, Ellen Nalivaika, Nese Yilmaz, Celia Schiffer
Structural And Thermodynamic Basis Of Amprenavir/Darunavir And Atazanavir Resistance In Hiv-1 Protease With Mutations At Residue 50, Seema Mittal, Rajintha Bandaranayake, Nancy King, Moses Prabu-Jeyabalan, Madhavi Nalam, Ellen Nalivaika, Nese Yilmaz, Celia Schiffer
Celia A. Schiffer
Drug resistance occurs through a series of subtle changes that maintain substrate recognition but no longer permit inhibitor binding. In HIV-1 protease, mutations at I50 are associated with such subtle changes that confer differential resistance to specific inhibitors. Residue I50 is located at the protease flap tips, closing the active site upon ligand binding. Under selective drug pressure, I50V/L substitutions emerge in patients, compromising drug susceptibility and leading to treatment failure. The I50V substitution is often associated with amprenavir (APV) and darunavir (DRV) resistance, while the I50L substitution is observed in patients failing atazanavir (ATV) therapy. To explain how APV, …
Human Monocytes, Macrophages, And Dendritic Cells: Alcohol Treatment Methods, Gyongyi Szabo, Pranoti Mandrekar
Human Monocytes, Macrophages, And Dendritic Cells: Alcohol Treatment Methods, Gyongyi Szabo, Pranoti Mandrekar
Gyongyi Szabo
Both acute and chronic alcohol consumption have significant immunomodulatory effects of which alterations in innate immune functions contribute to impaired antimicrobial defense and inflammatory responses. Blood monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells play a central role in innate immune recognition as these cells recognize pathogens, respond with inflammatory cytokine production, and induce antigen-specific T-lymphocyte activation. All of these innate immune cell functions are affected in humans by alcohol intake. Here, we summarize the different effects of acute and chronic alcohol on monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell functions in humans and describe methods for separation and functional evaluation of these cell types.