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African Penguins Follow The Gaze Direction Of Conspecifics, Christian Nawroth, Livio Favaro
African Penguins Follow The Gaze Direction Of Conspecifics, Christian Nawroth, Livio Favaro
Christian Nawroth, Ph.D.
Gaze following is widespread among animals. However, the corresponding ultimate
functions may vary substantially. Thus, it is important to study previously
understudied (or less studied) species to develop a better understanding of the
ecological contexts that foster certain cognitive traits. Penguins (Family
Spheniscidae), despite their wide interspecies ecological variation, have previously
not been considered for cross-species comparisons. Penguin behaviour and
communication have been investigated over the last decades, but less is known on
how groups are structured, social hierarchies are established, and coordination for
hunting and predator avoidance may occur. In this article, we investigated how
African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) …