Life Sciences Commons^™

Sarcopenia And The Importance Of Resistance Training And Protein-Rich Diets For Prevention Of Muscle Loss In Older Adults: A Literature Review And Informational Pamphlet, Madison Steele

Honors Theses

The growing prevalence of sarcopenia among older adults as well as youths has prompted further research aimed at developing effective preventative measures and treatment plans. Sarcopenia is often thought to occur solely due to aging, but several other factors contribute to progressive muscle loss. Previous research studies have found an effect of physical activity and dietary protein levels on the risk of developing sarcopenia as well as its onset age. This study aims to review existing knowledge in the field to compile an extensive list of sarcopenia causes and methods of prevention. The main causes identified in this review are …

The Acute Impacts Of Resistance Training Performed With And Without Blood Flow Restriction On Lower Body Muscular Power, Justin Faller, Brian Thompson, Stephen Ives

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 1320-1333, 2023. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends resistance training using at least 70% one repetition maximum to improve muscular strength and hypertrophy; however, these intensities may not be safe for all populations. A training technique that has been reported to elicit increases in strength and muscle size uses low intensity resistance training or low load training in combination with blood flow restriction (BFR) to the working muscle. Although the acute effects of BFR on muscle strength and size are well established, the effects of BFR on muscular power are not definitively known. …

Investigating The Physiological Mechanisms Between Resistance Training And Pain Relief In The Cancer Population: A Literature Review, Yvonne Jiang, Peter C. Angeletti, Amy J. Hoffman

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

This literature review examines the mechanisms of how exercise, specifically in the form of resistance training, may lead to pain relief in the cancer population. Primary data from three different cancer populations: breast, prostate, and lung, will be examined. A number of experimental studies have been conducted to confirm the effectiveness of resistance training on pain relief as well as the biochemical pathways that relate to this process. In this review, we will examine 5 randomized controlled trials. For the purposes of this review, pain is defined as physical suffering or discomfort associated with illness. Pain is the body’s natural …

Resistance Training And Running Performance And Economy: A Literature Review, James Bottrill

University Honors Theses

Running performance is largely determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), velocity at VO₂ max, fractional utilisation of VO₂ max and running economy. Running economy is relatively under-researched and could be improved by resistance training because of its neuromuscular underpinnings. However, existing research on this topic is quite unorganised and inconclusive and is yet to prove a direct linkage between resistance training, running economy and performance. This literature review aimed to provide an organised overview of the existing literature, identify and address confounding variables and provide recommendations for future research. A search for studies was conducted via …

The Acute Effect Of In Natura Beetroot Juice Intake On Intra-Session Exercise Sequences During Concurrent Training, Diego Souza, Julio Ribeiro, Andrea Simão, Millán Aguilar-Navarro, Marcos Polito

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 1075-1085, 2022. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute effects of in natura beetroot juice intake on intra-session exercise sequences during concurrent training. Following a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, 20 well-trained men (21.4 ± 2.9 years; 74.8 ± 6.3 kg; 175.7 ± 5.0 cm) performed two concurrent training sessions with different intra-session exercise sequences: CT1 (aerobic exercise + resistance exercises) and CT2 (resistance exercises + aerobic exercise). The resistance exercises were bench-press, lat-pull down, and shoulder-press (three sets to failure; 2 s cadence for the concentric and eccentric phases; 90 …

The Validity & Reliability Of The Repetitions In Reserve Based Rating Of Perceived Exertion Scale In Single Joint Exercise, Grant Malone

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Introduction: Intentional regulation and individualization of resistance training schemes are imperative when structuring a resistance training program. Optimal adaptation cannot be expected without proper manipulation of training variables such as load and volume. Load is traditionally prescribed by testing a given exercise’s repetition maximum and basing intensity from that load. This method of intensity regulation may be limited, considering it fails to recognize the day-to-day undulation of individual performance which can be impacted by several variables. A flexible method of regulating load and volume would be of use for those undergoing a resistance training program. The repetitions in reserve-based rating …

The Validity Of Perceptual Recovery Status On Monitoring Recovery During A High-Intensity Back Squat Session, Nicholas Buoncristiani

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Adaptations to resistance training and subsequent performance can be undermined by inadequate inter-set recovery. This time between sets is often uniformly prescribed based on desired training outcomes; however, there is demonstrative evidence that recovery is highly individualized. Methods typically used to monitor recovery were developed for longitudinal use, making them cost- or time -inefficient within a bout of exercise. If valid, the perceptual recovery status (PRS) scale may be used as an efficient and inexpensive recovery assessment tool to monitor individual recovery as well as appropriately modify rest periods. Purpose: The aim of the current study was to assess the …

Perceptual Fatigability And Neuromuscular Responses During A Sustained, Isometric Forearm Flexion Muscle Action Anchored To A Constant Level Of Perceived Exertion, Robert W. Smith, John Paul V. Anders, Tyler J. Neltner, Jocelyn E. Arnett, Joshua L. Keller, Terry J. Housh, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson

Journal for Sports Neuroscience

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the fatigue-induced changes in torque, and the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) responses during a sustained submaximal, isometric forearm flexion muscle action anchored to a constant rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Methods: Eleven women (mean ± SD: age = 20.5 ± 1.9 yrs.; height = 169.9 ± 6.6 cm; body mass = 73.2 ± 15.9 kg) performed 2, 3s forearm flexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) before a sustained isometric muscle action anchored to RPE = 7 until task failure (defined as torque that would require RPE > 7, or the …

Exercise And Bone: Older Adults, Type Ii Diabetes, And Ketogenic Diets, Matthew Casey Scott

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Exercise is a well-appreciated modulator of bone and has other positive implications for overall fitness and health. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine the effects of exercise on bone in conjunction with other known modifiers: old age, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and ketogenic diets. The three studies discussed in this dissertation utilized multiple methods of measuring bone to examine the effect of exercise on bone in individuals with type II diabetes, rodents consuming a ketogenic diet, and older adults participating in a novel resistance training intervention. The first study examined the effects of a 9-month resistance, aerobic, …

Investigation Of Acute Response To Carbohydrate In Subsequent Resistance Training, Damon Mccune

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Resistance training has been shown to have several positive benefits to health including increasing muscle size and strength, reducing risk of sarcopenia with aging, and is associated with reduced risk of mortality. A cornerstone in accomplishing these goals is to progressively overload the muscle by increasing training volume to promote muscle protein synthesis following training stimulation. Total training volume has been demonstrated in the literature to be a prime determinant of muscle hypertrophy and overall training performance. Carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation has been observed as a potential ergogenic aid when training demands are high. Current research investigating nutrition related to exercise …

A Comparison Of Muscle Activation Among The Front Squat, Overhead Squat, Back Extension And Plank, David Bautista, Dustin Durke, Joshua A. Cotter, Kurt A. Escobar, Evan E. Schick

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 714-722, 2020. The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activation of the scapula, leg, and trunk among the front squat (FS), overhead squat (OHS), back extension (BE) and plank (PL). Seven recreationally trained men (age: 28 ± 3.6 years, body mass: 92 ± 26.1 kg, height: 175 ± 5.3 cm, 3-RM front squat test: 125 ± 49.8 kg, 3-RM overhead squat test: 91 ± 15.5 kg) participated in this within-subject crossover design. Two isometric exercises (plank and Biering-Sorenson back extension) were also included for trunk musculature comparisons. Neuromuscular activitation of the …

Comparison Of Acute Cardiometabolic Responses In A 7-Minute Body Weight Circuit To 7-Minute Hiit Training Protocol, Cruz Armas, Robert J. Kowalsky, Christopher M. Hearon

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 395-409, 2020. To investigate the acute cardiometabolic responses of a 7-minute bodyweight resistance exercise circuit (HICE) compared to a 7-minute high intensity interval training cycle protocol (HIIE). Methods: Twelve apparently healthy and active young adults were enrolled in a randomized crossover study (HICE vsHIIE). The 12 HICE exercises used a 30:5 second exercise to rest ratio, followed by a 3-minute cool-down and was replicated in the HIIE cycle protocol. Following each protocol, subjects were seated for the next hour. Measurements included blood pressure (BP) heart rate, blood glucose and triglycerides, taken prior to …

The Acute Effect Of A Single Resistance Training Session On The Glycemic Response Among Women With Hiv/Aids, Dayane C. Souza, Pollyana M. Nunhes, Wagner J. Domingues, Kauana Marchini, Lucas F. Hey, Jairo Berti, Michele C. Trindade, Ademar Avelar

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 319-328, 2020. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a single resistance training session on the glycemic and lipid response of women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) treated with Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). The sample consisted of 10 female subjects who underwent one resistance training session involving different muscle groups, that is, three sets of 8-12 repetitions with an interval of 90 seconds between the sets, and 120 seconds between exercises. The loads used in each exercise corresponded to an intensity equivalent to the interval of 5-7, which …

Contrast Training Generates Post-Activation Potentiation And Improves Repeated Sprint Ability In Elite Ice Hockey Players, Sébastien Lagrange, Pierre-Marc Ferland, Mario Leone, Alain-Steve Comtois

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 183-196, 2020. The purpose of this study was to measure the generating effects of Contrast Training (CT) on 6-hour post-activation potentiation (PAP) and its influence on jumping and on on-ice repeated sprint performance in ice hockey players. Forty-one participants were divided in two groups: experimental (EG) and control group (CG). The EG followed the CT PAP protocol which consisted of 5 sets of 5 half inertia back squat superset with 6 squat jumps. The effects of PAP were measured with the vertical countermovement jump (CMJ), stationary broad jump (BJ) and 9 repeated on ice …

Effects Of An Acute Session Of High- Vs Low-Load Resistance Training Exercise On Energy Balance, Daniel Grisebach, Derek Pd Bornath, Abigail A. Broad, Seth F. Mccarthy, Tom J. Hazell

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

This study examined the effect of an acute session of low-load high-volume resistance training versus a more traditional high-load low-volume session on energy balance (EB). Five recreationally active males (age: 24±3 y; BMI: 25.8±1.5 kgm^-2) completed three different sessions: 1) high-load (90% 1RM); 2) low-load (30% 1RM); and 3) CTRL (no exercise). Gas exchange (V̇O₂), blood lactate, and subjective appetite perceptions were measured before each session, as well as at 0, 1, and 2 h post-exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in the quadriceps, pectorals, hamstrings, deltoids, and latissimus dorsi was measured at 24 and 48 …

Heart Rate Variability Monitoring During Strength And High-Intensity Interval Training Overload Microcycles, Christoph Schneider, Thimo Wiewelhove, Christian Raeder, Andrew Flatt, Olaf Hoos, Laura Hottenrott, Oliver Schumbera, Michael Kellmann, Tim Meyer, Mark Pfeiffer, Alexander Ferrauti

Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology Faculty Publications

Objective: In two independent study arms, we determine the effects of strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) overload on cardiac autonomic modulation by measuring heart rate (HR) and vagal heart rate variability (HRV).

Methods: In the study, 37 well-trained athletes (ST: 7 female, 12 male; HIIT: 9 female, 9 male) were subjected to orthostatic tests (HR and HRV recordings) each day during a 4-day baseline period, a 6-day overload microcycle, and a 4-day recovery period. Discipline-specific performance was assessed before and 1 and 4 days after training.

Results: Following ST overload, supine HR, and vagal HRV (Ln RMSSD) …

An Investigation Into Fatigue Management: Effects Of Two Different Loading Protocols On Markers Of Inflammation And The Endocrine Response, Jake Bernards

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purposes of this dissertation were to 1) determine the effectiveness of the neutrophillymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an athlete monitoring tool in resistance training and 2) determine if repetition maximum or relative intensity loading scheme is superior in managing fatigue through the hormonal, inflammatory, and performances response throughout a 10-week periodized resistance training program. Results from the dissertation give merit to continued research regarding the use of NLR as a monitoring tool to help determine the degree of recovery. Furthermore, results from this dissertation lead to questioning the effectiveness of using a repetition maximum (RM) loading scheme within a periodized …

Body Composition, Muscular Performance, And Free Testosterone Following 12-Weeks Of Protein Supplementation And Resistance Training In Men Aged 35-55, Matthew Steven Stone

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of protein supplementation and Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE) training on measures of body composition, muscular performance, and free testosterone in middle-aged men. METHODS: Untrained males (n = 35; 43.3 ± 6.6 years) participated in this study. Lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) were measured via Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), while strength was measured utilizing one repetition maximum (1RM), endurance measured using maximum repetitions completed (REPS) at 75% 1RM for the bench and leg press, and free testosterone was measured using changes in serum …

Acute And Chronic Skeletal Muscle Response To Very Low Load Resistance Exercise With And Without The Application Of Blood Flow Restriction In The Upper Body, Samuel Louis Buckner

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on skeletal muscle. Methods: The acute study examined changes in torque, muscle thickness (MTH), and surface electromyography (EMG) in response to resistance exercise with high load [70% 1RM,(7000)], low load [15% 1RM,(1500)], low load with moderate (BRF) [15% 1RM+40%BFR(1540)], or low load with greater BFR [15% 1RM+80%BFR(1580)]. The chronic study investigated changes in MTH, strength, and endurance following 8-weeks. Acute results: Following exercise, the 7000 condition had lower (p<0.05) MTH [4.2(1.0) cm] compared to the 1500 [4.4 (1.1)cm], 1540 [4.4(1.1)cm], and 1580 [4.5(1.0cm] conditions. This continued 15 minutes post. Immediately following exercise torque was (p<0.05) lower in the 1500 [31.8 (20) Nm], 1540 [28.3(16.9) Nm] and 1580 [29.5 (17) Nm] conditions compared to the 7000 condition [40 (19) Nm]. 15 minutes post, 1500 and 1540 conditions demonstrated lower torque compared to the 7000 condition. For the first three repetitions of EMG the 7000 condition displayed greater amplitude compared to all low load conditions (p<0.001). For the last three repetitions percentage EMG was greater in the 7000 compared to the 1580 condition. Chronic results: 1RM strength changes were greater in the 7000 condition [2.09 (95% CI=1.35-2.83) kg] compared to all low load conditions. For isometric and isokinetic strength there were no changes. For endurance there was a main effect for time [mean pre to post change = 7.9 (4.3–11.6) repetitions]. At the 50% site, the mean change in MTH in the 7000 condition [0.16 (0.10-0.22) cm] was greater than all low load conditions. For the 60% site, the mean change in MTH [0.15 (0.08-0.22)] was greater than all low load conditions. For the 70% site there was a main effect for time [mean pre to post change = 0.09 (0.5–0.14 cm]. Conclusions: Very load loads produce a similar acute response regardless of pressure. This response was greater than that observed in the 7000 group. Very low loads produce skeletal muscle growth. However, this response is not as robust as that observed following high load training.

Time Course Of Changes In Neuromuscular Responses At 30% Versus 70% 1 Repetition Maximum During Dynamic Constant External Resistance Leg Extensions To Failure, Cory M. Smith, Terry J. Housh, Ethan C. Hill, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 365-378, 2017. The purpose of the current study was to examine the time course of changes in neuromuscular responses from the vastus medialis (VM) during low versus high intensity dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) leg extension muscle actions to failure. Thirteen men performed DCER leg extensions to failure at 30% and 70% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) as well as 1-RM measurements pretest and posttest. Electromyogaphy and mechanomyographic signals were measured from the VM. There were no differences in neuromuscular responses pretest versus posttest 1-RM. There were time-dependent differences between the 30% and 70% 1-RM protocols. …

Tiered Vs. Traditional Daily Undulating Periodization For Improving Powerlifting Performance In Trained Males, Andres Vargas

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Daily undulating periodization represents an increasingly popular trend in exercise science with which a traditional model has been established. Tiered daily undulating periodization pairs the DUP approach with a tiered training system which allows volume and intensity to be more evenly distributed throughout a given graining cycle. The concept of tiered daily undulating periodization is a novel form of periodization and has not been investigated. As such, a comparison of traditional and tiered daily undulating periodization has yet to be examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of traditional and tiered daily undulating periodization models …

The Effect Of Exercise Order On Body Fat Loss During Concurrent Training, Tonya Lee Davis-Miller

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

While the benefits of both cardiovascular exercise and resistance training have been well documented, there is a lack of evidence for the order of exercise that is most effective when both are done in the same day. This study was designed to look at two groups of participants performing both resistance (R) and cardiovascular (C) training in the same day to determine if their order, resistance before cardiovascular (R-C) or cardiovascular before resistance (C-R), matter with regard to changes in body composition, maximal strength, and maximal aerobic capacity. The participants were 17 women between the ages of 30 and 55 …

The Effects Of Two Different Resistance Training Protocols With Similar Volume On Muscular Strength, Muscle Thickness, And Fat-Free Mass, Cory Worthey

Theses and Dissertations

The manipulation of exercise volume, intensity, and order is associated with producing different musculoskeletal changes. These resistance training program variables affect mechanical tension and metabolic stress associated with resistance training, therefore affecting strength and hypertrophic outcomes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two different volume-equated total body exercise protocols over 9 weeks using compound exercises on muscular strength, muscle thickness, and fat-free mass. METHODS: Eight well-trained men were randomly assigned to a hypertrophy-style protocol (HG) performing 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 90 seconds rest between sets (n = 4) or a strength-style protocol …

The Effects Of High Intensity Interval-Based Kettlebells And Battle Rope Training On Grip Strength And Body Composition In College-Aged Adults, Jeffrey Quednow, Tim Sedlak, Joseph Meier, Jeffrey Janot, Saori Braun

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(2) : 124-133, 2015. The aim of this current study is to evaluate the changes in body composition and hand grip strength following high intensity interval training (HIIT) utilizing kettlebells and battle ropes. We hypothesize results will show that our HIIT protocol will improve grip strength and body composition. Subjects in the experimental and control group consist of 13 college-aged students (9 females; 4 males). Subjects in both groups complete a pre-test and post-test consisting of height, weight, grip strength via handgrip dynamometers and body composition via skinfold calipers. The experimental group completes a 5-week …

Leg Lean Mass Adaptations Following Short-Term Barbell Training In Women, Jacob A. Mota, Matt S. Stock, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Alexander S. Drusch, Brennan J. Thompson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Participation in a resistance training program results in both neural adaptations and increases in lean body mass, the latter of which is considered a slow process. The majority of previous investigations that have examined the time course associated with muscular adaptations have utilized exercise machines or single-joint movements. Furthermore, the adaptations associated with resistance training in women are not as well understood as those for men. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a four week resistance training intervention on changes in leg lean mass in untrained, college-aged women. Thirty-five women (mean ± SD age = …

Comparison Of Multiple Sets And Single Set Of Resistance Training On Muscle Strength And Power, Junyoung Hong

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of different resistance training modalities on muscle strength and power in order to improve physical performance, yet to date findings have been inconclusive. Optimal resistance programs for muscular responses to high and low volume resistance training still need to be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of multiple sets (70% of 1RM, 3 sets/10 reps) and a single set (50-100% of 1RM, 1 set/up to 8 reps) of resistance training on muscular strength and power in healthy male college students. A total of 19 students were randomly …

Benefits Of Resistance Training For Balance In Elderly Populations, Trevor J. Fields, Malinda A. Riggins, Jeffrey B. Casebolt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

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The Effect Of Herbal Diet On Skeletal Muscle Mass After Resistance Training In Rats, Junyoung Hong, Kijeong Kim, Aram Yoon, Joon Young Park, Sukho Lee

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Resistance training has been well established as an effective strategy for muscle hypertrophy, increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength. Herbal diet has been introduced as an alternative treatment to alleviate muscle atrophy and therapeutic intervention. However, there is little evidence on the effect of herbal diet on skeletal muscle mass. To investigate whether herbal diet affects skeletal muscle mass after resistance training in rats. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) Control (CON, N=8), 2) Resistance training (RT, N=8), 3) RT+Herb (RTH, N=8). Resistance training was performed every other day for 8 weeks using ladder climbing. The …

Highlights From The Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Human Muscle Size And Strength Or Famuss Study, Linda S. Pescatello, Joseph M. Devaney, Monica J. Hubal, Paul D. Thompson, Eric P. Hoffman

Genomics and Precision Medicine Faculty Publications

The purpose of the Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength study or FAMuSS was to identify genetic factors that dictated the response of health-related fitness phenotypes to resistance exercise training (RT). The phenotypes examined were baseline muscle strength and muscle, fat, and bone volume and their response to RT. FAMuSS participants were 1300 young (24 years), healthy men (42%) and women (58%) that were primarily of European-American descent. They were genotyped for ~500 polymorphisms and completed the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess energy expenditure and time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous intensity habitual …

The Effect Of Load On Movement Coordination During Sled Towing, Michael Lawrence, Daniel Leib, Cara Masterson, Erin Hartigan

Daniel Leib

INTRODUCTION Towing sleds while walking is a popular resistance exercise for the healthy athlete. One reason for the popularity of sled towing is that it is widely believed to be a ‘functional’ exercise. Preliminary research suggests towing while walking can increases lower extremity moment impulses; however whether towing a sled utilizes the same coordination patterns as un-resisted walking is unknown. While altered patterns may not be as relevant to a healthy athlete, sled towing is also sometimes used in the rehabilitation of athletes who sustained a lower extremity injury (anterior cruciate ligament rupture) with the goal of regaining movement symmetry. …