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Articles 1 - 30 of 111
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Functional Implications Of Nlrp1 Variants For Autoimmune Disease, Laura J. Westhoff
Functional Implications Of Nlrp1 Variants For Autoimmune Disease, Laura J. Westhoff
Undergraduate Honors Theses
NLRP1 is a protein-coding human gene that plays a crucial role in the NLRP1 inflammasome. Variants to the NLRP1 gene have been associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. We examined the effects of polymorphisms at two SNPs on cytokine levels and NLRP1 gene expression in 50 human volunteers without diagnosed autoimmune disease. NLRP1 was genotyped at SNPs rs2670660 and rs12150220 and individuals who were homozygous at one or more SNP were selected for further analysis. Serum IL-18 and IL-1β levels were quantified using ELISA. NLRP1 gene expression was measured using real-time PCR. A strong linkage was found between genotypes of …
Deterring Rodent Seed Predation Using Seed-Coating Technologies, Justin Blake Taylor
Deterring Rodent Seed Predation Using Seed-Coating Technologies, Justin Blake Taylor
Theses and Dissertations
With many natural landscapes undergoing restoration efforts, there is a growing need for the optimization of direct seeding practices. Seeds planted on wildlands are often consumed by rodents leading to reduced plant establishment. Coating seeds in rodent aversive products may prevent seed predation. We tested ten seed-coating formulations containing products expected to deter rodents, namely: ghost and cayenne pepper powders; essential oils from bergamot, neem, and pine; methyl-nonyl-ketone, anthraquinone, activated carbon, beta-cyclodextrin and a blank coating containing no rodent deterrents to serve as a control treatment. Each treatment was applied to Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass) seeds. These seeds germinated similarly …
Evaluation Of Chemical, Physical, And Sensory Properties Of Tortillas Prepared From Nixtamalized Oats, Andrea Boza Arauz
Evaluation Of Chemical, Physical, And Sensory Properties Of Tortillas Prepared From Nixtamalized Oats, Andrea Boza Arauz
Theses and Dissertations
Background and objectives: While alkaline nixtamalization has historically been used for corn, this process may have application in other cereals. Drawbacks to wider use include the lengthy steep time, as well as the volume of alkaline wastewater produced. This study evaluated a novel, waste-effluent-free nixtamalization process for oat (Avena sativa) masa, and compared properties of oat masa and tortillas prepared with 1, 1.5 and 2% lime, with and without steeping. Findings: A minimal water-addition, 45-min, simmering process, without steeping, was effluent-free, and produced oat tortillas comparable to those produced using a traditional overnight steep. The pH increased significantly with increasing …
Biologic And Hydrologic Controls Of Water Quality In Urbanizing Semi-Arid Watersheds, Erin Fleming Jones
Biologic And Hydrologic Controls Of Water Quality In Urbanizing Semi-Arid Watersheds, Erin Fleming Jones
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation analyzed the effect of biologic and hydrologic processes on water quality in urban, semi-arid watersheds. In the first chapter, we analyzed bacterioplankton and water quality along elevation and urbanization gradients in three Wasatch Mountain watersheds across three seasons. We found that trace metals correlated with bacterioplankton composition and that the typical dispersal of bacteria from headwater sources (soil or groundwater) along the longitudinal pathway was drastically disrupted by the presence of large reservoirs. In the second chapter, we used high-frequency sensor data collected in streams above and below the urban center in the three watersheds to estimate the …
The Role Of Growth Arrest Specific 6 And Axl Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Marc Shigeru Matsumura
The Role Of Growth Arrest Specific 6 And Axl Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Marc Shigeru Matsumura
Theses and Dissertations
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a critical process that replaces damaged muscle fibers with new fibers. The regenerative process can be segmented into four main phases: necrosis, inflammation, regeneration, and maturation. While many of the key signaling molecules are known and characterized, there are still gaps in our understanding of how this process is regulated. While it is reported that growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) and its receptor Axl are expressed in mature muscle tissue, nothing is known about the effect that Gas6 and Axl have on regulating skeletal muscle regeneration. In this study we investigated the regenerative process in a …
American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus) Of The Paunsaugunt Plateau: Movements And Habitat Use, Rebekah Adriana Castro Dungan
American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus) Of The Paunsaugunt Plateau: Movements And Habitat Use, Rebekah Adriana Castro Dungan
Theses and Dissertations
Concerns over human-bear conflict and questions about the ecology of Paunsaugunt Plateau's population of black bears (Ursus americanus) arose due to their visitation to popular recreation sites. Greater insight about bears and their habitat use provides a foundation for conflict mitigation and effective management decisions. Between 2014 and 2017, seventeen black bears (11 female, 6 male) were fitted with global positioning system (GPS) radio-collars so that we could track their locations, daily activity patterns, and ambient temperatures. By analyzing bear locations, we calculated annual and seasonal home ranges for 16 bears, including 25 den sites. Home ranges typically consisted of …
Maintaining Skeletal Muscle Through Eccentric Exercise After Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Joshua Jed Kelley
Maintaining Skeletal Muscle Through Eccentric Exercise After Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Joshua Jed Kelley
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: To investigate the effects of eccentric exercise on lower body skeletal muscle mass during rapid body mass loss induced by bariatric surgery. Methods: All participants began 6 to 8 weeks after undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in the lower body was measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); additional exercise measurements included muscular strength and functional capacity. Quality of life was measured using Short Form 36 (SF-36). Nineteen females (age = 37.6 ± 9.8 yr, height = 164.4 ± 7.2 cm, mass = 106.9 ± 15.6 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 …
Susceptibility Of Borrelia Burgdorferi Morphological Forms To Chemical Antimicrobials, Ann-Aubrey Kaiwilani Reid
Susceptibility Of Borrelia Burgdorferi Morphological Forms To Chemical Antimicrobials, Ann-Aubrey Kaiwilani Reid
Theses and Dissertations
Borrelia burgdorferi is the etiological agent of Lyme disease. Not much is known about the susceptibility of this organism to chemical disinfection. Current antimicrobial susceptibility test methods, such as those published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), usually require assessment of the number of colony forming units (cfu) of growing organisms on plates following exposure to an agent. For fast-growing organisms, plates are ready for counting 1-2 days post plating, while several weeks may be needed for slower growing organisms. Spirochetes, like B. burgdorferi are difficult to grow on solid media and typically require long incubation periods, …
Physical Activity Level And Insulin Resistance In 6,500 Nhanes Adults: The Role Of Abdominal Obesity, James R Fowler
Physical Activity Level And Insulin Resistance In 6,500 Nhanes Adults: The Role Of Abdominal Obesity, James R Fowler
Theses and Dissertations
OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study investigated insulin resistance (IR) variation across physical activity (PA) levels in U.S. adults. METHODS: MET-minutes were utilized to quantify PA using 2 methods: 4 categories were based on relative MET-minutes, and 5 were based on U.S. PA guidelines. IR was indexed using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Effect modification was tested by dividing waist circumferences into sex-specific quartiles, and then evaluating the relationship between PA and HOMA-IR within each quartile separately. RESULTS: Relative PA was associated with HOMA-IR after controlling for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates (F = 11.5, P < 0.0001 and F = 6.0, P = 0.0012, respectively). Adjusting for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates also revealed relationships between guideline-based PA and HOMA-IR (F = 8.0, P < 0.0001 and F = 4.9, P = 0.0017, respectively). Controlling for waist circumference with the other covariates nullified the relationship between PA and HOMA-IR. Effect modification testing showed that when the sample was delimited to adults with extra-large waists (Quartile 4), relative (F = 5.6, P = 0.0019), and guideline-based PA (F = 3.7, P = 0.0098) and HOMA-IR were related. PA and HOMA-IR were not related within the other quartiles. CONCLUSION: High levels of PA may play a meaningful role in glucose and insulin metabolism in those with abdominal obesity, but not in adults with smaller waists.
Resolving Relationships And Revealing Hybridization In Aliciella Subsection Subnuda (Polemoniaceae), Theresa Conley Saunders
Resolving Relationships And Revealing Hybridization In Aliciella Subsection Subnuda (Polemoniaceae), Theresa Conley Saunders
Theses and Dissertations
Phylogenetics is crucial in the study of evolutionary processes and the determination of appropriate conservation units, and often these efforts are complicated by hybridization and introgression. Aliciella subsection Subnuda consists of seven species of herbaceous plants occurring in Utah and the Four Corners region of North America. Previous molecular and morphological work left relationships in the subsection unresolved. Here, we use comparative DNA sequencing of ITS and cpDNA regions and RAD-seq data to clarify phylogenetic relationships and examine the role of hybridization in the subsection. We construct haplotype and nucleotype networks from the cpDNA and ITS sequence matrices and compare …
Dendrochronological Methods To Examine Plant Competition With Changing Fire Regimes In Desert And Forest Ecosystems, Rebecca Irene Lee
Dendrochronological Methods To Examine Plant Competition With Changing Fire Regimes In Desert And Forest Ecosystems, Rebecca Irene Lee
Theses and Dissertations
Human activities are changing wildfire regimes globally through ignition, spread of invasive species, fire suppression, and climate change. Because of this, ecosystems are experiencing novel fire regimes that may alter plant growth and patterns of succession. Annual growth rings are one metric that can track changes in tree and shrub growth patterns over time in response to changing fire frequency. In Chapter 1 we explored the effects of fire on resprouting native shrubs in the Mojave Desert. Fires are becoming increasingly frequent due to the spread of highly flammable invasive grasses in the region. We monitored growth and fruit production …
Investigation Of Therapeutic Immune Cell Metabolism, Josephine Anna Tueller
Investigation Of Therapeutic Immune Cell Metabolism, Josephine Anna Tueller
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis addresses multiple approaches to investigating mechanisms of immune linked disease. There are four projects outlined below which describe the work of these investigations. First, educating students about techniques to study disease and therapies is an important area of research. Flow cytometry is a common technique in immunology and its versatility and high throughput abilities can be applied to many fields. While it is very useful, flow cytometry is a complex technique that requires training to operate and understand, and there are very few reports about administering effective training. This thesis outlines the first report of a full semester …
An Event-Related Potential Study Of Inhibition To Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Hanel Watkins
An Event-Related Potential Study Of Inhibition To Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Hanel Watkins
Undergraduate Honors Theses
In the United States, the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages per capita from 1977 to 2002 doubled across all age groups. One factor that may contribute to the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is inhibitory control, or the ability to withhold a dominant response in order to correctly respond to one’s environment. Studies suggest that increased recruitment of inhibitory control resources plays a role in decreasing the consumption of high-calorie foods and that strengthening an individual’s inhibitory control may help them manage their food intake. However, the neural response to sugar-sweetened beverages versus non-sweetened beverages is unknown. Thus, we tested event-related potential …
Sex Differences In Ethanol Modulation Of Dopamine Release In The Mesolimbic Reward System, Mandy Parsons
Sex Differences In Ethanol Modulation Of Dopamine Release In The Mesolimbic Reward System, Mandy Parsons
Undergraduate Honors Theses
This thesis seeks to synthesize previous studies that have shown sex differences in response to drugs of abuse, specifically cocaine and alcohol. These differences have been noted through the study of behavior, nitric oxide levels in the medial amygdala, and dopamine release within the mesolimbic system. Importantly, it has been consistently found that these differences seem to correlate with the changing hormonal environment produced by the estrus cycle in females. Furthermore, this thesis examines new research on how the estrus cycle modulates dopamine release within the reward circuit through the utilization of fast scan cyclic voltammetry and microdialysis techniques. A …
Mechanoreceptor Activation In The Treatment Of Drug-Use Disorders: Mechanism And Outcome, Kyle Bills
Mechanoreceptor Activation In The Treatment Of Drug-Use Disorders: Mechanism And Outcome, Kyle Bills
Theses and Dissertations
The therapeutic benefits attributed to activation of peripheral mechanoreceptors are poorly understood. There is growing evidence that mechanical stimulation modulates substrates in the supraspinal central nervous system (CNS) that are outside the canonical somatosensory circuits. This work demonstrates that activation of peripheral mechnoreceptors via mechanical stimulation (MStim) is sufficient to increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), alter neuron firing rate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and increase membrane translocation of delta opioid receptors (DORs) in the NAc. Further, we demonstrate that these effects are dependent on DORs and acetylcholine receptors. Additionally, MStim can block neuronal markers of …
Improving And Modeling Bacteria Recovery In Hollow Disk System, Clifton Anderson
Improving And Modeling Bacteria Recovery In Hollow Disk System, Clifton Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
Identifying antibiotic resistance in blood infections requires separating bacteria from whole blood. A hollow spinning disk rapidly removes suspended red blood cells by leveraging hydrodynamic differences between bacteria and whole blood components in a centrifugal field. Once the red cells are removed, the supernatant plasma which contains bacteria is collected for downstream antibiotic testing. This work improves upon previous work by modifying the disk design to maximize fractional plasma recovery and minimize fractional red cell recovery. V-shaped channels induce plasma flow and increase fractional plasma recovery. Additionally, diluting a blood sample spiked with bacteria prior to spinning it increased the …
Transformation Of The Dental Faculty To Promote Changes In Dental Educaiton, Clark A. Dana
Transformation Of The Dental Faculty To Promote Changes In Dental Educaiton, Clark A. Dana
Theses and Dissertations
This work introduces a series of papers developed to explore the case for change in dental education. Three issues facing dental education are (a) the challenging financial environment of higher education, making dental schools very expensive and tuition-intensive for universities to operate and producing high debt levels for students, which limits access to education and restricts career choices; (b) the profession's apparent loss of vision for taking care of the oral health needs of all components of society and the resultant potential for marginalization of dentistry as a specialized health care service available only to the affluent; and (c) the …
Leaf Fiber Strength And Fruit Nutrient Content Of Yucca Species Native To The Navajo Nation, Anna Therese Bartlett
Leaf Fiber Strength And Fruit Nutrient Content Of Yucca Species Native To The Navajo Nation, Anna Therese Bartlett
Theses and Dissertations
The strength of leaf fibers and the nutritional value of the edible fruit of several yucca species native to the U.S. southwest were studied to aid in the determination of species best suited for commercial cultivation by the Navajo Nation. The leaves were softened in an autoclave to facilitate the removal of the leaf matrix, conditioned in environmentally controlled chambers, and the fibers were broken using a texture analyzer. The fibers were frozen and cross sectioned and photographed to determine cross sectional area. Official methods were used to determine the nutritional content of the fruit. The mean tensile strength of …
Role Of Transient Receptor Potential Channels In Epithelial Morphogenesis In Chick Embryo, Trinity Q. Waddell
Role Of Transient Receptor Potential Channels In Epithelial Morphogenesis In Chick Embryo, Trinity Q. Waddell
Theses and Dissertations
Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) are a superfamily of cationic specific ionchannels that are regulated by various stimuli such as temperature, pH, mechanical stress, ligandsand ion concentration. The role of TRP channels in disease states such as autosomal dominantpolycystic kidney disease, cancer metastasis, and developmental defects lend credence to thebelief that they play an important part in epithelial morphogenesis events. The development ofsomites, neural tube closure and migration of neural crest cells to form things such as the faceand heart is a good developmental model for the aforementioned cellular processes. We haveshown that TRP channels can be found in the …
Heterotrophic Protists As Useful Models For Studying Microbial Food Webs In A Model Soil Ecosystem And The Universality Of Complex Unicellular Life, Andrew Robert Thompson
Heterotrophic Protists As Useful Models For Studying Microbial Food Webs In A Model Soil Ecosystem And The Universality Of Complex Unicellular Life, Andrew Robert Thompson
Theses and Dissertations
Heterotrophic protists, consisting largely of the Cercozoa, Amoebozoa, Ciliophora, Discoba and some Stramenopiles, are a poorly characterized component of life on Earth. They play an important ecological role in soil communities and provide key insights into the nature of one of life’s most enigmatic evolutionary transitions: the development of the complex unicell. Soil ecosystems are crucial to the functioning of global biogeochemical cycles (e.g. carbon and nitrogen) but are at risk of drastic change from anthropogenic climate change. Heterotrophic protists are the primary regulators of bacterial diversity in soils and as such play integral roles in biogeochemical cycling, nutrient mobilization, …
A Quantitative Motor Assessment Linked To Underlying Damage In Traumatic Brain Injury, Paula K. Johnson
A Quantitative Motor Assessment Linked To Underlying Damage In Traumatic Brain Injury, Paula K. Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability in the United States (Coronado et al., 2011). There is a recognized need for better motor assessments to help mitigate these disabilities. Advances in markerless motion capture and in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide an opportunity to improve clinical assessments, and link them to damage measured in MRI scans. The primary aims of this research were to 1) develop a quantitative motor assessment (QMA), and seed a normative database to enable comparison of impaired behavior to unimpaired, 2) test the sensitivity of the QMA, and 3) link QMA results to …
Hydrologic And Biologic Responses Of Anthropogenically Altered Lentic Springs To Restoration In The Great Basin, Leah Nicole Knighton
Hydrologic And Biologic Responses Of Anthropogenically Altered Lentic Springs To Restoration In The Great Basin, Leah Nicole Knighton
Theses and Dissertations
Water is a limited and highly valued resource in the semi-arid Great Basin. Surface water sources are often small and widely spaced apart, comprising only 1-3% of the surface area of the overall landscape. Despite their small size, these springs and surrounding wet meadows have a substantial effect on the surrounding environment. Springs provide drinking water, forage and cover for livestock and wildlife, habitat for diversity of plant species and a resource for human-related activities. In recent years, many of these springs have become dewatered due to diversions of groundwater for municipal water and agriculture, and climatic shifts in precipitation …
Landsat Collections Reveal Long-Term Algal Bloom Hot Spots Of Utah Lake, Rachel Shanae Tate
Landsat Collections Reveal Long-Term Algal Bloom Hot Spots Of Utah Lake, Rachel Shanae Tate
Theses and Dissertations
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and nuisance algal blooms (NABs) are a worldwide phenomenon with implications for human health and safety. HABs occur when algae or bacteria grow in high enough densities to harm animals and humans. A primary component of harmful algal blooms is cyanobacteria, which are aquatic, photosynthesizing microorganisms that produce toxins at high concentrations. Cyanobacterial biomass has increased worldwide in recent decades, raising concern about the future of fresh- and marine-water systems in a changing climate. Understanding the patterns and conditions of past algal blooms can provide useful insights for managing future blooms. Remote sensing can enhance our …
3d Printed Microfluidic Devices For Bioanalysis, Michael J. Beauchamp
3d Printed Microfluidic Devices For Bioanalysis, Michael J. Beauchamp
Theses and Dissertations
This work presents the development of 3D printed microfluidic devices and their application to microchip analysis. Initial work was focused on the development of the printer resin as well as the development of the general rules for resolution that can be achieved with stereolithographic 3D printing. The next stage of this work involved the characterization of the printer with a variety of interior and exterior resolution features. I found that the minimum positive and negative feature sizes were about 20 μm in either case. Additionally, micropillar arrays were printed with pillar diameters as small as 16 μm. To demonstrate one …
The Relationship Between Vascular Endothelial Function Andpeak Exercise Blood Flow, Brady Edward Hanson
The Relationship Between Vascular Endothelial Function Andpeak Exercise Blood Flow, Brady Edward Hanson
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose The vascular endothelium is an influential contributor to vasodilation at rest, yet its role during peak exercise is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine if exercise leg blood flow during dynamic submaximal and maximal exercise is related to resting vascular endothelial function. Methods Nineteen subjects (aged 23 ± 0.57 yr) completed multiple assessments of vascular endothelial function including passive leg movement (PLM), rapid onset vasodilation, (ROV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Peak muscle blood flow was assessed during single leg knee extension (KE) exercise. Doppler ultrasound of the femoral artery was utilized to assess muscle blood …
Adversarial Deep Neural Networks Effectively Remove Nonlinear Batch Effects From Gene-Expression Data, Jonathan Bryan Dayton
Adversarial Deep Neural Networks Effectively Remove Nonlinear Batch Effects From Gene-Expression Data, Jonathan Bryan Dayton
Theses and Dissertations
Gene-expression profiling enables researchers to quantify transcription levels in cells, thus providing insight into functional mechanisms of diseases and other biological processes. However, because of the high dimensionality of these data and the sensitivity of measuring equipment, expression data often contains unwanted confounding effects that can skew analysis. For example, collecting data in multiple runs causes nontrivial differences in the data (known as batch effects), known covariates that are not of interest to the study may have strong effects, and there may be large systemic effects when integrating multiple expression datasets. Additionally, many of these confounding effects represent higher-order interactions …
Use Of Plant Growth Regulators To Expand The Period Of Sagebrush Seed Germination And Reduce The Risk Of Restoration Failure: Laboratory Trials, Chelsea Elizabeth Keefer
Use Of Plant Growth Regulators To Expand The Period Of Sagebrush Seed Germination And Reduce The Risk Of Restoration Failure: Laboratory Trials, Chelsea Elizabeth Keefer
Theses and Dissertations
Seed germination during unhospitable environmental conditions can be a major barrier to direct seeding efforts in dryland systems. In the sagebrush steppe, Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis and Artemisia arbuscula are important shrub species that are being used in restoration, but seeding success is highly sporadic due to inter-annual and intra-seasonal weather variability. Altering and expanding the period of germination, as a form of bet-hedging, may improve plant establishment. Our objective was to determine if we could expand the period of germination using plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied in a conglomerated seed coating treatment. In a laboratory study, the seed …
Mechanism Of Positive, Non-Additive Litter Decomposition, Na Yin
Mechanism Of Positive, Non-Additive Litter Decomposition, Na Yin
Theses and Dissertations
Litter decomposition is a fundamental ecosystem process. It is responsible for nutrient cycling and influences carbon (C) sequestration, and soil physical and chemical properties. In nature, litter is usually heterogeneous and may not decompose the way homogeneous litter does. For example, heterogeneous litter decomposition is frequently non-additive. This makes the rate of nutrient cycling as well as fluxes of C into and out of soil C pools impossible to predict. The most frequently proposed mechanisms for positive, non-additive decomposition include the supply of limiting mineral nutrients, the supply of available C (priming), and the improvement of micro-environmental conditions. However, all …
Bottom-Up Controls (Micronutrients And N And P Species) Better Predict Cyanobacterial Abundances In Harmful Algal Blooms Than Top-Down Controls (Grazers), Scott Andrew Collins
Bottom-Up Controls (Micronutrients And N And P Species) Better Predict Cyanobacterial Abundances In Harmful Algal Blooms Than Top-Down Controls (Grazers), Scott Andrew Collins
Theses and Dissertations
The initiation, bloom, and bust of harmful Cyanobacteria and algae blooms (HAB) in lakes are controlled by top-down and bottom-up ecological controls. Excess phosphorous and nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic sources are primary to blame, but eukaryotic grazers may also promote or curb Cyanobacteria dominance. We tracked shifts in bacterial composition, lake chemistry, and eukaryotic grazing community weekly or bi-weekly through spring and summer and modeled the causes of specific Cyanobacterial species blooms and busts across three lakes in Utah, USA, with differing lake trophic states. Regardless of trophic status, all three lakes experienced blooms of varying composition and duration. Aphanizomenon …
Isolation, Characterization, And Genomic Comparison Of Bacteriophages Of Enterobacteriales Order, Ruchira Sharma
Isolation, Characterization, And Genomic Comparison Of Bacteriophages Of Enterobacteriales Order, Ruchira Sharma
Theses and Dissertations
According to CDC, every year at least 2 million people are affected and 23,000 dies as a result of antibiotic resistance in U.S. It is considered one of the biggest threats to global health. More and more bacterial infections are becoming harder to treat. One such infection is fire blight, one of the most destructive disease of apple and pear trees. It is caused by bacteria Erwinia amylovora and its outbreaks have been known to destroy entire orchards in a single season. The conventional method of treatments includes use of antibiotics like streptomycin and oxytetracycline but the incidences like presence …