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Articles 61 - 81 of 81
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Complex Coastal Change In Response To Autogenic Basin Infilling: An Example From A Sub-Tropical Holocene Strandplain, Christopher J. Hein, Dm Fitzgerald, Lhp De Souza, Iy Georgiou, Iv Buynevich, Et Al.
Complex Coastal Change In Response To Autogenic Basin Infilling: An Example From A Sub-Tropical Holocene Strandplain, Christopher J. Hein, Dm Fitzgerald, Lhp De Souza, Iy Georgiou, Iv Buynevich, Et Al.
VIMS Articles
Thick bay-fill sequences that often culminate in strandplain development serve as important sedimentary archives of land-ocean interaction, although distinguishing between internal and external forcings is an ongoing challenge. This study employs sediment cores, ground-penetrating radar surveys, radiocarbon dates, palaeogeographic reconstructions and hydrodynamic modelling to explore the role of autogenic processes - notably a reduction in wave energy in response to coastal embayment infilling - in coastal evolution and shoreline morphodynamics. Following a regional 2 to 4m highstand at ca 58ka, the 75km(2) Tijucas Strandplain in southern Brazil built from fluvial sediments deposited into a semi-enclosed bay. Holocene regressive deposits are …
Effects Of Sediment And Salinity On The Growth And Competitive Abilities Of Three Submersed Macrophytes, Erin C. Shields, Ken Moore
Effects Of Sediment And Salinity On The Growth And Competitive Abilities Of Three Submersed Macrophytes, Erin C. Shields, Ken Moore
VIMS Articles
Submersed macrophytes are generally found in multispecies beds, with the dominance of individual species varying in both space and time. In estuarine environments, these plants can grow across a range of environmental conditions which may alter species interactions. Three species common to the Chesapeake Bay region, Vallisneria americana (wild celery), Heteranthera dubia (water stargrass), and Stuckenia pectinata (sago pondweed), were planted in a microcosm designed to test their growth and interactions (relative yielding) under a range of conditions of salinity (0, 5, or 10), sediment type (mud or sand), and species combinations. H. dubia was most sensitive to elevated salinity, …
Virtualspecies, An R Package To Generate Virtual Species Distributions, B Leroy, Cn Meynard, C Bellard, F Courchamp
Virtualspecies, An R Package To Generate Virtual Species Distributions, B Leroy, Cn Meynard, C Bellard, F Courchamp
VIMS Articles
virtualspecies is a freely available package for R designed to generate virtual species distributions, a procedure increasingly used in ecology to improve species distribution models. This package combines the existing methodological approaches with the objective of generating virtual species distributions with increased ecological realism. The package includes 1) generating the probability of occurrence of a virtual species from a spatial set of environmental conditions (i.e. environmental suitability), with two different approaches; 2) converting the environmental suitability into presence-absence with a probabilistic approach; 3) introducing dispersal limitations in the realised virtual species distributions and 4) sampling occurrences with different biases in …
Biodiversity Enhances Reef Fish Biomass And Resistance To Climate Change, Je Duffy, Js Lefcheck, Rochelle Stuart-Smith, Sa Navarrete, Gj Edgar
Biodiversity Enhances Reef Fish Biomass And Resistance To Climate Change, Je Duffy, Js Lefcheck, Rochelle Stuart-Smith, Sa Navarrete, Gj Edgar
VIMS Articles
Fishes are the most diverse group of vertebrates, play key functional roles in aquatic ecosystems, and provide protein for a billion people, especially in the developing world. Those functions are compromised by mounting pressures on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. Because of its economic and food value, fish biomass production provides an unusually direct link from biodiversity to critical ecosystem services. We used the Reef Life Survey's global database of 4,556 standardized fish surveys to test the importance of biodiversity to fish production relative to 25 environmental drivers. Temperature, biodiversity, and human influence together explained 47% of the global variation in …
Copepod Summer Grazing And Fecal Pellet Production Along Thewestern Antarctic Peninsula, Mr Gleiber, Deborah K. Steinberg, Ome Schofield
Copepod Summer Grazing And Fecal Pellet Production Along Thewestern Antarctic Peninsula, Mr Gleiber, Deborah K. Steinberg, Ome Schofield
VIMS Articles
Copepods are important grazers on phytoplankton and contributors to carbon export, but their role is poorly understood in theWestern Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), a region of high productivity and rapid climate warming. We conducted grazing and egestion experiments with large, dominant copepods each January from 2012 to 2014. We found higher gut evacuation rates (k), initial gut pigment and ingestion rates (I) for Calanus propinquus and Rhincalanus gigas compared with Calanoides acutus. Since k and I linearly increased with chlorophyll a for most species, ingestion rates were 4-70 times greater in more productive coastal regions than offshore, slope waters. Copepods have …
Improving Marine Disease Surveillance Through Sea Temperature Monitoring, Outlooks And Projections, J Maynard, R Van Hooidonk, Cd Harvell, Cm Eakin, G Liu, Jeffrey D. Shields, Et Al.
Improving Marine Disease Surveillance Through Sea Temperature Monitoring, Outlooks And Projections, J Maynard, R Van Hooidonk, Cd Harvell, Cm Eakin, G Liu, Jeffrey D. Shields, Et Al.
VIMS Articles
To forecast marine disease outbreaks as oceans warm requires new environmental surveillance tools. We describe an iterative process for developing these tools that combines research, development and deployment for suitable systems. The first step is to identify candidate host-pathogen systems. The 24 candidate systems we identified include sponges, corals, oysters, crustaceans, sea stars, fishes and sea grasses (among others). To illustrate the other steps, we present a case study of epizootic shell disease (ESD) in the American lobster. Increasing prevalence of ESD is a contributing factor to lobster fishery collapse in southern New England (SNE), raising concerns that disease prevalence …
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia Tyrannus) Recruitment In The Northwest Atlantic Ocean, A Buchheister, Tj Miller, Ed Houde, Dh Secor, Rj Latour
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia Tyrannus) Recruitment In The Northwest Atlantic Ocean, A Buchheister, Tj Miller, Ed Houde, Dh Secor, Rj Latour
VIMS Articles
Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, is an abundant, schooling pelagic fish that is widely distributed in the coastal Northwest Atlantic. It supports the largest single-species fishery by volume on the east coast of the United States. However, relatively little is known about factors that control recruitment, and its stock- recruitment relationship is poorly defined. Atlantic menhaden is managed as a single unit stock, but fisheries and environmental variables likely act regionally on recruitments. To better understand spatial and temporal variability in recruitment, fishery-independent time-series (1959-2013) of young-of-year (YOY) abundance indices from the Mid-Atlantic to Southern New England (SNE) were analysed using …
How Well Do We Know The Infaunal Biomass Of The Continental Shelf?, En Powell, Roger L. Mann
How Well Do We Know The Infaunal Biomass Of The Continental Shelf?, En Powell, Roger L. Mann
VIMS Articles
Benthic infauna comprise a wide range of taxa of varying abundances and sizes, but large infaunal taxa are infrequently recorded in community surveys of the shelf benthos. These larger, but numerically rare, species may contribute disproportionately to biomass, however. We examine the degree to which standard benthic sampling gear and survey design provide an adequate estimate of the biomass of large infauna using the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, on the continental shelf off the northeastern coast of the United States as a test organism. We develop a numerical model that simulates standard survey designs, gear types, and sampling densities to …
Characterization Of Infectious Dose And Lethal Dose Of Two Strains Of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (Ihnv), Dg Mckenney, G Kurath, Ar Wargo
Characterization Of Infectious Dose And Lethal Dose Of Two Strains Of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (Ihnv), Dg Mckenney, G Kurath, Ar Wargo
VIMS Articles
The ability to infect a host is a key trait of a virus, and differences in infectivity could put one virus at an evolutionary advantage over another. In this study we have quantified the infectivity of two strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) that are known to differ in fitness and virulence. By exposing juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hosts to a wide range of virus doses, we were able to calculate the infectious dose in terms of ID50 values for the two genotypes. Lethal dose experiments were also conducted to confirm the virulence difference between the two virus …
Progress And Challenges In Coupled Hydrodynamic-Ecological Estuarine Modeling, Nk Ganju, Mark Brush, B Rashleigh, Al Aretxabaleta, P Del Barrio, Js Grear, La Harris, Sj Lake, Et Al.
Progress And Challenges In Coupled Hydrodynamic-Ecological Estuarine Modeling, Nk Ganju, Mark Brush, B Rashleigh, Al Aretxabaleta, P Del Barrio, Js Grear, La Harris, Sj Lake, Et Al.
VIMS Articles
Numerical modeling has emerged over the last several decades as a widely accepted tool for investigations in environmental sciences. In estuarine research, hydrodynamic and ecological models have moved along parallel tracks with regard to complexity, refinement, computational power, and incorporation of uncertainty. Coupled hydrodynamic-ecological models have been used to assess ecosystem processes and interactions, simulate future scenarios, and evaluate remedial actions in response to eutrophication, habitat loss, and freshwater diversion. The need to couple hydrodynamic and ecological models to address research and management questions is clear because dynamic feedbacks between biotic and physical processes are critical interactions within ecosystems. In …
Plant Characteristics Associated With Widespread Variation In Eelgrass Wasting Disease, Ml Groner, Ca Burge, Cjs Kim, E Rees, Kl Van Alstyne
Plant Characteristics Associated With Widespread Variation In Eelgrass Wasting Disease, Ml Groner, Ca Burge, Cjs Kim, E Rees, Kl Van Alstyne
VIMS Articles
Seagrasses are ecosystem engineers of essential marine habitat. Their populations are rapidly declining worldwide. One potential cause of seagrass population declines is wasting disease, which is caused by opportunistic pathogens in the genus Labyrinthula. While infection with these pathogens is common in seagrasses, theory suggests that disease only occurs when environmental stressors cause immunosuppression of the host. Recent evidence suggests that host factors may also contribute to disease caused by opportunistic pathogens. In order to quantify patterns of disease, identify risk factors, and investigate responses to infection, we surveyed shoot density, shoot length, epiphyte load, production of plant defenses (phenols), …
Hidden In Plain Sight: Cryptic And Endemic Malaria Parasites In North American White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), Es Martinsen, N Mcinerney, H Brightman, K Ferebee, T Walsh, Et Al.
Hidden In Plain Sight: Cryptic And Endemic Malaria Parasites In North American White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), Es Martinsen, N Mcinerney, H Brightman, K Ferebee, T Walsh, Et Al.
VIMS Articles
Malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are diverse in mammal hosts, infecting five mammalian orders in the Old World, but were long considered absent from the diverse deer family (Cervidae) and from New World mammals. There was a description of a Plasmodium parasite infecting a single splenectomized white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) in 1967 but none have been reported since, which has proven a challenge to our understanding of malaria parasite biogeography. Using both microscopy and polymerase chain reaction, we screened a large sample of native and captive ungulate species from across the United States for malaria parasites. We found …
Fungal Denitrification: Bipolaris Sorokiniana Exclusively Denitrifies Inorganic Nitrogen In The Presence And Absence Of Oxygen, R Phillips, G Grelet, A Mcmillan, Bk Song, B Weir, Et Al.
Fungal Denitrification: Bipolaris Sorokiniana Exclusively Denitrifies Inorganic Nitrogen In The Presence And Absence Of Oxygen, R Phillips, G Grelet, A Mcmillan, Bk Song, B Weir, Et Al.
VIMS Articles
Fungi may play an important role in the production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Bipolaris sorokiniana is a ubiquitous saprobe found in soils worldwide, yet denitrification by this fungal strain has not previously been reported. We aimed to test if B. sorokiniana would produce N2O and CO2 in the presence of organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen (N) under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions. Nitrogen source (organic-N, inorganic-N, no-N control) significantly affected N2O and CO2 production both in the presence and absence of oxygen, which contrasts with bacterial denitrification. Inorganic N addition increased denitrification of N2O (from 0 to …
Upgrading Marine Ecosystem Restoration Using Ecological-Social Concepts, A Abelson, Bs Halpern, Dc Reed, R J. Orth, Ga Kendrick, Et Al
Upgrading Marine Ecosystem Restoration Using Ecological-Social Concepts, A Abelson, Bs Halpern, Dc Reed, R J. Orth, Ga Kendrick, Et Al
VIMS Articles
Conservation and environmental management are principal countermeasures to the degradation of marine ecosystems and their services. However, in many cases, current practices are insufficient to reverse ecosystem declines. We suggest that restoration ecology, the science underlying the concepts and tools needed to restore ecosystems, must be recognized as an integral element for marine conservation and environmental management. Marine restoration ecology is a young scientific discipline, often with gaps between its application and the supporting science. Bridging these gaps is essential to using restoration as an effective management tool and reversing the decline of marine ecosystems and their services. Ecological restoration …
Parallelism And Epistasis In Skeletal Evolution Identified Through Use Of Phylogenomic Mapping Strategies, Jm Daane, N Rohner, P Konstantinidis, S Djuranovic, Mp Harris
Parallelism And Epistasis In Skeletal Evolution Identified Through Use Of Phylogenomic Mapping Strategies, Jm Daane, N Rohner, P Konstantinidis, S Djuranovic, Mp Harris
VIMS Articles
The identification of genetic mechanisms underlying evolutionary change is critical to our understanding of natural diversity, but is presently limited by the lack of genetic and genomic resources for most species. Here, we present a new comparative genomic approach that can be applied to a broad taxonomic sampling of nonmodel species to investigate the genetic basis of evolutionary change. Using our analysis pipeline, we show that duplication and divergence of fgfr1a is correlated with the reduction of scales within fishes of the genus Phoxinellus. As a parallel genetic mechanism is observed in scale-reduction within independent lineages of cypriniforms, our finding …
Unstructured-Grid Model For The North Sea And Baltic Sea: Validation Against Observations, Yinglong J. Zhang, Ev Stanev, S Grashorn
Unstructured-Grid Model For The North Sea And Baltic Sea: Validation Against Observations, Yinglong J. Zhang, Ev Stanev, S Grashorn
VIMS Articles
A new unstructured grid model and its application to the North Sea and Baltic Sea are described. The research focus is on the dynamics in the two basins and in the multiple straits connecting them and more specifically on how the model replicates the temporal and spatial variability of physical processes. The comparison against observed data indicates the realism in the simulations of the exchange flows. The simulations demonstrated that in contrast to the tidal variability which decreases in the strait, the role of the barotropic forcing due to weather systems increases. In this zone reversal of transport is well …
Vims Shark Longline Annual Report - 2016, Multispecies Research Group, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science
Vims Shark Longline Annual Report - 2016, Multispecies Research Group, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science
Reports
Report indicates the number of species caught, retained, released and tagged in the longline surveys.
Practical Oyster Larvae And Remote Deployment Pool, Albert Pollard
Practical Oyster Larvae And Remote Deployment Pool, Albert Pollard
Reports
This grant will evaluate the costs of constructing and operating a 100 bushel “floating pool” in which aged, washed, and containerized shell is placed with purchased larvae for setting on the cultch. The 100 bushel sized pool is being proposed because it is a sample size large enough to test future scalability but small enough to manage as a controlled experiment. In addition, the proposal will compare the setting efficiency of the pool vs the standard upland tanks. Also, we intend to test practicality - after lifting the skirt that forms the pool – of towing the POLARDS Pool (now …
Alexandrium Monilatum In The Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution And Potential Health Impacts On Crassostrea Virginica, Sarah Pease
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The toxin-producing harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium monilatum has long been associated with finfish and shellfish mortalities in the Gulf of Mexico. In the summer of 2007, A. monilatum re-emerged as a bloom-forming species in the Chesapeake Bay. Over the last decade, late summer blooms of A. monilatum have been expanding in range in the lower Chesapeake Bay and have reached record-high densities, particularly in the lower York River. This dinoflagellate species overwinters in the sediments as a resting cyst, and upon excystment under suitable environmental conditions produces blooms the following summer. The research presented here includes the first …
Influence Of Structural Complexity And Location On The Habitat Value Of Restored Oyster Reefs, Melissa Ann Karp
Influence Of Structural Complexity And Location On The Habitat Value Of Restored Oyster Reefs, Melissa Ann Karp
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
In the Chesapeake Bay, < 1% of the historic oyster population remains, and efforts have been increasing to restore oysters and the services they provide. Building reefs that successfully provide ecosystem services–especially habitat and foraging grounds–may require different restoration techniques than those previously used, and success may depend on reef morphology (complexity), location, and environmental conditions. Salinity and habitat complexity are two important factors that may interact to effect benthic communities and predator-prey interactions on restored reefs. The goals of this project were: (1) Characterize the benthic communities on restored oyster reefs in lower Chesapeake Bay, and (2) examine the effects of structural complexity and salinity on benthic communities and predator-prey interactions. A two-year field survey of restored reefs was carried out in four rivers in lower Chesapeake Bay to characterize faunal communities on restored reefs and to quantify the effect of reef complexity on faunal communities. A laboratory mesocosm experiment was conducted to examine the effect of reef complexity on predator foraging. In total, 61 macrofaunal species were identified among all samples, and restored reefs supported on average, 6,169 org/m2 and 67.88 g-AFDW/m2. There were significant differences in the community composition and diversity among the rivers, and salinity was the environmental factor that best explained the observed differences in species composition across the rivers. Salinity and rugosity (i.e., structural complexity) both positively affected diversity, while salinity negatively affected macrofaunal abundance and biomass. Oyster density and rugosity positively affected macrofaunal biomass, and oyster density positively affected mud crab, polychaete, and mussel densities. In the mesocosm experiment, predator foraging, measured by proportion and number of prey consumed, was significantly reduced in the presence of oyster shell structure. However, predators were able to consume more prey when prey density was increased, even in the presence of oyster shell structure. These results combine to enhance our understanding of the benefits of increased habitat complexity for both prey and predators on restored oyster reefs. Increasing complexity worked to increase the abundance, biomass, and diversity of organisms inhabiting restored reefs, and even though predator consumption was reduced in the presence of structure compared to non-structured habitat, predators were able to consume more prey individuals when prey density was increased. Therefore, increasing the structure of oyster reef habitat may benefit prey species by providing refuge habitat, and benefit predators by providing an increased abundance of available prey items.
The Effects Of Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices On Bycatch In The Tropical Tuna Purse Seine Fisheries In The Atlantic And Indian Oceans, Julia Snouck-Hurgronje
The Effects Of Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices On Bycatch In The Tropical Tuna Purse Seine Fisheries In The Atlantic And Indian Oceans, Julia Snouck-Hurgronje
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Thousands of floating objects, known as drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs), are released every year by commercial tropical tuna purse seine vessels in the three equatorial oceans to aggregate tuna and increase catch. The escalation in the number of dFADs deployed over the last three decades has caused changes in fishing effort that are poorly reflected in traditional indices of purse seine effort and catch per unit of effort (CPUE). In addition, concerns have been raised regarding the impacts of such high numbers of dFADs being deployed on both catch and bycatch species. I studied two aspects of dFAD deployments …