Life Sciences Commons^™

The Effects Of Recycling On Fiber Characteristics, Michael B. Bekes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Recent trends in recycling indicate that future use will increase. This increase will bring a demand for the secondary fiber. Many technical questions have to be answered before recycling becomes an economical process. One of these questions is how the recycling process affects fiber characteristics. This thesis will deal specifically with this question.

"Controlled Overdrying: Effects On Some Physical Properties Of Fine Paper", John T. Collins

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain drying variables on some physical strength properties when these variables were controlled to bring about overdrying conditions. The variables under study were contact time on the dryer can (% moisture) and different percentage hardwood-softwood compositions. From the study it was discovered that overdrying actually increases tensile values but mullen and tear values did indeed decrease.

The object of the following report was to see if there was a decrease, if any, in certain physical properties and to what degree. If overdrying a sheet actually decreases the physical properties …

The Effect Of Pigments In The Flotation De-Inking Of Newsprint, Harold M. Cody

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was performed to determine the effect of the addition of pigments in the flotation de-inking of newsprint. It has been proposed that pigments aid in the flotation and removal of ink. Two pigments were investigated: talc and diatomaceous earth.

The addition of talc caused the brightness of the sheets to drop because the talc became heavily concentrated with ink. The addition of diatomaceous earth to the cell had no effect upon the flotation and removal of the ink. Therefore the addition of pigments to improve ink flotation and removal cannot be justified.

Variables Affecting The Drainage Test, Jeffrey S. Honour

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Certain variables affecting the Canadian Standard Freeness Test were investigated. Variables investigated included the zeta potential, pH, chemical type, and concentration. Chemicals used were NaCl, CaCl, AlCl , and SnCl, 5H₂O on the acid side. Chemicals used on the alkaline side included KCl, K₂S₄ and K₂HPO_4.. pH values were 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5. Concentrations used were 1 x 10^-3M, 3 x 10^-3M, 5 x 10^-3M, 7 x 10^-3M, 9 x 10^-3M, 1.1 X 10^-2M, 1.3 x …

An Evaluation Of Processed Aspen Chips As A Source Of Roughage For Lactating Cows, L.J. Fisher

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Aquatic Vascular Plants In Three Bays Of Eastern Door County, Wisconsin, Peter J. Salamun

Field Station Bulletins

Aquatic macrophytes of the western shores of Lake Michigan have received little attention from Wisconsin botanists (Ross and Calhoun, 1951; Curtis, 1959), probably because few localities are available for study. Severe wave action and unstable bottom sediments prevent the establishment of such plants in many areas of the lakeshore and intensive shoreline development has eliminated most of the hardy species which were originally present. However, three bays in eastern Door County (Rowleys Bay, North Bay and Moonlight Bay) support a considerable number of aquatic plant because they are protected from severe storms and are relatively free from human interference. This …

Predator Recognition Through Audition In The Black-Capped Chickadee (Parus Airicapillus), Karen Apel

Field Station Bulletins

The behavior of bird species toward a potential predator has been investigated in various studies in which a live or model predator has been presented to the subject(s). However, with the exception of a few reports of the responses of birds to imitated calls of different birds of prey (e.g., Miller, 1952), little work has been done on how a bird's behavior is influenced by the vocalizations of predators. The purpose of this study was to record the behavior of free-living Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus) when tape-recorded calls of predatory birds were played back to them.

Nepal Studies Association Bulletin, Nos. 16-17, Nepal Studies Association, Donald A. Messerschmidt

Nepal Studies Association Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Attributes Of The Deer Hunting Experience: A Cluster-Analytic Study, Jacob Hautaluoma, Perry J. Brown

Forest Management Faculty Publications

Using data from Washington State deer hunters, this paper reports on a cluster analytic study of the attributes of the deer hunting experience. The data were collected by mail questionnaire from 3,924 deer hunters by Potter, Hendee, and Clark (1973). Scaled data were subjected to a variable cluster analysis, and then variable clusters were used in an object cluster analysis of hunters. Several dimensions of the deer hunting experience which add to or detract from satisfaction, and groups of hunters reacting differently to these dimensions, are identified. Nature, harvest, equipment, out-group contact, and skill are identified as important attributes of …

Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilization On The Quality And Quantity Of Streamflow From A Forested Watershed, George B. Coltharp, Michael T. Shearer, Everett P. Springer, Robert F. Wittwer

KWRRI Research Reports

This project was designed to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the quality and quantity of streamflow eminating from an eastern hardwood forest watershed. A 40.67 ha watershed, located in mountainous eastern Kentucky, was aerially fertilized in late April 1975. The forest stand was principally oak, hickory, and yellow poplar, 50 - 55 years of age and in a relatively undisturbed condition. A helicopter applied anunonium nitrate at a rate of 504 kg/ha. Because a large part of applied nitrogen fertilizer ends up in the highly mobile nitrate nitrogen.form, this is the principal ion monitored in this study. No …

An Evaluation Of Permanence Using Wet And Dry Accelerated Aging, Patricia M. Kern

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Evaluation of a series of paper samples aged using wet and dry accelerated methods showed that there is a definite difference between the two methods.

Electrometric pH and folding endurance provided the best indication of the deterioaration of the paper properties upon aging.

Zinc Uptake In Loblolly Pine Seedlings, Victor Zillmer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Zinc concentrations in the root, terminal growth, stem, and needles of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were measured in 72 seedlings grown in washed sand, fertilized with Zn(N03)2. Zinc treatment periods were early spring, late spring, and summer. Zinc uptake was the greatest in early spring. Zinc nitrate fertilizer and remaining soil zinc at treatments end had no effect on mycorrhizae, height, or diameter growth. Linear and multiple regressions were derived using residual soil zinc and treatment zinc that can predict zinc concentrations in different plant parts that have r values from .7440 to .8170. Linear regressions for the prediction …

Distribution And Characteristics Of Balsam Woolly Aphid Infestations In The Great Smoky Mountains, C. Christopher Eagar

Masters Theses

The balsam woolly aphid was inadvertently introduced into North America in Maine around 1900 and has subsequently spread throughout the eastern spruce-fir forests. Within the past 20 years the aphid has become a serious pest of Fraser fir in the Southern Appalachians, causing concern for the scenic and scientific resources of the spruce-fir forests. Fraser fir is highly susceptible to attack by the aphid with mortality occurring within 2 to 5 years following colonization. This rapid mortality in combination with the phenomenal reproductive potential of the aphid threatens the existence of Fraser fir. Investigations were conducted within the Great Smoky …

Comparison Of Forest Cover Prior To And Following Disturbance In Two Areas Of The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Weaver H. Mccracken Iii

Masters Theses

Prelogging forest cover and the nature and intensity of logging disturbance for two areas in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were characterized using written records, photographs, interviews and, where available, virgin stands on similar sites. Present seral position and stand character were determined from fixed-area plots established on sties for which previous forest cover and intensity of disturbance had been determined.

A low- to mid-elevation hardwood forest occupying a north-facing drainage on the Tennessee side of the Park was determined to have been mixed mesophytic in character prior to logging and was most intensively disturbed by skidder logging near …

B751: The Effects Of Mechanized Harvesting On Soil Conditions In The Spruce-Fir Region Of North-Central Maine, Gregory T. Holman, Fred B. Knight, Roland A. Struchtemeyer

Bulletins

The impact of the new harvesting methods on soil with respect to soil disturbance is largely unknown. One objective of this study was to determine the extent of soil compaction and disturbance to the organic cover of the soil resulting from the use of mechanical harvesters and rubber-tired skidders during logging operations in north-central Maine.

The Effect Of Auxiliary Dispersants On The Dispersion And Properties Of Coating Made With Domestic Clays, Carroll A. Brandt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Polymeric organic dispersants are now being used to replace all or part of the inorganic dispersants currently is use for pigmented coatings. They are generally recommended for hard-to-disperse or for special applications where unusual coating requirements must be obtained.

This study showed the effect of some of these auxiliary dispersants when used with tetrasodium pyrephosphate (TSPP) to disperse domestic clay.

The results of this study showed that the most effective type of dispersants for this application are the acrylic-based polymers. The lignosulfate derivative and styrene maleic anhydride did not look as good as the acrylic-based polymers. When used in coatings …

A Test Of Cultural Treatments Selected To Improve The Chemical And Physical Characteristics Of Reclaimed Surface Mine Spoil For The Growth Of Loblolly Pine In East Tennessee, Thomas L. Simpson

Masters Theses

Three surface mine spoil areas in East Tennessee were selected for testing the influence of the State reclamation requirements and selected supplementary treatments on the survival and growth of pines recommended for planting on various sites. A high elevation (2,800 feet) test near Caryville, Tennessee, was discarded because of poor survival of white pine and site modification by contractors working in the area.

Fertilizer tests on two established loblolly pine plantations, one on new and the other on old spoil from mining the Sewanee coal seam near Cagle, Tennessee (1,850 feet), indicated that N additions of both 50 and 100 …

Conflict In Outdoor Recreation, Gerald R. Jacob

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The causes of conflict among users of outdoor recreation resources have received little attention from recreation researchers. Knowledge of factors responsible for conflict might assist recreation planners' attempts to reduce future instances of conflict and help management focus its conflict resolution efforts. A theory of conflict is offered as the first step in systematically procuring such knowledge. A definition and characteristics of outdoor recreation conflicts are presented; four comprehensive causes of user conflicts are proposed. Ten propositions are used to link these factors to conflict and suggest future research hypotheses. The social psychological dynamics of conflict, as described here, have …

Forest Vegetation Of Ozaukee County, Larry R. Brumm

Field Station Bulletins

No abstract provided.

Noteworthy Events From Spring To Autumn, Maria Plonczynski

Field Station Bulletins

No abstract provided.

Three Stage Bleaching Of Recycled Fibers Containing 30% Groundwood, Ronald J. Buck

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A three stage bleaching sequence for a mixture of recycled chemical and groundwood fibers was investigated for maximum brightness increase. The three stages consisted of a reducing or color stripping stage, an oxidizing stage, and last a mild alkaline extraction. The variables in this thesis and pH conditions in each stage and bleaching agent concentrations of each stage. At more alkaline pH's and higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide there was the greatest increase in brightness. The was no observed effect of altering the concentration of the reducing agent.

A Study Of The Effects Of Ionic Charge And Molecular Weight Of Polymers On Wet-Web Strength, Charles Kelso

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Improved machine speeds in the production of paper have increased the number of wet-end breaks due to wet-webs that are unable to withstand the increased stresses at increased rates of production. Lyne and Gallay layed the cornerstone on which most of today"s knowledge of wet-web strength is built. This research attempted to expand on this knowledge by determining whether chemicals could be employed to improve wet-web strength.

The results of this experiment indicates that cationic polymers do improve wet-web strength at levels of addition of 160 lbs/ton of pulp and 1600 lbs/ton of pulp. This indicates that cationic polymers are …

The Use Of Direct Measurement To Evaluate Wet Press Draws And Their Effect On Paper Properties, Jeffrey A. Johnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Previous laboratory investigations of the effects of paper machine draw tension on paper properties have been qualitative in nature. It is the object of this study to deal with quantitative values in examining the wet press area of the paper machine. Typically, by increasing draw tension machine direction tensile is improved, while elongation and cross direction tensile degrade. The establishment of known responses in paper properties to exact units in web tension would allow a control system to operate this draw area at optimum conditions. A cantilever beam force transducer was used to directly measure web tension at specific draw …

The Effects Of Various Adhesives And Adhesive Levels On The Scattering Coefficient Of Pigmented Coatings: An Attempt To Predict Scattering Coefficients, Andrew R. Knoll

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study was to determine the effect of various levels of different adhesives on the scattering coefficients of a coating. Once the relationship of the adhesive effect on the scattering coefficient was determined an equation was to be developed to predict the optical properties of the coated sheet. This study shows that there is an increase in scattering coefficient from 5 to 10pph adhesive and after 10pph a steady decrease in the scattering coefficient as more adhesive is added. The increase is theorized to be due to flocculation of fines within the coating and the decrease due …

A Study Of Bentonite As An Additive For Starch Size Press Treatment, C. Ted Romer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The size press has been examined in the past for its application for coating or pre-coating. Bentonite has been found to be a rheology modifier and also has been found to form a film on paper. Bentonite has been found to improve holdout and printing properties as well. In this study, bentonite was applied in small quantities on a pilot machine size press and the paper thus produced was examined for any improvements in coating, physical, and optical properties. Testing showed that bentonite had the greatest effect on porosity and pick strength, in that porosity decreased with increasing bentonite and …

The Influence Of Base Sheet Moisture On Size Press Pick-Up, Karen S. Ross

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An investigation was conducted to determine the relationship, if any, between base moisture before the size press and actual size pick-up. While size press operation is subject to the effects of many variables, existing literature indicated that maximum pick-up would be realized at twenty percent moisture, while the acceptable on-machine moisture range is five to twelve percent before the size press.

A machine trial was conducted on the pilot fourdrinier at Western Michigan University, wherein the coat weight was monitored as a function of pre-size press moisture. This study revealed that higher coat weights would be realized at increased adhesive …

Development Of A Testing Procedure For Gloss Ink Holdout, Steven M. Cunningham

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

There is currently no standard acceptable method used to evaluate gloss ink holdout. Four methods are investigated to evaluate holdout. Heat seat ink is used to reduce absorption effects. The K&N ink smear test and the Vanceometer absorption tester are both discounted as inappropriate tests since they look at absorption alone and have widely varied results. The IGT printability tester is an improvement because it involves another major influence to holdout, printing pressure, but does not hold the ink film thickness constant. The Vandercook Proof Press procedure is judged the most valuable since it takes into account printing pressure and …

The Repulpability Of Coated Broke Containing Latexes And Its Effects On A Rosin-Alum Sizing System, Walter Cordell Iii

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is the purpose of this thesis to attempt to evaluate the repulpability of coated papers that contain latex as a binder, and also to evaluate the effects of an alum-rosin sizing system on the latex particles, as well as any bundles of fibers or fibers and coating.

It has been found that SBR latex will break up with the greatest difficulty, probably due to its added stability imparted by the carboxyl group attached to it. The PVAC and acrylic latexes break up much easier than the SBR under the same conditions, with the acrylic breaking up more readily than …

A Comparison Of Unbleached Pulps From Cherry Heartwood And Sapwood, Craig Bethke

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of the project was to evaluate pulps made from cherry heartwood and sapwood.

The amount of heartwood a tree has is an individual trait of the tree rather than a function of geography or environment. Tree breeders can, through selection, reduce or increase the amount of heartwood if it is economically justifiable.

Three cherry logs with 50-50 heartwood to sapwood ratio were barked and chipped at S.D. Warren Company in Muskegon. The chips were separated, heartwood from sapwood, by the color difference.

The chips were cooked using 20% active alkali, 6 to 1 liquor ratio, for 1.5 hours …

The Effects Of Polymer Molecular Weight On Colloidal Retention And The Bridging Mechanism, Joseph A. Bergeron

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A review of retention is presented. Included are discussions concerning retention mechanisms, variables which affect retention, variables affected by retention and various retention aids. A detailed experimental procedures involving the use of the dynamic retention/drainage jar is included along with several modifications of the apparatus.

The purpose of the experimental work was to study the effects of polymer molecular weight on retention and the bridging mechanism. Two cationic retention aids of low and high molecular weight along with two non-ionic "bridging agent" retention aids were employed. Various combinations of these chemicals were studied at different levels of addition and under …