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Series

2004

Eastern Illinois University

Articles 1 - 28 of 28

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Dissociation Of The Hepatic Phenotype From Hnf4 And Hnf1x Expression, Gary Bulla, David Kraus Dec 2004

Dissociation Of The Hepatic Phenotype From Hnf4 And Hnf1x Expression, Gary Bulla, David Kraus

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Dedifferentiated cells have served as tools to understand the molecular consequences of the loss of tissue-specific pathways. Here we report the characterization of one of these cell lines, M29, which lacks the liver-enriched HNF4-HNF1x pathway, in order to determine if this class of variant cell lines could provide additional information regarding requirements for tissue-type expression. We report that although the liver-specific x1-antitrypsin (a1AT) gene remains silent despite reactivation of the HNF4/HNF1x pathway in the M29 cells, the frequency of activation of an integrated x1AT-APRT transgene is increased 1000-fold in response to these transcription factors. The human x1AT locus (introduced via …

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Dissociation Of The Hepatic Phenotype From Hnf4 And Hnf1x Expression, Gary A. Bulla, David M. Kraus Dec 2004

Dissociation Of The Hepatic Phenotype From Hnf4 And Hnf1x Expression, Gary A. Bulla, David M. Kraus

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Dedifferentiated cells have served as tools to understand the molecular consequences of the loss of tissue-specific pathways. Here we report the characterization of one of these cell lines, M29, which lacks the liver-enriched HNF4-HNF1x pathway, in order to determine if this class of variant cell lines could provide additional information regarding requirements for tissue-type expression. We report that although the liver-specific x1-antitrypsin (a1AT) gene remains silent despite reactivation of the HNF4/HNF1x pathway in the M29 cells, the frequency of activation of an integrated x1AT-APRT transgene is increased 1000-fold in response to these transcription factors. The human x1AT locus (introduced via …

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Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffrey Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric Kershner, Eric Bollinger, Richard Warner Oct 2004

Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffrey Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric Kershner, Eric Bollinger, Richard Warner

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

ABSTRACT.-Renesting decisions and annual fecundity are crucial for interpreting other demographic information, yet are infrequently reported. We used radiotelemetry to monitor female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) throughout the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons in southeastern Illinois. Overall fecundity (regardless of whether females remained in the study area throughout the breeding season) was 0.61 ± 0.13 female fledglings per year. Of females that remained within the study area, 94% fledged young (1.25 ± 0.15 female fledglings per year). Most females (62%) that experienced nest failure emigrated from the study area (moved >10 km) in 2.8 ± 0.6 days; others (36%) initiated subsequent …

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Germination Of Silene Regia Seeds From Four Sites In Lawrence County, Illinois, Following Scarification Or Stratification, Nicolette Flocca, Janice Coons, Henry Owen, Brian Fischer, Bob Edgin Oct 2004

Germination Of Silene Regia Seeds From Four Sites In Lawrence County, Illinois, Following Scarification Or Stratification, Nicolette Flocca, Janice Coons, Henry Owen, Brian Fischer, Bob Edgin

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Silene regia Sims is an endangered prairie forb in Illinois where small isolated colonies are scattered. In La·wrence County, two sites (Allison Prairie and Chauncey Marsh) have fewer plants (6-23) than two other sites (Cmmty Road and Cemetery) with 26-45 plants. Information on seed germination in these isolated colonies is needed. Our goal was to evaluate seed germination of S. regia from colonies in Lawrence County, illinois. S. regia fruits were collected from these four sites on August 9 and 19, 1999. Seeds were scarified by cutting the seed coat, or they were stratified at 2 C for 12 or …

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Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffrey W. Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric L. Kershner, Eric K. Bollinger, Richard E. Warner Oct 2004

Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffrey W. Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric L. Kershner, Eric K. Bollinger, Richard E. Warner

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

ABSTRACT.-Renesting decisions and annual fecundity are crucial for interpreting other demographic information, yet are infrequently reported. We used radiotelemetry to monitor female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) throughout the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons in southeastern Illinois. Overall fecundity (regardless of whether females remained in the study area throughout the breeding season) was 0.61 ± 0.13 female fledglings per year. Of females that remained within the study area, 94% fledged young (1.25 ± 0.15 female fledglings per year). Most females (62%) that experienced nest failure emigrated from the study area (moved >10 km) in 2.8 ± 0.6 days; others (36%) initiated subsequent …

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Germination Of Silene Regia Seeds From Four Sites In Lawrence County, Illinois, Following Scarification Or Stratification, Nicolette L. Flocca, Janice M. Coons, Henry R. Owen, Brian J. Fischer, Bob E. Edgin Oct 2004

Germination Of Silene Regia Seeds From Four Sites In Lawrence County, Illinois, Following Scarification Or Stratification, Nicolette L. Flocca, Janice M. Coons, Henry R. Owen, Brian J. Fischer, Bob E. Edgin

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Silene regia Sims is an endangered prairie forb in Illinois where small isolated colonies are scattered. In La·wrence County, two sites (Allison Prairie and Chauncey Marsh) have fewer plants (6-23) than two other sites (Cmmty Road and Cemetery) with 26-45 plants. Information on seed germination in these isolated colonies is needed. Our goal was to evaluate seed germination of S. regia from colonies in Lawrence County, illinois. S. regia fruits were collected from these four sites on August 9 and 19, 1999. Seeds were scarified by cutting the seed coat, or they were stratified at 2 C for 12 or …

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Responses Of Nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) To Habitat Edges, Eric Bollinger, Thomas Gavin Jul 2004

Responses Of Nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) To Habitat Edges, Eric Bollinger, Thomas Gavin

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

T.-Avoidance of habitat edges may be contributing to reduced densities of grass- land birds in small habitat patches. Nest densities for grassland-nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were much lower than expected within 25 m of forest edges at three sites in New York, and that pattern ("edge avoidance") extended to 100 m at one site. Nests located within 50 m of forest or wooded hedgerow edges had lower daily survival rates, compared with nests >100 m from any habitat edge. Bobolinks tended to move away from forest edges when renest- ing after nest failure; that pattern was especially evident in females …

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Responses Of Nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) To Habitat Edges, Eric K. Bollinger, Thomas A. Gavin Jul 2004

Responses Of Nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) To Habitat Edges, Eric K. Bollinger, Thomas A. Gavin

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

T.-Avoidance of habitat edges may be contributing to reduced densities of grass- land birds in small habitat patches. Nest densities for grassland-nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were much lower than expected within 25 m of forest edges at three sites in New York, and that pattern ("edge avoidance") extended to 100 m at one site. Nests located within 50 m of forest or wooded hedgerow edges had lower daily survival rates, compared with nests >100 m from any habitat edge. Bobolinks tended to move away from forest edges when renest- ing after nest failure; that pattern was especially evident in females …

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Responses Of Nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) To Habitat Edges, Eric K. Bollinger, Thomas A. Gavin Jul 2004

Responses Of Nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus) To Habitat Edges, Eric K. Bollinger, Thomas A. Gavin

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

ABSTRACT.-Avoidance of habitat edges may be contributing to reduced densities of grassland birds in small habitat patches. Nest densities for grassland-nesting Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were much lower than expected within 25m of forest edges at three sites in New York, and that pattern ("edge avoidance") extended to 100m at one site. Nests located within 50 m of forest or wooded hedgerow edges had lower daily survival rates, compared with nests >100m from any habitat edge. Bobolinks tended to move away from forest edges when renesting after nest failure; that pattern was especially evident in females that placed their first nest …

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Physiology Of The Thermophilic Acetogen Moorella Thermoacetica, Harold Drake, Steven Daniel Apr 2004

Physiology Of The Thermophilic Acetogen Moorella Thermoacetica, Harold Drake, Steven Daniel

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Moorella thermoacetica (originally isolated as Clostridium thermoaceticum) has served as the primary acetogenic bacterium for the resolution of the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) orWood–Ljungdahl pathway, a metabolic pathway that (i) autotrophically assimilates CO2 and (ii) is centrally important to the turnover of carbon in many habitats. The purpose of this article is to highlight the diverse physiological features of this model acetogen and to examine some of the consequences of its metabolic capabilities.

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Physiology Of The Thermophilic Acetogen Moorella Thermoacetica, Harold L. Drake, Steven L. Daniel Apr 2004

Physiology Of The Thermophilic Acetogen Moorella Thermoacetica, Harold L. Drake, Steven L. Daniel

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Moorella thermoacetica (originally isolated as Clostridium thermoaceticum) has served as the primary acetogenic bacterium for the resolution of the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) orWood–Ljungdahl pathway, a metabolic pathway that (i) autotrophically assimilates CO2 and (ii) is centrally important to the turnover of carbon in many habitats. The purpose of this article is to highlight the diverse physiological features of this model acetogen and to examine some of the consequences of its metabolic capabilities.

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Oxalate Metabolism By The Acetogenic Bacterium Moorella Thermoacetica, Steven Daniel, Christine Pilsl, Harold Drake Feb 2004

Oxalate Metabolism By The Acetogenic Bacterium Moorella Thermoacetica, Steven Daniel, Christine Pilsl, Harold Drake

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Whole-cell and cell-extract experiments were performed to study the mechanism of oxalate metabolism in the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica. In short-term, whole-cell assays, oxalate consumption was low unless cell suspensions were supplemented with CO2, KNO3, or Na2S2O3. Cell extracts catalyzed the oxalate-dependent reduction of benzyl viologen. Oxalate consumption occurred concomitant to benzyl viologen reduction; when benzyl viologen was omitted, oxalate was not appreciably consumed. Based on benzyl viologen reduction, specific activities of extracts averaged 0.6 μmol oxalate oxidized min−1 mg protein−1. Extracts also catalyzed the formate-dependent reduction of NADP+; however, oxalate-dependent reduction of NADP+ was negligible. Oxalate- or formate-dependent reduction …

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Oxalate Metabolism By The Acetogenic Bacterium Moorella Thermoacetica, Steven L. Daniel, Christine Pilsl, Harold L. Drake Feb 2004

Oxalate Metabolism By The Acetogenic Bacterium Moorella Thermoacetica, Steven L. Daniel, Christine Pilsl, Harold L. Drake

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Whole-cell and cell-extract experiments were performed to study the mechanism of oxalate metabolism in the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica. In short-term, whole-cell assays, oxalate consumption was low unless cell suspensions were supplemented with CO2, KNO3, or Na2S2O3. Cell extracts catalyzed the oxalate-dependent reduction of benzyl viologen. Oxalate consumption occurred concomitant to benzyl viologen reduction; when benzyl viologen was omitted, oxalate was not appreciably consumed. Based on benzyl viologen reduction, specific activities of extracts averaged 0.6 μmol oxalate oxidized min−1 mg protein−1. Extracts also catalyzed the formate-dependent reduction of NADP+; however, oxalate-dependent reduction of NADP+ was negligible. Oxalate- or formate-dependent reduction …

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High Levels Of Fluctuating Asymmetry In Populations Of Apodemus Flavicollis From The Most Contaminated Areas In Chornobyl, Taras K. Oleksyk, James M. Novak, James R. Purdue, Sergiy P. Gashchak, Michael H. Smith Jan 2004

High Levels Of Fluctuating Asymmetry In Populations Of Apodemus Flavicollis From The Most Contaminated Areas In Chornobyl, Taras K. Oleksyk, James M. Novak, James R. Purdue, Sergiy P. Gashchak, Michael H. Smith

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Random deviations from the perfect symmetry of normally bilaterally symmetrical characters for an individual with a given genotype occur during individual development due to the influence of multiple environmental factors. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is often used as a measure of developmental instability, and can be estimated as the variance of the distribution of differences between the left and right sides. We addressed the question of whether levels of FA were elevated in radioactively contaminated populations living around Chornobyl compared to those in reference populations of the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). In addition, we studied amounts of directional asymmetry (DA) when …

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Systematic And Comparative Anatomy Of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), Sans Oncidiinae, William Louis Stern, Walter S. Judd, Barbara S. Carlsward Jan 2004

Systematic And Comparative Anatomy Of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), Sans Oncidiinae, William Louis Stern, Walter S. Judd, Barbara S. Carlsward

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

On the basis of floral and vegetative morphology, 63 tropical American genera have been recognized within Maxillarieae. We were able to examine anatomical material of all subtribes, excluding Oncidiinae. Stegmata with conical silica bodies occur in leaves and stems of all subtribes excluding Ornithocephalinae, and pericyclic stegmata found in roots are characteristic of Lycastinae. Lycastinae and Maxillariinae are characterized by foliar glands, foliar fibre bundles and tilosomes. Endodermal cells are U-thickened in most Zygopetalinae; O-thickened in most Lycastinae, Ornithocephalinae and Telipogoninae; variously thickened in Maxillariinae; and thin-walled in Cryptarrhena lunata. Water-storage cells varied from thin-walled to variously banded throughout Maxillarieae. …

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Noteworthy Collections: Florida, Barbara Carlsward, J Abbott Jan 2004

Noteworthy Collections: Florida, Barbara Carlsward, J Abbott

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

No abstract provided.

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Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffery Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric Kershner, Eric Bollinger, Richard Warner Jan 2004

Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffery Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric Kershner, Eric Bollinger, Richard Warner

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

T.-Renesting decisions and annual fecundity are crucial for interpreting other demographic information, yet are infrequently reported. We used radiotelemetry to monitor female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) throughout the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons in south- eastern Illinois. Overall fecundity (regardless of whether females remained in the study area throughout the breeding season) was 0.61 ? 0.13 female fledglings per year. Of females that re- mained within the study area, 94% fledged young (1.25 ? 0.15 female fledglings per year). Most females (62%) that experienced nest failure emigrated from the study area (moved >10 km) in 2.8 ? 0.6 days; others (36%) …

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Systematic And Comparative Anatomy Of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), Sans Oncidiinae, William Stern, Walter Judd, Barbara Carlsward Jan 2004

Systematic And Comparative Anatomy Of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), Sans Oncidiinae, William Stern, Walter Judd, Barbara Carlsward

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

On the basis of floral and vegetative morphology, 63 tropical American genera have been recognized within Maxillarieae. We were able to examine anatomical material of all subtribes, excluding Oncidiinae. Stegmata with conical silica bodies occur in leaves and stems of all subtribes excluding Ornithocephalinae, and pericyclic stegmata found in roots are characteristic of Lycastinae. Lycastinae and Maxillariinae are characterized by foliar glands, foliar fibre bundles and tilosomes. Endodermal cells are U-thickened in most Zygopetalinae; O-thickened in most Lycastinae, Ornithocephalinae and Telipogoninae; variously thickened in Maxillariinae; and thin-walled in Cryptarrhena lunata. Water-storage cells varied from thin-walled to variously banded throughout Maxillarieae. …

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Demographics And The Ecological Role Of The Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) In Commercially Exploited And Unexploited Reaches Of The Wabash River With Implications For The Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis Olivaris), Robert Colombo Jan 2004

Demographics And The Ecological Role Of The Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) In Commercially Exploited And Unexploited Reaches Of The Wabash River With Implications For The Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis Olivaris), Robert Colombo

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Catfish are a major component of the Wabash River fish assemblage and are commercially fished below river kilometer (Rkm) 500. From Rkm 322 through 499 the commercial fishery is subjected only to Indiana fishing regulations. In this reach of river, there is a 254-mm minimum total length limit on both sport and commercially harvested catfish. Below RM 322, the Wabash River forms the state boundary of Indiana and Illinois. In this region of river there are two different length limits on commercially harvested catfish with Indiana having a 254-mm length limit and Illinois having a 381-mm length limit. There is …

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Demographics And The Ecological Role Of The Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) In Commercially Exploited And Unexploited Reaches Of The Wabash River With Implications For The Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis Olivaris), Robert E. Colombo Jan 2004

Demographics And The Ecological Role Of The Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) In Commercially Exploited And Unexploited Reaches Of The Wabash River With Implications For The Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis Olivaris), Robert E. Colombo

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Catfish are a major component of the Wabash River fish assemblage and are commercially fished below river kilometer (Rkm) 500. From Rkm 322 through 499 the commercial fishery is subjected only to Indiana fishing regulations. In this reach of river, there is a 254-mm minimum total length limit on both sport and commercially harvested catfish. Below RM 322, the Wabash River forms the state boundary of Indiana and Illinois. In this region of river there are two different length limits on commercially harvested catfish with Indiana having a 254-mm length limit and Illinois having a 381-mm length limit. There is …

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Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffery W. Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric L. Kershner, Eric K. Bollinger, Richard E. Warner Jan 2004

Renesting Decisions And Annual Fecundity Of Female Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) In Illinois, Jeffery W. Walk, Kevin Wentworth, Eric L. Kershner, Eric K. Bollinger, Richard E. Warner

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

T.-Renesting decisions and annual fecundity are crucial for interpreting other demographic information, yet are infrequently reported. We used radiotelemetry to monitor female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) throughout the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons in south- eastern Illinois. Overall fecundity (regardless of whether females remained in the study area throughout the breeding season) was 0.61 ? 0.13 female fledglings per year. Of females that re- mained within the study area, 94% fledged young (1.25 ? 0.15 female fledglings per year). Most females (62%) that experienced nest failure emigrated from the study area (moved >10 km) in 2.8 ? 0.6 days; others (36%) …

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Effects Of Cooking On Radiocesium In Fish From The Savannah River: Exposure Differences For The Public, Joanna Burger, Karen F. Gaines, C. Shane Boring, J. Snodgrass, W. L. Stephens Jr., M. Gochfeld Jan 2004

Effects Of Cooking On Radiocesium In Fish From The Savannah River: Exposure Differences For The Public, Joanna Burger, Karen F. Gaines, C. Shane Boring, J. Snodgrass, W. L. Stephens Jr., M. Gochfeld

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Understanding the factors that contribute to the risk from fish consumption is an important public health concern because of potential adverse effects of radionuclides, organochlorines, other pesticides, and mercury. Risk from consumption is normally computed on the basis of contaminant levels in fish, meal frequency, and meal size, yet cooking practices may also affect risk. This study examines the effect of deep-frying on radiocesium (137Cs) levels and risk to people fishing along the Savannah River. South Carolina and Georgia have issued consumption advisories for the Savannah River, based partly on 137Cs. 137Cs levels were significantly higher in the cooked fish …

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Using Wildlife As Receptor Species: A Landscape, Karen F. Gaines, Dwayne E. Porter, Susan A. Dyer, Gary R. Wein, John E. Pinder Iii, I. Lehr Brisbin Jr. Jan 2004

Using Wildlife As Receptor Species: A Landscape, Karen F. Gaines, Dwayne E. Porter, Susan A. Dyer, Gary R. Wein, John E. Pinder Iii, I. Lehr Brisbin Jr.

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

To assist risk assessors at the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (SRS), a Geographic Information System (GIS) application was developed to provide relevant information about specific receptor species of resident wildlife that can be used for ecological risk assessment. Information was obtained from an extensive literature review of publications and reports on vertebrate- and contaminant- related research since 1954 and linked to a GIS. Although this GIS is a useful tool for risk assessors because the data quality is high, it does not describe the species’ site-wide spatial distribution or life history, which may be crucial when developing a …

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Growth Rates, Survivorship, And Sex Ratios Of Juniperus Virginiana On The New Jersey Piedmont From 1963 To 2000, James Quinn, Scott Meiners Jan 2004

Growth Rates, Survivorship, And Sex Ratios Of Juniperus Virginiana On The New Jersey Piedmont From 1963 To 2000, James Quinn, Scott Meiners

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios of Juniperus virginiana on the New Jersey Piedmont from 1963 to 2000. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. XXX:000–000. 20XX.—Studies of the growth, survival, and sex ratios of dioecious species have been predominantly short-term. This research investigated growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios among cohorts of Juniperus virginiana L. from 1963 through 2000. Males (M) and females (F) in six old-fields of different ages on the New Jersey Piedmont were analyzed, starting with the initial data on height and sex expression collected by John Small on labeled recruits from 1963 through 1976. These plants were relocated …

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Review Of Encyclopedic Dictionary Of Plant Breeding And Related Subjects, Henry R. Owen Jan 2004

Review Of Encyclopedic Dictionary Of Plant Breeding And Related Subjects, Henry R. Owen

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

No abstract provided.

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Respiratory And Reproductive Characteristics Of Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia Holbrooki) Inhabiting A Coal Ash Settling Basin, B. P. Staub, W. A. Hopkins, James Novak, J. D. Congdon Jan 2004

Respiratory And Reproductive Characteristics Of Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia Holbrooki) Inhabiting A Coal Ash Settling Basin, B. P. Staub, W. A. Hopkins, James Novak, J. D. Congdon

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

No abstract provided.

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Noteworthy Collections: Florida, Barbara S. Carlsward, J Richard Abbott Jan 2004

Noteworthy Collections: Florida, Barbara S. Carlsward, J Richard Abbott

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

No abstract provided.

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Growth Rates, Survivorship, And Sex Ratios Of Juniperus Virginiana On The New Jersey Piedmont From 1963 To 2000, James A. Quinn, Scott J. Meiners Jan 2004

Growth Rates, Survivorship, And Sex Ratios Of Juniperus Virginiana On The New Jersey Piedmont From 1963 To 2000, James A. Quinn, Scott J. Meiners

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

Growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios of Juniperus virginiana on the New Jersey Piedmont from 1963 to 2000. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. XXX:000–000. 20XX.—Studies of the growth, survival, and sex ratios of dioecious species have been predominantly short-term. This research investigated growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios among cohorts of Juniperus virginiana L. from 1963 through 2000. Males (M) and females (F) in six old-fields of different ages on the New Jersey Piedmont were analyzed, starting with the initial data on height and sex expression collected by John Small on labeled recruits from 1963 through 1976. These plants were relocated …

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