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Articles 31 - 60 of 69
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Amelioration Of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology In 12-Month-Old Happ(Sweind) Transgenic Mice After Treatment With A Cysteine Rich Whey Supplement, Immunocal®, Srivalli Puttagunta
Amelioration Of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology In 12-Month-Old Happ(Sweind) Transgenic Mice After Treatment With A Cysteine Rich Whey Supplement, Immunocal®, Srivalli Puttagunta
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Deficits in Reelin expression and signaling play a pathogenic role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, strategies aimed at correcting Reelin deficits may provide a novel therapeutic approach to treating AD. The cysteine-rich, whey protein supplement, Immunocal®, has recently been shown to rescue Reelin expression in a mouse model of Schizophrenia. Given that Reelin-expressing neurons of the entorhinal cortex region are a highly vulnerable population of cells that are lost early in AD, we examined the effects of Immunocal® in the hippocampal-entorhinal cortex formation in a mouse model of AD. Glutathione levels and Reelin expression in the hippocampal-entorhinal cortex formation (entorhinal …
Characterization Of Vps41 And Its Role In The Regulated Secretory Pathway, Christian Henry Burns
Characterization Of Vps41 And Its Role In The Regulated Secretory Pathway, Christian Henry Burns
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Insulin secretory granules (SGs) mediate the regulated secretion of insulin, which is essential for glucose homeostasis. The basic machinery responsible for this regulated exocytosis consists of specific membrane proteins present both at the plasma membrane and on insulin SGs. The protein composition of insulin SGs thus dictates their release properties, yet the mechanisms controlling insulin SG formation, which determines this molecular composition, remain poorly understood. VPS41, a component of the endolysosomal tethering HOPS complex, was recently identified as a cytosolic factor involved in the formation of neuroendocrine/neuronal granules. We now find that a stable pool of VPS41 exists outside of …
Qualitative And Quantitative Fitness Consequences Of Advanced Maternal Age, Claudia Jean Hallagan
Qualitative And Quantitative Fitness Consequences Of Advanced Maternal Age, Claudia Jean Hallagan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Parental age can affect offspring fitness across taxa and through various mechanisms. However, the effect(s) of advanced maternal age on offspring, particularly in insects, has not been comprehensively reviewed making it difficult to draw conclusions about the effects of advanced maternal age on offspring in insects. In my first chapter, I reviewed maternal age literature and found overall negative effects of advanced maternal age on offspring fitness. However, results vary depending on which fitness measures were used, the life stages at which offspring were measured, and the experimental design of the study. In my second chapter, I conducted an experiment …
Proximate And Ultimate Consequences Of Stressed-Induced Maternal, Paternal, And Joint Parental Effects In A Changing World, Whitley Rayen Lehto
Proximate And Ultimate Consequences Of Stressed-Induced Maternal, Paternal, And Joint Parental Effects In A Changing World, Whitley Rayen Lehto
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Parental experience can alter the developmental and rearing environments of offspring, resulting in parental effects on offspring traits. I addressed the consequences of stress-induced maternal, paternal, and joint parental effects from both ultimate (ecological/evolutionary) and proximate (physiological/epigenetic) perspectives. I used a full-factorial design in which threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) mothers, fathers, both, or neither were exposed to a model predator at developmentally appropriate times to test for predator-induced maternal, paternal, and joint parental effects on daughters’ mating behavior and egg glucocorticoids (stress hormones) and on offspring gene expression. Maternal and paternal predator exposure independently yielded daughters who preferred …
Transgenerational Effects Of Maternal Age On Offspring Fitness In Crickets, Jacob D. Wilson
Transgenerational Effects Of Maternal Age On Offspring Fitness In Crickets, Jacob D. Wilson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Advanced parental age is an important aspect of parental condition that can have both positive and negative effects on offspring fitness, and thus, parental age can be considered a parental effect. As a parental effect, parental age may affect a variety of offspring traits and may cascade to influence several generations of offspring. Given the complexities of studying both paternal and maternal age, we studied the effects of maternal age only. Using the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, we asked 1) does maternal age have influences over several generations of offspring and 2) does maternal age influence the reproductive …
The Effect Of Conspecific Cues And Neighborhood Effects On Bee Foraging Behavior, Eva Sofia Horna Lowell
The Effect Of Conspecific Cues And Neighborhood Effects On Bee Foraging Behavior, Eva Sofia Horna Lowell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Foraging bees use social information (e.g. presence of absence of other bees) to assess the quality of flowers when choosing a flower to visit. My research tests how bees choose to visit a particular flower once they have been recruited to a flower patch. I tested if neighborhood effects, or the relative number of bees on neighboring flowers compared to a focal flower, affected to which flower a foraging honey bee visited. I also conducted a meta-analysis to test whether bees in the super-family Apoidae are more likely to visit a flower occupied by a con- or heterospecific bee or …
Cooperative Regulation Of Translational Repression By Fmrp And The Mirna Pathway, Navneeta Kaul
Cooperative Regulation Of Translational Repression By Fmrp And The Mirna Pathway, Navneeta Kaul
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited monogenic cause of intellectual disability. FXS patients exhibit social and language deficits, hyperactivity, seizures, growth abnormalities, macroorchidism, anxiety, and epilepsy. FXS is caused by the transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (Fmr1), resulting in the loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is a selective mRNA binding protein that plays a role in translation repression. Studies suggest that FMRP utilizes the miRNA pathway to repress translation of its target mRNAs through an unknown mechanism. The aim of my thesis is to investigate …
Spg Directs Arp2/3 Mediated F-Actin Networks To Support Syncytial Furrow Ingression In Drosophila, Shannon M. Henry
Spg Directs Arp2/3 Mediated F-Actin Networks To Support Syncytial Furrow Ingression In Drosophila, Shannon M. Henry
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In the Drosophila embryo, nuclear divisions 10-13 occur in a syncytium with transient membrane furrows separating neighboring nuclei before the occurrence of cellularization. This process is driven by cytoskeletal and membrane trafficking networks, and while RalA and Rab8 have been identified to drive membrane addition to furrows, less is known about the control of dynamic F-actin networks needed for furrow formation. Here, the role of the DOCK protein Sponge (Spg) in furrow formation is explored through shRNA knockdown and live-imaging of syncytial Drosophila embryos. I have found that Spg is required for furrow ingression and that without Spg, furrows can …
Origins Of Animal Cell Adhesion, Jennyfer Mora Mitchell
Origins Of Animal Cell Adhesion, Jennyfer Mora Mitchell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A fundamental requirement for multicellularity is cell adhesion. This includes mechanisms by which cells adhere to each other and to their secreted extracellular matrix (ECM). Two well characterized adhesion complexes in animals include: 1) adherens junctions (AJs), which are involved in cell-cell adhesion and composed of cadherin receptors, p120-, α- and β-catenin, and 2) focal adhesions (FAs), which are involved in cell-ECM adhesion and include proteins such as integrins, vinculin, paxillin, talin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The molecular components of AJs are widely conserved in animals, and largely absent in non-animals. In contrast, the molecular components of FAs have …
Effects Of Anthropogenic Noise On Mating Behavior And Fitness, Gabrielle A. Gurule-Small
Effects Of Anthropogenic Noise On Mating Behavior And Fitness, Gabrielle A. Gurule-Small
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
When environments change rapidly, adaptive phenotypic plasticity can ameliorate negative effects of environmental change on survival and reproduction. Recent evidence, however, suggests that plastic responses to human induced environmental change are often maladaptive or insufficient to overcome novel selection pressures. Anthropogenic noise is a ubiquitous and expanding disturbance with demonstrated effects on fitness-related traits of animals like stress responses, foraging, vigilance, and pairing success. Elucidating the lifetime fitness effects of noise has been challenging because long-lived vertebrate systems are typically studied in this context. In both chapters described herein, I reared field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus, in masking traffic noise, …
Superresolved Three-Dimensional Analysis Of The Spatial Arrangement Of The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (Hiv-1) Envelope Glycoprotein At Sites Of Viral Assembly, Carmen Anne Buttler
Superresolved Three-Dimensional Analysis Of The Spatial Arrangement Of The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (Hiv-1) Envelope Glycoprotein At Sites Of Viral Assembly, Carmen Anne Buttler
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) replicates by forcing infected host cells to produce new virus particles, which assemble form protein components on the inner leaflet of the host cell's plasma membrane. This involves incorporation of the essential viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) into a structural lattice of viral Gag proteins. The mechanism of Env recruitment and incorporation is not well understood. To better define this process, we seek to describe the timing of Env-Gag encounters during particle assembly by measuring angular positions of Env proteins about the surfaces of budding particles. Using three-dimensional superresolution microscopy, we show that Env distributions …
The Ecology Of Land Managers In Riparian Restoration, Lisa Buie Clark
The Ecology Of Land Managers In Riparian Restoration, Lisa Buie Clark
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
While previous studies in restoration ecology have focused on the efficacy of direct management actions, the driving forces on management decisions (e.g., managers' characteristics or attitudes, environmental conditions) and the indirect impacts on restoration outcomes from management decisions (such as whether to collaborate) are quantified here for the first time. As a case study, I used data from 244 sites across the riparian Southwest US where the invasive shrubby tree Tamarix sp. was removed using various different methods. I surveyed and interviewed the 45 land managers who were responsible for the removal projects to determine their characteristics, attitudes, and …
Evaluating The Interaction Between The Human Melanocortin-2 Receptor And The Accessory Protein, Mrap1: Chimeric Receptor And Alanine Substitution Studies On Transmembrane Domain 4, Extracellular Loop 2, And Transmembrane Domain 5, Perry Victoria Davis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R) is the most complex due to its trafficking and ligand selectivity requirements for proper activation. The MC2R requires the melanocortin receptor accessory protein-1 (MRAP1) for proper trafficking and activation of the receptor by the melanocortin hormone, ACTH. MRAP1 is a single transmembrane-spanning domain protein that creates a homodimer with another MRAP1 protein. Furthermore, MRAP2 creates a heterodimer with the MC2R. Previous studies have shown that the MRAP1 protein contains an activation motif required for activation of MC2R and this activation motif located on the extracellular space side of the plasma membrane of the cell. The objective …
Diet Breadth Evolution And Diversification Of A Generalist Insect Herbivore, Mayra Cadorin Vidal
Diet Breadth Evolution And Diversification Of A Generalist Insect Herbivore, Mayra Cadorin Vidal
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Insect herbivores are one of the most diverse groups of multicellular organisms, and the vast majority are specialists, which feed on only a few plant species. The factors that cause some herbivores to be specialists and others to be generalists are still unclear. It is known that the selective forces from natural enemies (top-down) and the host plants (bottom-up) influence an herbivore's diet breadth. In my meta-analysis evaluating the relative important of top-down and bottom-up forces on insect herbivore fitness, I found that herbivores usually have greater performance on better quality plants and in the absence or reduction of enemy …
Quantifying And Simulating Fine-Scale Spatial Patterns In Plant Populations, Darin Schulte
Quantifying And Simulating Fine-Scale Spatial Patterns In Plant Populations, Darin Schulte
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Plant ecology as a discipline has increasingly acknowledged the importance of fine-scale spatial patterns in developing our understanding of community/population dynamics. These spatial patterns are largely determined by direct and indirect interactions between plants and their immediate neighbors. Such interactions thus play an important role in the structure and function of plant communities. Study of these types of local interactions has greatly benefitted from simulation based approaches. one such simulation method, agent-based modeling, has increasingly been identified as a useful tool for simulating these fine-scale interactions, and for investigating theoretical descriptions of underlying processes. Similarly, statistical techniques aimed at quantifying …
Small Rho Gtpase Family Member Cdc42 And Its Role In Neuronal Survival And Apoptosis, Noelle Christine Punessen
Small Rho Gtpase Family Member Cdc42 And Its Role In Neuronal Survival And Apoptosis, Noelle Christine Punessen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are caused by a progressive and aberrant destruction of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. These disorders lack effective long term treatments, and existing options focus primarily on either delaying disease onset or alleviating symptomology. Dysregulated programmed cell death, known as apoptosis, is one of the most significant contributors to neurodegeneration, and is controlled by a number of different factors. Rho GTPases are a protein class with recognized importance in proper neuronal development and migration, and have more recently emerged as regulators of apoptosis and neuronal survival. …
Dense Core Vesicle Heterogeneity In Anterior Pituitary Cells, Kelly Sinak
Dense Core Vesicle Heterogeneity In Anterior Pituitary Cells, Kelly Sinak
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Peptides, which are packaged in dense core vesicles, are an integral part of the function of the endocrine and neurological systems. The dense core vesicles function as an efficient form of peptide storage prior to regulated exocytosis. Two different dense core specific transmembrane proteins traffic different when comparted to retained prolactin cores, offering evidence of heterogeneity of vesicles within a single cell. By comparing synaptotagmin 1 and 7 distribution in male rat and lactating female lactotrophs, a distinct pattern emerges. Cells that retain prolactin cores after exocytosis correspond with those that contain synaptotagmin 1. This finding is a reversal for …
Competition And Community Interactions Of Two Generalist Herbivores, Elizabeth Ellen Barnes
Competition And Community Interactions Of Two Generalist Herbivores, Elizabeth Ellen Barnes
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Competition can have far-reaching consequences for the fitness and distribution of many organisms. In herbivorous insects, competition mediated by a third organism is more common than direct competition and has a strong effect on insect communities; yet most research on indirect competition among herbivores focuses on dietary specialists, and those studies that do include generalists tend to rear them on agricultural crops. My project examines species interactions at three levels: intraspecific competition (within species), interspecific competition (between species), and ecosystem engineering effects at the community level. I studied competition and community interactions of two temporally-separated species of herbivorous insects, western …
Impact Of Light Pollution On Species Interactions, Kylee Grenis
Impact Of Light Pollution On Species Interactions, Kylee Grenis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Over half of the world's population lives in urban areas leading to night skies that are substantially degraded by artificial lights. Yet, we know little about how light pollution affects the surrounding natural communities. What we do know focuses on the impact of light pollution on individual species. Therefore, I investigated the impact of light pollution on species interactions. I determined whether light pollution is a mechanism of community change, evaluated whether there were changes in species interactions between predators and prey, and indirect and direct interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants by examining the entire life cycle …
Metabolomics Of Mammalian And Cellular Models Of Aging, Nathan Gonzales Duval
Metabolomics Of Mammalian And Cellular Models Of Aging, Nathan Gonzales Duval
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Aging is often associated with impaired cognition and a progressive loss of organ function over time accompanied by an increased susceptibility for many disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), heart disease, osteoporosis, type II diabetes, and many forms of cancer. With a rapidly aging population, the negative impacts of aging and age-related disorders is a major cause of increased human suffering both for affected individuals and for families and caregivers. Metabolic changes are also apparent in normal aging, but may increase in magnitude or nature with accompanying disease states or with accelerated aging. Thus, studying aging in a …
The Ecology And Evolution Of Rare, Soil Specialist Astragalus Plants In The Arid Western U.S., Joseph M. Statwick
The Ecology And Evolution Of Rare, Soil Specialist Astragalus Plants In The Arid Western U.S., Joseph M. Statwick
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Organisms that specialize in uncommon habitats are, by their very nature, inherently uncommon. Specialization has its advantages, namely reduced competition and predation, but it also incurs costs. Specialists often have small population sizes, narrow ranges, and fragmented habitat, all of which engender negative consequences on an evolutionary timescale. Herein, I examine benefits and costs of specialization in selenium-hyperaccumulating plants in the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae). These plants are disproportionately likely to be rare and of conservation concern. Thus, I optimized germination pretreatments for Astragalus species such that seed loss can be minimized during ex situ cultivation, and found that physical scarification …
The Role Of P38 Mapk In Protein Homeostasis And Aging, Sarah Mae Ryan
The Role Of P38 Mapk In Protein Homeostasis And Aging, Sarah Mae Ryan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Aging is characterized by a failure to maintain proper protein homeostasis, potentially leading to tissue dysfunction. Though a variety of genes have been found to regulate lifespan and age-related behaviors how these genetic factors contribute to protein homeostasis has not been fully explored. Here, we report that the evolutionarily conserved aging gene p38 MAPK (p38Kb) regulates age-dependent protein homeostasis. Over-expression of p38Kb results in reduced protein aggregation, while knockout of p38Kb leads to increased protein aggregation. Furthermore, we find that p38Kb regulates protein homeostasis, lifespan, and age-dependent locomotor functions through an interaction with the Chaperone Assisted Selective Autophagy complex; a …
Neuroprotection Comparison Of Different Nutraceutical Compounds Against Mechanistically Distinct Cell Death Inducing Agents, Faten I. Taram
Neuroprotection Comparison Of Different Nutraceutical Compounds Against Mechanistically Distinct Cell Death Inducing Agents, Faten I. Taram
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), include the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons leading to neuronal death. All of these diseases are fatal, as there is no cure for them. The causes of these diseases are unknown; however, there are many proposed mechanisms that lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is the leading cause of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to other mechanisms including endoplasmic reticulum stress, proteasome inhibition, nitrosative stress, inflammation and excitotoxicity. More understanding of the death mechanisms at work in neurodegeneration is necessary to …
The Neuroprotective And Therapeutic Effects Of Anthocyanins And Their Metabolites In Vitro And In A Mouse Model Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Aimee Nicole Winter
The Neuroprotective And Therapeutic Effects Of Anthocyanins And Their Metabolites In Vitro And In A Mouse Model Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Aimee Nicole Winter
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Anthocyanins, a unique class of flavonoid compounds, have recently come to the forefront of investigative research aimed at evaluating the potential applications of natural products to human health. Evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of anthocyanin consumption has been reported for a myriad of conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and lately, neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized by the death of specific neuronal populations within the brain and spinal cord, leading to cognitive and/or motor impairment. While the etiology of many of these diseases is largely unknown, several factors have …
Rab8 Directs Tubulation And Furrow Ingression During Epithelial Formation In Drosophila Melanogaster, Lauren Mackenzie Mavor
Rab8 Directs Tubulation And Furrow Ingression During Epithelial Formation In Drosophila Melanogaster, Lauren Mackenzie Mavor
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
One of the most fundamental changes in cell morphology is the formation of a plasma membrane furrow. The Drosophila embryo undergoes several cycles of rapid furrow ingression during early development, which culminates in the formation of an epithelial sheet. Previous studies have demonstrated the requirement for intracellular trafficking pathways in furrow ingression; however, the pathways that link compartmental behaviors with cortical furrow ingression events have remained unclear. This research shows that Rab8, a small GTPase associated with late exocytic trafficking events, demonstrates striking dynamic behaviors in vivo; transitioning from punctate structures to a stable association with the cortex during …
Regulation Of Synaptogenesis By The Mirna Pathway And Fmr/P Bodies, Jacqueline Rochelle Furlong
Regulation Of Synaptogenesis By The Mirna Pathway And Fmr/P Bodies, Jacqueline Rochelle Furlong
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA is facilitated by different mechanisms, such as microRNA (miRNA) induced gene silencing or fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) mediated repression either independent of or acting through cytoplasmic RNA Processing bodies (P bodies). DPTP99A, Lar, and Wg have known functions during synaptogenesis and may be targets of miR-8. Here, we provide evidence that miR-8 regulates DPTP99A in vitro. Non-endogenous miR-8 expressed using an UAS driver regulates Lar. Endogenous miR-8 may regulate DPTP99A in vivo. Here we show that FMRP is capable of colocalizing with the P body components: DCP1, HPat, and Me31B, but not …
Phytoremediation Of Metal Contamination Using Salix (Willows), Gordon J. Kersten
Phytoremediation Of Metal Contamination Using Salix (Willows), Gordon J. Kersten
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Abandoned hardrock mines and the resulting Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) are a source of vast, environmental degradation that are toxic threats to plants, animals, and humans. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are metal contaminants often found in AMD. In my mine outwash water samples, cadmium and lead concentrations were 19 and 160 times greater than concentrations in control waterways, and 300 and 40 times greater than EPA Aquatic Life Use water quality standards, respectively. I tested the phytoremediation characteristics of three montane willows native to the Rocky Mountains: Salix drummondiana, S. monticola, and S. planifolia. I tested …
Activity-Regulated Micrornas: Modulators Of Synaptic Growth At The Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction, Katherine Ruth Nesler
Activity-Regulated Micrornas: Modulators Of Synaptic Growth At The Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction, Katherine Ruth Nesler
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
It is well established that long-term changes in synaptic structure and function are mediated by rapid activity-dependent gene transcription and new protein synthesis. A growing body of evidence supports the involvement of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway in these processes. We have used the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model synapse to characterize activity-regulated miRNAs and their important mRNA targets. Here, we have identified five neuronal miRNAs (miRs-1, -8, -289, -314, and -958) that are significantly downregulated in response to neuronal activity. Furthermore we have discovered that neuronal misexpression of three of these miRNAs (miR-8, -289, and -958) is capable …
Native Grass And Forb Establishment In Post-Agricultural Soil, Courtney D. Hall
Native Grass And Forb Establishment In Post-Agricultural Soil, Courtney D. Hall
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Restoration of degraded and abandoned agricultural land in arid and semiarid climates is a global problem. The erratic patterns of precipitation these lands experience makes restoration of a plant community difficult. Application of supplemental irrigation and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are two restoration techniques that have been suggested to overcome deficits in natural precipitation. The effects and the interactions of irrigation and seeding date on the ground cover of intended species and unintended exotic species were tested in a post-agricultural restoration experiment in south-central Colorado, USA. The greatest ground cover of intended species and lowest ground cover of …
A Role For Dynamin-Dependent Endocytosis During Drosophila Gastrulation, Marissa Kay Kuhl
A Role For Dynamin-Dependent Endocytosis During Drosophila Gastrulation, Marissa Kay Kuhl
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Gastrulation, a process conserved among many higher organisms, is the directed migration of cells into layers that will establish various tissues targeted to become anatomical structures. This process is accomplished through another conserved morphogenetic event, known as cell intercalation. Early in development, this movement of cells within an organized tissue leads to unique cellular arrangements where neighboring cells contract their shared interfaces in order to meet at a shared vertex. In this thesis, I present work that demonstrates a requirement for Dynamin-dependent endocytosis during these contraction events. Using quantitative analysis, I have identified varied cell behaviors during experiments which knockdown …