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Articles 1 - 30 of 61
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Environmental Regulation Of Tidal Wetland Microbial Communities And Associated Biogeochemistry, Ember Morrissey
Environmental Regulation Of Tidal Wetland Microbial Communities And Associated Biogeochemistry, Ember Morrissey
Theses and Dissertations
Microbial communities play an essential role in carrying out the biogeochemical cycles that sustain life on Earth, yet we know very little about their ecology. One question of particular interest is how environmental conditions shape microbial community structure (i.e., the types of organisms found in the community and their relative abundance), and whether such changes in structure are related to biogeochemical function. It is the aim of this dissertation to address this question via the examination of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in wetland ecosystems, which due to their diverse hydrology have a profound influence on biogeochemical cycles. With …
Discovering Driver Somatic Mutations, Copy Number Alterations And Methylation Changes Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Bokhari Yahya
Discovering Driver Somatic Mutations, Copy Number Alterations And Methylation Changes Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Bokhari Yahya
Theses and Dissertations
Nowadays we have tremendous amount of genetic data needing to be interpreted. Somatic mutations, copy number variations and methylation are example of the genetics data we are dealing with. Discovering driver mutations from these combined data types is challenging. Mutations are unpredictable and have broad heterogeneity, which makes our goal hard to accomplish. Many methods have been proposed to solve the mystery of genetics of cancer. In this project we manipulate those above mentioned genetics data types and choose to use and modified an existing method utilizing Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The method introduced two properties, coverage and exclusivity. …
The Response Of Naive Channel Catfish To Chemical Cues Associated With Predation, Marinda Coulter
The Response Of Naive Channel Catfish To Chemical Cues Associated With Predation, Marinda Coulter
Theses and Dissertations
The chemosensory abilities of fishes, are important in order to understand how prey can perceive and avoid predators. Predator-naïve Channel catfish were exposed to four extracts over eight sessions (naïve bass water (NBW), bass that were fed catfish water (BFCW), catfish skin extract (CS), and naïve bass water paired with catfish skin extract (CO)) to determine whether they have an innate predator response to potential chemical cues indicating possible predation risk. Movement was quantified as grid squares crossed, directional changes, and tail beats. Response increased during the first minute following stimulus injection and decreased during the second minute. Channel catfish …
Who's Your Daddy? A Study Of Extra-Pair Copulation And Mating Behaviors Of Protonotaria Citrea, Morton Catherine Heidrich
Who's Your Daddy? A Study Of Extra-Pair Copulation And Mating Behaviors Of Protonotaria Citrea, Morton Catherine Heidrich
Theses and Dissertations
Mating behavior has a profound impact on reproductive success and the resulting genetic structure of offspring. Extra-pair copulation is a widely observed behavior within avian species. This study explored the genetic effects of mating behaviors of Prothonotary warblers, Protonotaria citrea (Parulidae), using co-dominant microsatellite markers. Prothonotary warblers are migratory songbirds that build nests in cavities, commonly found in wetland habitats. A set of artificial nest boxes were initiated by Dr Robert Reilly in 2002 in Dutch Gap, Chesterfield County Virginia, USA, a tidal tributary off the James River. From this population, 28 nest boxes were surveyed yielding 47 adults and …
Metabolic Remodeling And Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Maladaptive Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Secondary To Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Jose Gomez-Arroyo
Metabolic Remodeling And Mitochondrial Dysfunction In Maladaptive Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Secondary To Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Jose Gomez-Arroyo
Theses and Dissertations
Right ventricular dysfunction is the most frequent cause of death in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although abnormal energy substrate use has been implicated in the development of chronic left heart failure, data describing such metabolic remodeling in failing right ventricular tissue remain incomplete. In the present dissertation we sought to characterize metabolic gene expression changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in functional and dysfunctional RV hypertrophy. Two different rat models of RV hypertrophy were studied. The model of right ventricular failure (SU5416/hypoxia) exhibited a significantly decreased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1α, peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-α and estrogen-related receptor-α. The …
Regulation Of Satiety Quiescence: Cyclic Gmp, Tgf Beta, And The Asi Neuron, Thomas Gallagher
Regulation Of Satiety Quiescence: Cyclic Gmp, Tgf Beta, And The Asi Neuron, Thomas Gallagher
Theses and Dissertations
The worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-studied model organism in numerous aspects of its biology. This small free living nematode has less than 1,000 cells, but shows clear conservation in both signaling and behavior to mammals in aspects of appetite control. This is of importance to humans, where failure of appetite control is a major factor in the unprecedented obesity epidemic that we see today. In general, worm behavior reflects its internal nutritional state and the availability and quality of food. Specifically, worms show a behavioral state that mimics aspects of the mammalian behavioral satiety sequence, which has been termed …
Differential Effects Of Short-Chain Fatty Acids On Motility Of Guinea Pig Proximal And Distal Colon, Norman Hurst
Differential Effects Of Short-Chain Fatty Acids On Motility Of Guinea Pig Proximal And Distal Colon, Norman Hurst
Theses and Dissertations
NTRODUCTION: Colonic bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and fiber. The production of SCFAs is greatest in proximal colon where propulsion is likely to be highly dependent on chemical/nutrient stimuli. Unabsorbed SCFAs entering the distal colon are likely to modify peristalsis initiated by fecal pellet-induced distension. AIM: To determine the effect of individual SCFAs on propulsive contractions in guinea pig proximal colon and on pellet propulsion in distal colon. METHODS: Proximal colon was excised, cannulated and placed in Krebs buffer in an organ bath. After equilibration, the colon was distended with 1ml of Krebs buffer …
Variation And Modulation Of Micrornas In Prostate Cancer And Biological Fluids, Sarah Seashols
Variation And Modulation Of Micrornas In Prostate Cancer And Biological Fluids, Sarah Seashols
Theses and Dissertations
Prostate cancer is the second-most diagnosed and fatal carcinoma for males in the United States, and better diagnostic markers and potential therapies are needed. microRNAs are small, single-stranded RNA molecules that affect protein expression at the translational level, and dysregulation can dramatically affect cell metabolism. Comparison of 736 microRNA expression levels between the poorly metastatic SV40T immortalized prostate epithelial cell line P69 to its highly tumorigenic and metastatic subline M12 identified 231 miRs that were overexpressed and 150 miRs that showed loss of expression in the M12 cell line. Further evaluation of fourteen identified miRs was accomplished using other prostate …
Lapatinib And Sorafenib Kill Gbm Tumor Cells In A Greater Than Additive Manner, Seyedmehrad Tavallai
Lapatinib And Sorafenib Kill Gbm Tumor Cells In A Greater Than Additive Manner, Seyedmehrad Tavallai
Theses and Dissertations
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor in adults, affecting thousands of people worldwide every year, with a life expectancy, post diagnosis of 12 months. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy together, result in an overall mean survival not exceeding 15 months. Targeted therapeutic agents sorafenib, an oral multi kinase inhibitor, and lapatinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, used in combination have been shown to kill GBM cells be through inhibition of major growth mediating signaling pathways that are frequently over expressed in gliomas, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT). …
High Throughput Data Framework Based Characterization And Evaluations Of Thermobifida Fusca For Industrial Applications, Niti Vanee
Theses and Dissertations
Cellulolytic organisms are being heavily studied for the production of biofuels, given that lignocellulosic biomass would be a cheap, abundant, and renewable starting material for chemical production. A challenge with cellulolytic microorganisms is that they are typically poorly characterized and often difficult to genetically manipulate. Our group focuses characterization and engineering of a thermophilic aerobic, cellulolytic actinobacterium, Thermobifida fusca. The wider range of optimal temperature and pH for the growth condition, besides the secretion of several group of cellulases, have made this microbe a potentially efficient host system for industrially application. After the development of first ever successful genetic manipulation …
Effects Of Nitrite And Oxygen On Angiogenesis In Vascular Networks Of The Chicken Embryo, Michael Connery
Effects Of Nitrite And Oxygen On Angiogenesis In Vascular Networks Of The Chicken Embryo, Michael Connery
Theses and Dissertations
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of angiogenesis and is primarily produced endogenously through the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). An alternate pathway for NO production is the conversion of nitrite to NO, which depends on the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) and hypoxic conditions. The angiogenic effects of topically applied sodium nitrite on two vascular beds in the ex ovo chicken embryonic model of angiogenesis were assessed. Gas barrier films were used to modulate local oxygen levels in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a respiratory vascular network, and the area vasculosa (AV) on the yolk sac, a typical peripheral …
Protein Kinase C Dependent Inhibition Of Kir3.2 (Girk2) Channel Activity And Its Molecular Determinants, Scott Adney
Protein Kinase C Dependent Inhibition Of Kir3.2 (Girk2) Channel Activity And Its Molecular Determinants, Scott Adney
Theses and Dissertations
Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels are critically important for regulating resting membrane potential in excitable cells, a job underscored by the severe pathophysiology associated with channel dysfunction. While all Kir channels require the activating lipid PIP2, many of these channels have diverse modulatory factors that couple to PIP2-dependent gating. Channels in the Kir3 (GIRK) family, in particular, have several co-activating elements, including G-protein betagamma subunits, ethanol, and sodium. During stimulation of Gq-coupled receptors, downstream activation of Protein Kinase C can phosphorylate and inhibit Kir3 channels, yet the mechanism of inhibition and phosphorylation sites are incompletely understood. We took a combined …
The Effects Of Neurotensin On The Rat Distal Colon, Rick Chainani
The Effects Of Neurotensin On The Rat Distal Colon, Rick Chainani
Theses and Dissertations
The enteric nervous system controls the gut through the release of specific neurotransmitter and neuromodulators at specific sites such as mucosal secretory cell or smooth muscle cell. In the present study, we have examined the response to one of these neurohumoral agents, Neurotensin, in the rat distal colon. Neurotensin is a paracrine and endocrine modulator of the digestive tract. Even though these effects have been seen in colonic preparations, there are very few functional studies of the effects of Neurotensin in the rat colon, especially the distal colon. In the current study we propose the following hypothesis that Neurotensin will …
Intra And Extracellular Functions Of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate In Sterile Inflammation., Jessie Yester
Intra And Extracellular Functions Of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate In Sterile Inflammation., Jessie Yester
Theses and Dissertations
Sterile inflammation is a key component of a variety of diseases including, gout, arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis (MS). Sterile inflammation induces the recruitment of immune cells via chemokines, such as CCL5 and CXCL10. Expression of these chemokines is dependent on IRF-1. Recently the FDA has approved the use of a pro-drug, FTY720 that after phosphorylation becomes a S1P mimetic for the treatment of MS. This report describes two novel and opposing mechanisms of S1P action in sterile inflammation. First, intracellular S1P acts as a cofactor of cIAP2 that inducesIL-1-dependent K63-polyubiquitination of IRF-1, which leads to …
Confocal Microscopy Study Of The Embryonic Development Of The Viviparous Nemertean Prosorhochmus Americanus Reveals Larval Features Supporting Indirect Development In Hoplonemerteans, S Tyler Spindle
Theses and Dissertations
Recent studies of hoplonenemertean planuliform larvae have clarified their development and provided insight into larval evolution within the phylum. However, an assessment of viviparous development using modern techniques is lacking. To help facilitate a comprehensive comparative evaluation of developmental diversity within hoplonemerteans, we have conducted a confocal laser scanning microscopy investigation of the development in Prosorhochmus americanus, one of the few viviparous hoplonemertean species. Phalloidin staining provides evidence of a modified transitory larval epidermis, and reveals that the foregut, midgut, proboscis, central nervous system, and body wall musculature form early in development, consistent with observations for planktonic and encapsulated hoplonemertean …
Development Of Pectoral Apparatus In Ictalurid Catfish, Shweta Lahiri
Development Of Pectoral Apparatus In Ictalurid Catfish, Shweta Lahiri
Theses and Dissertations
The thesis contains two manuscripts- 1) Developmental changes in pectoral muscle fiber diameter and number in the Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus and 2) Reduction in pectoral spine and girdle in domesticated Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus is likely caused by the absence of fish predators. The first study showed that fiber diameter increased linearly with fish size, whereas fiber number increases non linearly with fish size in the Blue Catfish correlated with dietary shift. The second study showed shorter spines in domesticated Channel Catfish as compared to wild Channel Catfish was a result of reduction in selection pressure during domestication in …
Environmental Influences On Sex Ratio And Spatial Distribution Of Dioecious Morella Cerifera L. On A Virginia Barrier Island., Molly Hokkanen
Environmental Influences On Sex Ratio And Spatial Distribution Of Dioecious Morella Cerifera L. On A Virginia Barrier Island., Molly Hokkanen
Theses and Dissertations
For dioecious plant species, sex ratios within a population depend on multiple environmental and life history characteristics. Sex ratio is an indicator of population health and can be a predictor for genetic bottlenecking. My study established the previously unknown sex ratio for the shrub, Morella cerifera, on a Virginia barrier island. The ratio was compared with multiple environmental and reproductive traits to determine their potential influence on sex determination and/or distribution of male and female plants. Multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships between sex, sex ratio and environmental drivers. The sex ratio for M. cerifera changed depending on scale. …
Paired Interactions Between Kir Channels And Tertiapin-Q, Chul Ho Yang
Paired Interactions Between Kir Channels And Tertiapin-Q, Chul Ho Yang
Theses and Dissertations
Kir channels serve diverse and important roles throughout the human body and malfunctions of these channels are implicated in various channelopathies. Specific inhibitors for different subtypes of Kir channels are not available. However, Tertiapin-Q (TPNQ), a polypeptide isolated from honey bee venom, differentially inhibits certain subtypes of Kir channels with nanomolar affinity: ROMK1 (Kir1.1) and GIRK1/GIRK4 (Kir3.1/Kir3.4). Modification of TPNQ to increase selectivity for target channels bears great therapeutic potential. The in silico studies based on TPNQ-docked channel models, ROMK1_IRK2 (Kir1.1_Kir2.2) and GIRK2 (Kir3.2), predicted specific paired residue interactions and were experimentally validated here. In ROMK1 E123A mutant, the TPNQ …
The Effects Of Saltwater Intrusion On Methanogen Community Abundance, Structure, And Activity, Jaimie Gillespie
The Effects Of Saltwater Intrusion On Methanogen Community Abundance, Structure, And Activity, Jaimie Gillespie
Theses and Dissertations
Tidal freshwater wetlands (TFW) are at significant risk of loss or alteration due to global climate change, and saltwater intrusion from sea level rise is of particular concern for these habitats due to their proximity to coastal areas. A space-for-time model was used to investigate the effects of saltwater intrusion on soil methanogen communities along naturally occurring salinity gradients on the Waccamaw, James, and Hudson Rivers. Amplification of the methyl coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) functional gene was used in qPCR, reverse transcription qPCR, and T-RFLP to measure the abundance, activity, and community composition of soil methanogens. Both the abundance and activity …
Phylogeography And Species Status Of Ramphogordius Sanguineus, Cora Runnels
Phylogeography And Species Status Of Ramphogordius Sanguineus, Cora Runnels
Theses and Dissertations
Ramphogordius sanguineus (Rathke 1799) is a gregarious nemertean with a worldwide distribution and found mainly on hard substrates associated with mussels, oysters and other organisms of the fouling community. Asexual reproduction occurs by spontaneous fragmentation and only anecdotal accounts of sexual reproduction exist. This is the first phylogeographic study of R. sanguineus as well as the first species delimitation analyses employing DNA markers. Analysis of the mitochondrial gene nad6 and nuclear ISSR markers showed little diversity among geographically widespread populations, but AMOVA analyses of both markers revealed moderate to high genetic differentiation. Populations from Maine and Massachusetts exhibited the highest …
Role Of Tyk2 In Regulating Energy Expenditure And Preventing Obesity, Vidisha Raje
Role Of Tyk2 In Regulating Energy Expenditure And Preventing Obesity, Vidisha Raje
Theses and Dissertations
Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Defect in the function of brown fat and skeletal muscle, two of the major tissues that contribute towards energy expenditure, lead to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Our previous findings suggest that Tyk2 deficient mice become obese and develop the metabolic syndrome. Tyk2, which is a tyrosine kinase of the JAK-STAT signaling family, is important for optimal brown development and function. Since brown fat and skeletal muscle, both are derived from the Myf5+ lineage of mesenchymal stem cells, we also characterized the role of Tyk2 in the development and function …
Physiological Mechanisms Of Shrub Encroachment: Linking Enhanced Hydraulic Capacity To Efficient Light Capture And Processing, Sheri Shiflett
Physiological Mechanisms Of Shrub Encroachment: Linking Enhanced Hydraulic Capacity To Efficient Light Capture And Processing, Sheri Shiflett
Theses and Dissertations
Woody plant expansion has been documented for decades in many different ecosystems, often due to anthropogenic disturbances to the environment and yielding vast changes in ecosystem functioning. While causes and consequences of woody expansion have been well documented, few studies have investigated functional traits of woody species that promote rapid expansion in range. My objective was to determine if hydraulic efficiency confers enhanced photosynthetic efficiency so that functional traits representing light and water use may be possible mechanisms facilitating woody encroachment into grasslands and forest understories. I quantified leaf-level light environment, photosynthetic activity, and hydraulic characteristics of three sympatric broadleaf …
S3-S4 Linker Modulation Of Voltage Sensor Relaxation In Voltage Gated Potassium Channels, W. Everett Fox
S3-S4 Linker Modulation Of Voltage Sensor Relaxation In Voltage Gated Potassium Channels, W. Everett Fox
Theses and Dissertations
It is commonly assumed that the voltage dependence for activation of voltage-gated channels is an intrinsic characteristic of the protein that remains unchanged during electrical activity. However, sporadic reports have suggested otherwise by showing that voltage dependence changes in a use-dependent manner resulting in a voltage dependence shift towards negative potentials (Bezanilla et al., 1982; Bruening-Wright and Larsson, 2007; Kuzmenkin et al., 2004; Labro et al., 2012; Larsson and Elinder, 2000; Olcese et al., 1997; Piper et al., 2003; Shirokov et al., 1992). Although the mechanism underlying the shift in voltage dependence remains unclear, this process seems to have two …
The Effects Of Gain Of Function Mutant P53 And P63 On Eps8 And Cxcl5 Expression In Head And Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Rubana Masood
The Effects Of Gain Of Function Mutant P53 And P63 On Eps8 And Cxcl5 Expression In Head And Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Rubana Masood
Theses and Dissertations
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the ten most common cancers worldwide, with a survival rate of less than 50%. A class of mutant p53, known as gain of function (GOF) mutant p53, has been found to be expressed in tumors in these patients. GOF mutant p53 not only loses the wild type tumor suppressor functions, but also gains aberrant functions that have been linked to tumorigenesis. In this current study, we utilized a model system consisting of cells derived from HNSCC tumors in order to investigate our hypothesis that GOF mutant p53 enhances, and p63 …
Identification Of Multiple Levels Of Trauma Induced Coagulopathy, Jason Newton
Identification Of Multiple Levels Of Trauma Induced Coagulopathy, Jason Newton
Theses and Dissertations
Trauma continues to be a major cause of death across the globe. While the exact causes of trauma differ greatly between the military and civilian lifestyles, the ability to stop bleeding after trauma is paramount for survival. Over the past decade coagulation research has transitioned from a classical understanding of plasma based protein coagulation to the current cell focused research. As part of this shift, platelets have become a central player in hemostasis. Unfortunately little is currently understood about how platelet function is affected by trauma. In an effort to better define platelet function during trauma and the resulting shock …
Impact Of Self-Fertilization On Fecundity, The Timing Of First Reproduction, And Population Genetic Structure: Is A Mate Worth The Wait?, Serena Caplins
Impact Of Self-Fertilization On Fecundity, The Timing Of First Reproduction, And Population Genetic Structure: Is A Mate Worth The Wait?, Serena Caplins
Theses and Dissertations
Organisms capable of self-fertilization typically exhibit two evolutionary syndromes uniting high inbreeding depression with low levels of selfing, or low inbreeding depression and high levels of selfing. This study tests for inbreeding depression in an apparent self-compatible, hermaphroditic marine nemertean worm, Prosorhochmus americanus. Fecundity and timing to first reproduction were assessed in isolated and paired worms. Isolated worms produced significantly more offspring than paired worms and did not show inbreeding avoidance. The selfing rate of natural populations was evaluated using species-specific microsatellites and is consistent with preferential selfing (mean: 0.801), though some outcrossing appears to take place. Population genetic structure …
Genetic And Molecular Analysis Of The Maize R1 Locus, Jennifer Derkits
Genetic And Molecular Analysis Of The Maize R1 Locus, Jennifer Derkits
Theses and Dissertations
Canalization, the stability of phenotypes in the presence of a specific genotype and environment is important for trait selection and understanding gene expression pathways. The goal of this study was to investigate mechanisms involved in the loss of canalization at the maize r1 locus. A specific lightly colored R-sc derivative, R-sc:86-17(L), was mutagenized with ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS), and the progeny screened for restoration of dark seed color and canalization. Putative revertants/mutants were mapped relative to the r1 locus, tested for complementation to each other to identify a minimum number of genes involved in canalization, tested for cis silencing of …
Structural Basis Of Dna Binding Complexes, Ninad Walavalkar
Structural Basis Of Dna Binding Complexes, Ninad Walavalkar
Theses and Dissertations
The nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex is an abundant deacetylase complex, which couples histone deacetylation and chromatin remodeling ATPase activities, and has a broad cellular and tissue distribution. Although the working model of how this complex forms and functions is not well known, we have demonstrated that the coiled-coil interaction between two proteins (MBD2 and p66α) is critical for DNA methylation dependent gene silencing in vivo. Chapter one: ‘Unique features of the anti-parallel, heterodimeric coiled-coil interaction between methyl-cytosine binding domain 2 (MBD2) homologues and p66α dictate high affinity binding’ describes this unique coiled coil interaction. Coiled-coils were studied using …
Intra-Mitochondrial Injury During Ischemia-Reperfusion, Hema Aluri
Intra-Mitochondrial Injury During Ischemia-Reperfusion, Hema Aluri
Theses and Dissertations
Cardiac injury is increased following ischemia-reperfusion. Mitochondria are the “effector organelles” that are damaged during ischemia (ISC) when there is no blood flow. Resumption of metabolism by damaged mitochondria during reperfusion (REP) results in increased cell injury. Current therapeutic interventions to pre-condition and post-condition the heart during ISC are ineffective during certain conditions like aging and diabetes due to defects in the signaling cascades. In contrast, mitochondrial-based strategies are effective in protecting the heart during ISC-REP. Hence direct therapeutic targeting of dysfunctional mitochondria will provide the potential to bypass the upstream signaling defects and intervene directly upon the effector organelle. …
Inhibition Of Retinoic Acid Receptors Results In Defasciculation Of The Trigeminal Nerve In Xenopus Laevis, Jeremy Thompson
Inhibition Of Retinoic Acid Receptors Results In Defasciculation Of The Trigeminal Nerve In Xenopus Laevis, Jeremy Thompson
Theses and Dissertations
The anatomy of the cranial peripheral nervous system has been studied for over a century, yet surprisingly little is known about how the nerves are guided to their targets. The study of the development of these nerves has important implications for our understanding of craniofacial anomalies and possible treatments for both injury and genetic disorders of nerve development such as Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome. We have discovered that retinoic acid (RA) may play a role in the development of the trigeminal nerve. Inhibition of retinoic acid receptors (RAR) results in trigeminal nerves that become unbundled or defasciculated in the eye region. To …