Life Sciences Commons^™

Role Of Egr-1 Gene Expression In B Cell Receptor-Induced Apoptosis In An Immature B Cell Lymphoma, Subramanian Muthukkumar, Seong-Su Han, Sumathi Muthukkumar, Vivek M. Rangnekar, Subbarao Bondada

Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications

Ligation of B cell receptor (BCR) on BKS-2, an immature B cell lymphoma by anti-IgM antibodies (Ab) caused apoptosis. Here we report that signaling through B cell receptor in wild type BKS-2 cells down-regulated the expression of Egr-1, a zinc finger-containing transcription factor. A reduction in the level ofEgr-1 mRNA could be demonstrated as early as 30 min after the ligation of BCR on BKS-2 cells. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of EGR-1 protein was also inhibited by anti-IgM treatment. Antisense oligonucleotides to Egr-1 caused growth inhibition and apoptosis in BKS-2 cells, suggesting that …

Effect Of Bmp Implementation On Storm Flow Quality Of Two Northwestern Arkansas Streams, Dwayne R. Edwards, Tommy C. Daniel, H. Don Scott, Phillip A. Moore Jr., John F. Murdoch, Paul F. Vendrell

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

The effectiveness of management practices in improving quality of runoff from agricultural land areas has been reported based primarily on results from plot- and field-scale studies. There is limited information available on watershed scales, particularly when the dominant agricultural land use is pasture. The objective of this study was to determine whether a program of Best Management Practice (BMP) implementation in the Lincoln Lake watershed of northwestern Arkansas was effective in reducing storm stream flow concentrations and mass transport of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ortho-phosphorus (PO₄-P), total phosphorus …

Identification Of A Gal/Galnac Lectin In The Protozoan Hartmannella Vermiformis As A Potential Receptor For Attachment And Invasion By The Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium, Chandrasekar Venkataraman, Bradley J. Haack, Subbarao Bondada, Yousef Abu Kwaik

Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications

The Legionnaire's disease bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, is a facultative intracellular pathogen which invades and replicates within two evolutionarily distant hosts, free-living protozoa and mammalian cells. Invasion and intracellular replication within protozoa are thought to be major factors in the transmission of Legionnaire's disease. Although attachment and invasion of human macrophages by L. pneumophila is mediated in part by the complement receptors CR1 and CR3, the protozoan receptor involved in bacterial attachment and invasion has not been identified. To define the molecular events involved in invasion of protozoa by L. pneumophila, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation …

What Leading Alfalfa Producers Do To Produce Quality Hay, Jimmy C. Henning, Garry D. Lacefield, Buddy Sims

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa is the highest quality forage legume crop grown in Kentucky and is the number one cash hay crop. Hay raised by Kentucky farmers has been recognized for its quality at local, state (state fair and Kentucky Alfalfa Conference), and national (American Forage and Grassland Council) hay contests. The testing records of the Kentucky Department of Agriculture also document the high quality alfalfa hay of Kentucky. However, little has been written about the farm practices used to produce high quality alfalfa hay in Kentucky. The current practices of top hay growers may be helpful in defining the options available to …

Grazing Alfalfa In Tennessee: Experiences And Opportunities, Gary Bates

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Animal agriculture in the southeastern U.S. is based on forages. This area has the advantage over all other sections of the nation in forage production. From Kentucky to south Florida, with a little planning forage can be grown almost 12 months a year. Forage programs in Tennessee and Kentucky are based primarily around cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and orchardgrass. These grasses grow over a long portion of the year. In fact, producers have to deal with excess forage production during the spring and fall (Fig. 1). The quality and quantity of forage during these times of the year …

Grazing Alfalfa In Lincoln County, Dan Grigson

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa grazing is becoming an important practice for our county's large livestock enterprise. Both dairy and beef producers use alfalfa grazing in various parts of their feeding operations. Lincoln County farmers have a reputation for being good forage producers and have over the years produced good yields and good quality alfalfa. Most producers realize that good forage leads to better profits for their livestock enterprises. That's very important to us as the livestock business generates over $21 million in cash receipts annually.

Alfalfa Seed Production In The Western U.S., Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa is the primary forage for the dairy industry in the United States and provides a majority of the nutrients and energy needs for other classes of livestock including beef cattle, horses and sheep.

In order to maximize forage yield, quality and persistence, one should start with high quality seed. Seed must be free of noxious weeds, have a purity higher than 99.5 percent, a germination of 90 percent or higher and true to the variety stated.

Over 80% of the alfalfa seed was grown in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain states prior to 1948. This was mostly uncertified, …

Do's And Don'ts Of Alfalfa Round Baled Silage, Michael Collins

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Round baled silage provides an option for outside storage of round bales that protects them from weathering. With shorter field exposure times, silage can dramatically increase forage quality compared with hay. Harvest problems caused by wet weather and/or poor drying conditions during spring and for the freeze-down harvest during autumn could be alleviated by incorporating silage into the harvest system.

Alfalfa Hay: Quality Makes The Difference, Garry D. Lacefield, Jimmy C. Henning

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa "Queen of the Forage Crops" is one of the most important forage legumes grown in the U.S. It can be grown over a wide range of soil and climatic conditions, it has the highest yield potential and the highest feeding values of all adapted perennial forage legumes. Alfalfa is a versatile crop which can be used for pasture, hay, silage, green-chop, soil improvements and · human consumption (sprouts, etc.).

A Solution To Some Spring-Seeded Alfalfa Problems, Paul C. Vincelli

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

One of the most important assignments I received when I assumed this position in 1990 was to address the question, "What is the cause of seeding failure when alfalfa is spring-seeded into soils that remain wet after seeding?" Six years of laboratory and field work have finally borne fruit. Based on our research, we can confidently present Kentucky alfalfa producers with three conclusions and a recommendation.

Manure On Alfalfa: Why, When, And How Much?, Monroe Rasnake

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Manure is an excellent source of nutrients for growing crops. Its' value has been recognized for thousands of years. Before the development of chemical fertilizers, it served as the primary source of nutrients. It has decreased in importance as a nutrient source in this century and in some cases has become a disposal problem. This has led many farmers to consider using it on legume crops such as alfalfa that don't need to have nitrogen added, but will utilize it and other . nutrients in relatively large amounts. The first question to be considered, then, is why apply manure to …

Controlling Weeds In New Seedings And Established Stands, Jonathan D. Green

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

The importance of weed control in forage production should not be overlooked, especially when you consider the high investment associated with alfalfa and other legume forages. Weeds may reduce forage yield by competing for water, sunlight and nutrients. For example, yield obtained from the first cutting of alfalfa can be significantly reduced by a heavy infestation of common chickweed. In addition to yield losses, weeds can also lower forage quality, increase the incidence of disease and insect problems, cause premature stand loss, and create harvesting problems. In some cases weeds are unpalatable to livestock or may be poisonous.

What I'Ve Learned From Three Years Of Intensive Experience With No-Till Alfalfa, Jimmy C. Henning, Garry D. Lacefield, Andy Anderson

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Three years ago, a project was begun to better understand the 'hands-on' aspects of no-till establishment of legumes especially alfalfa into fescue sod. Although no-till drills and technology had been around for nearly two decades, farmer feedback on the success of no-till establishment was not uniformly good. The University of Kentucky initiated a program called the 'Establishment Initiative' in partnership with seed companies and Agco-Tye to conduct no-till establishment demonstrations of no-till establishment. These demonstrations focused on getting alfalfa and red clover established into fescue sod which had been suppressed with herbicides. The following are some of the lessons learned.

Foreword [1997], Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

This is the front matter of the proceedings.

Influence Of Topping And Harvest Management On The Evaluation Of Data From Burley Tobacco Variety Trials, Robert C. Pearce, Jim Calvert, Gary K. Palmer

Agronomy Notes

Tobacco producers are always interested in new tobacco varieties, and are continually searching for the "best" variety. Producers receive information about varieties from a number of sources including; research and extension publications, county extension agents, neighbors, farm supply workers, and seed producers. To help producers evaluate varieties, county agents in cooperation with tobacco specialists conduct many burley tobacco variety trials at the county level.

Potassium Soil Test Correlation And Calibration For Burley Tobacco Grown On An Allegheny Loam Soil, Kenneth L. Wells, James E. Dollarhide, Val Shields

Agronomy Notes

Burley tobacco removes large amounts of potassium (K) from soil. A 2,600 pound/A cured leaf crop removes around 200 lbs K/A/yr, with about 110 lbs of that in the leaf and 90 lbs in the stalk. Because of such a heavy soil demand for K, growers are always concerned that application of fertilizer K be sufficient for top production. The University of Kentucky's Soil Testing Laboratory (Division of Regulatory Services) provides a statewide soil testing service. The Mehlich-3 soil extractant is used by the UK lab, and soil test K values from use of this extractant (reported as lbs K/A) …

Vegetative Filter Strip Removal Of Metals In Runoff From Poultry Litter-Amended Fescuegrass Plots, Dwayne R. Edwards, P. A. Moore Jr., Tommy C. Daniel, Puneet Srivastava, D. J. Nichols

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Runoff from land areas amended with poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) manure can contain elevated concentrations of metals such as Cu, Fe, and Zn. Vegetative filter strips (VFS) can reduce runoff concentrations of animal manure components, but reported studies have typically focused on nutrients and solids rather than metals. This experiment assessed the impact of VFS length (0 to 12 m) on concentrations and mass losses of Cu, Fe, K, Na, Ni, and Zn in runoff from fescuegrass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plots (1.5 m wide × 6 and 12 m long) treated with poultry litter. The runoff was produced from simulated …

Indicator Bacteria Concentrations Of Two Northwest Arkansas Streams In Relation To Flow And Season, Dwayne R. Edwards, Mark S. Coyne, Tommy C. Daniel, P. F. Vendrell, J. F. Murdoch, P. A. Moore Jr.

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Concentrations of indicator bacteria such as fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) are often used to assess the suitability of waters for their intended use(s) and to allocate resources for water quality improvement measures. There is evidence, however, that concentrations of FC and FS can be influenced by variables such as season and flow rate during sampling, which could lead to biased results. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of season and flow rate on concentrations of FC and FS. Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations were measured for approximately three years at five sites on two …

Early Maturing Varieties And Soybean Cyst Nematodes: Will This Marriage Work?, Colleen C. Steele, Larry J. Grabau

Agronomy Notes

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is widely distributed in Kentucky’s soybean growing areas. The use of SCN-resistant varieties has long been a recommended production practice for infested fields. However, continuous use of such varieties can result in a shift to a race of SCN which is able to vigorously attack previously resistant varieties. For this reason, many states recommend that producers periodically grow a crop of SCN-susceptible soybeans within a crop rotation when SCN populations are at minimal levels (causing less than a 5% loss in yield). The UK Plant Pathology Department recommends a four year rotation in SCN-infested fields [PPA3; …

Nitrogen Source Effects On The Growth And Development Of Burley Tobacco Transplants In The Float System, Robert C. Pearce, Gary K. Palmer

Agronomy Notes

During the spring of 1996, many tobacco producers used a water soluble 20-10-20 fertilizer in their float beds, only to have to throw out the stunted sickly plants that resulted, and start over. The fertilizer that caused the problems turned out to have 100% of the nitrogen (N) as urea-N. It was hypothesized that the poor growth was related to with the conversion of the urea-N to other forms of N. There have been numerous other cases where producers using fertilizers high in urea-N or ammonium-N (NH4-N) have had problems with stunted plant growth. Further study of nitrogen transformations is …

Can Denitrification Reduce No3 In Shallow Ground Water?, Mark S. Coyne, E. Montgomery, Grant W. Thomas

Agronomy Notes

Systematic sampling of springs, tiles, and wells in Kentucky, as part of a recent statewide program to assess agricultural impacts on water quality, showed that NO₃ concentrations in these shallow ground water sources varied tremendously. The NO₃ concentration could be correlated with flow rate; higher when ground water recharge flushed NO₃ from soil in winter and spring, and lower or non detectable in summer and fall when less NO₃ leaching occurred. Depending on the season, NO₃ concentrations ranged from < 1 to > 10 ppm NO₃-N in almost half of the sites. For example, the water in …

Effectiveness Of Tile Drainage On A Fragipan Soil In An Orchard Site, Gerald D. Brown, Dwight E. Wolfe, Lloyd W. Murdock

Agronomy Notes

Orchards require a well-drained soil in order for roots to have good aeration and to function properly. The soil is unsatisfactory for orchard purposes if the water table remains within six inches to a foot of the soil surface for a week after a heavy spring rain, or within three feet of the surface for several weeks after growth starts. Poor internal water drainage is a limiting factor for many sites. In Kentucky, many orchards are on soils with a fragipan which result in perched water tables near the surface during winter and spring months. Perched water tables exist above …

Establishment Of Kura And Red Clover On A Soil And Mine Spoil, David C. Ditsch, Michael Collins, Norman L. Taylor

Agronomy Notes

Numerous benefits result from the addition of forage legumes to livestock diets. Superior nutritive value and intake of legume forage generally increase individual animal productivity compared with grass alone. This is particularly important with tall fescue where dilution of the diet with legumes can partially alleviate toxicosis associated with endophyte fungus infected fescue (Acremonium coenophialum). Unfortunately, short-term persistence of most legumes requires periodic reestablishment, adding to the cost of forage production and complicating pasture management.

Particle Size And Temperature Affect Fecal Bacteria Survival In Sediment, Mark S. Coyne, J. M. Howell, P. L. Cornelius

Agronomy Notes

When cattle have direct access to streams, fecal bacteria concentrations in stream sediments increase. If these bacteria persist, and if the sediments are resuspended, fecal bacteria may also appear in surrounding water for extended periods. Why do fecal bacteria persist, since dry conditions, high acidity or alkalinity, sunlight, competition from native microbes, and extreme temperatures all diminish their populations in soil? The effects of these environmental factors are much reduced in sediment. Water protects fecal bacteria from desiccation and ultraviolet light. High temperatures can promote their regrowth in wet environments. Fecal bacteria also survive on fine-sized sediments in streams because …

Calibration Of A Water-Quality Model For Herrington Lake Using Empirically Derived Measurements Of Phytoplankton Growth And Nutrient Assimilation, Paul A. Bukaveckas, Angela S. Crain

KWRRI Research Reports

Importance of light limitation, nutrient availability, and hydrology in controlling the abundance and composition of the phytoplankton community of Herrington Lake (KY) was investigated over a two-year period. Selected environmental parameters were measured every two weeks (April-October) at five sampling stations located along the longitudinal gradient of the reservoir. In addition, short-term (48hr) nutrient enrichment experiments were conducted to assess the spatial and temporal variations in nutrient limitation. Phytoplankton growth responses to the combined addition of nitrogen (NO₃) and phosphorus (PO₄) were greater than those resulting from the addition of either nutrient alone. These results indicate …