Life Sciences Commons^™

A High-Throughput Gene Silencing Approach For Studying The Interaction Between Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) And The Fungal Endophyte Neotyphodium Lolii, S. Felitti, P. Tian, D. Edwards, G. C. Spangenberg

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and its fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) are known to establish a mutualistic association that impacts on the agronomic productivity of endophyte-infected ryegrass pastures. To study this interaction at the molecular level, a genomic resource consisting of 13,964 endophyte ESTs has been generated. However, the functions of a large proportion of these genes remain to be elucidated. Recent work has demonstrated the potential for RNA-mediated gene silencing to suppress gene expression in a sequence specific manner thus allowing for the subsequent analysis of gene function.

Metabolome Analysis Of The Interaction Between Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) And The Fungal Endophyte Neotyphodium Lolii, P. Tian, S. Felitti, M. P. Dobrowolski, K. F. Smith, D. Edwards, R. Hall, J. Kopka, G. C. Spangenberg

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) frequently contain endophytic fungi (Neotyphodium lolii in perennial ryegrass and N. coenophialum in tall fescue). The presence of the endophyte has been shown to improve seedling vigour, persistence and drought tolerance in marginal environments as well as provide protection against some insect pests. Endophyte-infected grasses also produce a wide range of metabolites, including ergopeptine alkaloids, indole-isoprenoid lolitrems, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and pyrrolopyrazine alkaloids. In contrast to information on alkaloids and animal toxicosis, the beneficial physiological aspects of the endophyte/grass interactions have not been well characterised. The physiological …

Gene Discovery And Molecular Dissection Of Fructan Metabolism In Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne), J. Chalmers, A. Lidgett, X. Johnson, K. Terdich, N. Cummings, Y. Y. Cao, K. Fulgueras, M. Emmerling, T. Sawbridge, E. K. Ong, A. Mouradov, G. C. Spangenberg

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Fructans are the main soluble carbohydrate stored in up to a third of the vegetation of the earth, including the economically important temperate grasses. Fructans are polymers of fructose attached to a sucrose precursor. Perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) accumulates fructans of the inulin series, inulin neoseries and levan neoseries. Four enzymes are required to produce fructans of this profile: 1-SST (sucrose:sucrose 1- fructosyltransferase), 1-FFT (fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase), 6G-FFT (6-glucose fructosyltransferase) and 6-FFT (fructan:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase) or 6-SFT (sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase) (Figure 1). Fructan biosynthetic enzymes have evolved from invertases and thus it is argued that fructan metabolism is an extension …

The Investigation Of Flowering Control In Late/Rare Flowering Lolium Perenne, S. Byrne, I. S. Donnison, L. J. Mur, E. Guiney

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Flowering in Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) results in reduced digestibility and its inhibition would enhance forage quality. Flowering regulation has been well studied in Arabidopsis thaliana (Simpson and Dean, 2002) and orthologs of Arabidopsis flowering genes underlying heading date Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) have been identified in rice (Yano, M et al., 2000). However it is not clear yet how universally applicable such studies are to Lolium. The project goals are to characterise the gene expression profiles of late/rare flowering L. perenne plants to determine factors affecting flowering and to map the genes involved in the flowering process. Initial …

Application Of Molecular Markers In Genetic Resources Management Of Perennial Ryegrass, R. Van Treuren

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Key points

1. Molecular markers are effective tools to support traditional approaches in plant genetic resources management.
2. Genetic diversity assessed for perennial ryegrass by AFLP analysis revealed differentiation of populations occurring in traditional Dutch grasslands from commercial varieties, but not from populations occurring in Dutch nature reserves.
3. No specific conservation measures were recommended to maintain the genetic diversity of perennial ryegrass occurring in traditional Dutch grasslands.
4. Pollination rates estimated by microsatellite analysis for a rejuvenated population of a perennial ryegrass genebank accession were very well described by an inverse quadratic function of inter-plant distance between potential mating pairs, while recorded flowering …

In Situ Rumen Degradability Of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars Differing In Ploidy And Heading Date In Ireland, V. Olsson, J. J. Murphy, F. P. O'Mara, M. O'Donovan, F. J. Mulligan

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Grazed grass is the predominant feed in Irish dairy and beef cattle production systems. Knowledge of the degradability characteristics of protein in Irish forages is necessary for the establishment of protein values (PDIE and PDIN values) for these. This knowledge would also facilitate more accurate formulation of supplements for grass diets with the potential to reduce nitrogen (N) excretion.

Survey Of Tetraploid And Diploid Perennial Pastures In The Waikato For Number Of Spores Produced By The Fungus Pithomyces Chartarum, J. P. J. Eerens, W. W. Nichol, J. Waller, J. M. Mellsop, M. R. Trolove, M. G. Norriss

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Facial eczema (FE) is a disease of livestock, caused by a toxin released into the bloodstream after digestion of spores of Pithomyces chartarum, a fungus residing in necrotic plant material in the base of pastures (di Menna & Bailey, 1973). Spore numbers tend to be highest in warm, humid conditions, where high post grazing residuals have lead to a build up of necrotic plant material. Tetraploid perennial ryegrass pastures tend to be more palatable, and with lower post gazing residuals, than equivalent diploid pastures; thus we hypothesised that spore numbers would be lower in tetraploid pastures. A survey of …

Perennial Ryegrass Variety Differences In Nutritive Value Characteristics, T. J. Gilliland, R. E. Agnew, A. M. Fearson, F. E. A. Wilson

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Animal grazing performance at grass is predominately determined by herbage intake rates, with high yielding dairy cows requiring up to 20 kg/d DM within a limited grazing time (Gibb, 1998). Grass nutritional factors such as seasonal patterns in digestibility and water-soluble carbohydrate levels have been linked to animal productivity (Davies et al., 1991), while sward surface height, herbage mass, bulk density and green leaf mass have been shown to promote high grazing intake (Barrett et al., 2001). Furthermore, fatty acid profiles have been shown to improve the unsaturated fatty acid composition of milk, with potential human health benefits …

Intake Characteristics Of Diploid And Tetraploid Perennial Ryegrass Varieties When Grazed By Simmental X Holstein Yearling Heifers Under Rotational Stocking Management, R. J. Orr, J. E. Cook, K. L. Young, R. A. Champion, A. J. Rook

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Orr et al. (2003) measured large differences in dry matter (DM) intake rate between 15 intermediate-heading perennial ryegrass varieties when they were continuously stocked with sheep and subsequently explored the extent to which, for 5 of these varieties, these differences could be explained by chemical and morphological traits (Orr et al., 2004a) which could be targeted in grass breeding programmes. Here, four of the 15 varieties, which within ploidy had low or high intake characteristics when grazed by sheep, were rotationally stocked with cattle and intake and sward factors were measured.

Vegetation Changes In Sown Grassland In The Uk After Nine Years Of Extensive Grazing Management, C. A. Marriott, G. T. Barthram

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The effect of extensive grazing management with sheep on vegetation change in sown pastures (initially containing Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) in the uplands of Scotland was investigated from 1990-1999. One treatment was representative of current more intensive management systems; it was fertilized, and maintained at a sward surface height of 4 cm. Two treatments were unfertilized and were maintained at sward surface heights of 4 cm or 8 cm; the ewe numbers carried on these treatments averaged 74% and 44%, respectively, of those on the fertilized treatment. In all treatments the sheep were Scottish Blackface ewes. Their single …

The Influence Of Rising Atmospheric Co2 On Grassland Ecosystems, J. A. Morgan, P. C. D. Newton, J. Nösberger, C. E. Owensby

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and climatic change will have significant effects on the ecology of grasslands. This paper evaluates results from four CO₂ enrichment studies in contrasting grasslands. A Swiss study investigates the effects of elevated CO₂ (600 μL L^-1 CO₂) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L), a New Zealand study examines how elevated CO₂ (475 μL L^-1 CO₂) affects a botanically diverse pasture, and studies in the Kansas tallgrass prairie and the Colorado shortgrass steppe investigate the effects of an approximate …

Management Of Meadow Fescue Pasture For High-Producing Dairy Cows In Northern Japan, K. Sudo, K. Ochiai, T. Ikeda

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The objective of this study was to establish an intensive grazing system of meadow fescue (Festuca elatior L.) pasture for high-producing dairy cows in some areas of Japan where soil freezes in winter. Plant succession of meadow fescue pastures that had been grazed at different plant heights and milk production from cows grazed on meadow fescue pasture compared to that from cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture were surveyed over a five year period. Succession of meadow fescue pasture depended on the management of plant height before grazing use. Milk production from cows grazed on meadow fescue pasture was …

The Effect Of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivar Lock Up Length And Nitrogen On Forage Quality For Silage, Joseph L. Jacobs, Frank R. Mckenzie, G. N. Ward

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Vedette, Impact and Nevis) with differing maturities, lock up length and nitrogen (N) application upon the dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive characteristics of pasture for silage. The addition of N at 50 kgN/ha significantly (P< 0.05) increased DM yield for all cultivars. Metabolisable energy (ME) (MJ/kgDM) of the ryegrass declined with time for all treatments, although by week 8 of lock up the ME content of Vedette was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than for other cultivars. When the DM yield and ME content of ryegrass at early ear emergence for each cultivar was compared, the harvestable metabolisable energy (MJ/ha) was highest for Nevis followed by Impact and Vedette. In conclusion, there is potential to use later maturing cultivars of ryegrass in south east Australia to allow for later harvesting of forage for silage, whilst maintaining ME and maximising DM yields. Furthermore the use of N fertiliser can also increase DM yields without impinging on pasture quality.

Nitrogen Fertiliser Effects On Perennial Ryegrass Nutritive And Nitrate Content During The Cool Season, Joseph L. Jacobs, Frank R. Mckenzie

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of differing levels of nitrogen (N) application (0 (N1), 25 (N2), 50 (N3) and 75 kgN/ha (N4)) during late autumn (T1), early (T2) and late winter (T3) on the nutritive characteristics and nitrate content of perennial ryegrass. Changes in crude protein (CP) for all treatments at each application time were similar irrespective of level of N application. At the commencement of all treatments, the existing CP content was highest in N3, followed by N2, N1 and N0. Nitrate content decreased throughout T1 primarily due to dry conditions, whilst during T2, levels for …

Nitrogen Response Efficiencies From Grazed Dairy Pastures Under Dry Conditions, Frank R. Mckenzie, Joseph L. Jacobs

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Experiments were conducted within a long-term nitrogen (N) fertiliser experiment under grazing. The objective was to examine N response efficiencies (kg dry matter (DM)/kg N) and herbage crude protein (CP) content to fertiliser N applied under dry soil conditions (gravimetric soil moisture content of 17% at 10cm; soil field capacity = 38% and wilting point = 11%) during autumn (April 1999) and late spring (November 1999) in southeastern Australia. Visually, N treated plots were greener in colour than control (no N) plots. No differences were recorded in primary or residual DM yields, N response efficiencies, and pasture growth rates between …

Seasonal Growth Curves Of Perennial Ryegrass In Mexico, M. E. Z. Velasco, Alfonso Hernández-Garay, J. P. Pérez, V. A. González-Hernández

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

An experiment was established at Colegio de Postgraduados Research Station, Texcoco, México to evaluate the seasonal pattern of growth curve of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards. Growth rate increases rapidly from a low level immediately after defoliation, and eventually reaches an equilibrium level as the amount of green leaf in the sward stabilize. The time required to reach this state varied according to the season of year, with the four seasons ranked in the order: spring (4 weeks) < summer (5 weeks) < autumn and winter (6 weeks). Once swards reached equilibrium, growth rates started to decline as a consequence of an increase in dead material and pseudostem. These increases were highest in spring and lowest in winter. The results of this study suggest that sward management to maximise herbage production and utilisation in ryegrass swards must be done once the highest green leaf mass is reached. In this trial, it was reached at 5, 6, 6 and 4 weeks in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively.

Nonstructural Carbohydrate Reserves Of Temperate Perennial Grasses In Autumn Early Growth, Y. Tamura, K. Matoba, A. Fushimi, M. Moriyama

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

The objective of this study was to determine levels of nonstructural carbohydrate reserves of four temperate perennial grasses: Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in their early growth stages during the cool autumn temperatures in northern Japan. At the time of sampling, all grasses were in their vegetative stage, and Reed canarygrass was not forming rhizomes. Fructosan concentration in reed canarygrass roots (8.04%) was 22 times that of the leaf blade (0.36%) and twice that of the stem (3.40%); the concentration in reed …

Herbage Seed Production Possibilities In Finland, O. Niemeläinen, M. Kinnari

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

In the seed production variety experiments in Finland from 1977 to 1992 the mean seed yield of timothy (Phleum pratense) cultivar Alma was 717 kg ha^-1, of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) cv. Boris 622 kg ha^-1, of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) cv. Retu 350 kg ha^-1, of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cv. Riikka, of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) cv. Haka 295 kg ha^-1, and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cv. Hankkijan Venla 403 kg ha^-1. From 1988 to 1998 annual …

Effect Of Fungicide Application On Seed Yield Of Perennial Ryegrass, Piotr Goliński

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

In four plot experiments established according to random blocks, application effectiveness of propiconazol + carbendazim (Tilt), propiconazol + fenpropimorph (Archer), flusilazol + carbendazim (Alert) and epoxiconazol + crezoxim-metil (Juwel) pesticides regarding the infection by fungal diseases of plant inflorescence structure, biological floret site utilisation, thousand seed weight and harvested seed yield of perennial ryegrass cv. Anna (2n) and cv. Maja (4n) was analysed. The Archer preparation was found to be the most effective, both in the case of Anna and Maja cultivars. Its application was found to increase seed yield in Anna and Maja cultivars by, respectively, 21,5% and 14,5%. …

Identification Of Perennial Ryegrass Varieties By Ultrathin‐Layer Isoelectric Focusing (Utlief) Of Seed Storage Protein, Minxuan Liu, Yunwen Wang, Jianguo Han

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Amino Acid And Protein Incorporation In Water‐Stressed Perennial Ryegrass, W. J. Jung, B. R. Lee, L. S. Li, Y. L. Jin, T. H. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Genotype And Cutting System On Agronomic And Feed Quality Characteristics Of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.) Grown In Three Sites In Northern Germany, H. Salama, M. Lösche, Antje Herrmann, M. Gierus, Friedhelm Taube

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Milk C18 :1 And Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers From Cows Grazed On Perennial Ryegrass, Tall Fescue Or Timothy Grass Swards, Michael R. F. Lee, E. J. Kim, N. Ellis, J. K. S. Tweed, Nigel D. Scollan

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Milk C18 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids From Cows Grazed On Perennial Ryegrass, Tall Fescue Or Timothy Grass Swards, Michael R. F. Lee, E. J. Kim, N. Ellis, J. K. S. Tweed, Nigel D. Scollan

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Different Explants On Callus Induction And Differentiation Of Perennial Ryegrass, Ru Yang, Qinghua Yuan

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Silencing Ga20‐Oxidase Gene By Rnai For Breeding Dwarf Perennial Ryegrass, Xinrong Ma, Xin Tan, Xiaoya Sun

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Study On Winter‐Green Technology For Sports Field Turf In Tropic And Subtropic Region Of China, J. B. Xi, Y. Li

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Defoliation Frequency And Severity During Winter On Herbage Regrowth And Water‐Soluble Carbohydrate Content Of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.) Dominant Swards, Julia M. Lee, D. J. Donaghy, P. Sathish, J. R. Roche

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.

Relationships Between Pasture Management Inputs And Pasture Consumption Rates In Non‐Irrigateddairy Systems In South‐Eastern Australia, J. Tharmaraj, D. F. Chapman, J. Hill

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

No abstract provided.