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Articles 31 - 60 of 10964
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Microbial Phytases And Phytate: Exploring Opportunities For Sustainable Phosphorus Management In Agriculture, Nelly P. Balaban, Aliya D. Suleimanova, Lia R. Valeeva, Inna B. Chastukhina, Natalia L. Rudakova, Margarita R. Sharipova, Eugene V. Shakirov
Microbial Phytases And Phytate: Exploring Opportunities For Sustainable Phosphorus Management In Agriculture, Nelly P. Balaban, Aliya D. Suleimanova, Lia R. Valeeva, Inna B. Chastukhina, Natalia L. Rudakova, Margarita R. Sharipova, Eugene V. Shakirov
Yevgeniy (Eugene) Shakirov
Myo-inositol phosphates (phytates) are important biological molecules produced largely by plants to store phosphorus. Phytate is very abundant in many different soils making up a large portion of all soil phosphorus. This review assesses current phytase science from the perspective of its substrate, phytate, by examining the intricate relationship between the phytate-hydrolyzing enzymes and phytate as their substrate. Specifically, we examine available data on phytate’s structural features, distribution in nature and functional roles. The role of phytases and their localization in soil and plant tissues are evaluated. We provide a summary of the current biotechnological advances in using industrial …
Is Steering Practice Task Dependent?, Dale Lewis, Seyed Amirhossein Hosseini, Jacqueline Jenkins
Is Steering Practice Task Dependent?, Dale Lewis, Seyed Amirhossein Hosseini, Jacqueline Jenkins
Jacqueline Jenkins
A driving simulation experiment was conducted to examine the performance improvement of participants while conducting a lane keeping task and two lane changing tasks on a straight road. Forty-four participants, sixteen females and twenty-eight males, drove one of three driving conditions. The data was analyzed to test whether 1) practice is better than no practice; 2) practicing a less challenging but similar steering task is good practice for a more challenging steering task; and 3) practicing a more challenging but similar steering task is good practice for a less challenging steering task. The results indicate that practicing the more challenging …
What Are Advantages Of Oil Scrub At A Glance, Richard Sulevan
What Are Advantages Of Oil Scrub At A Glance, Richard Sulevan
Richard Sulevan
The Genomic Landscape Of Molecular Responses To Natural Drought Stress In Panicum Hallii., John T. Lovell, Jerry Jenkins, David B. Lowry, Sujan Mamidi, Avinash Sreedasyam, Xiaoyu Weng, Kerrie Barry, Jason Bonnette, Brandon Campitelli, Chris Daum, Sean P. Gordon, Billie A. Gould, Albina Khasanova, Anna Lipzen, Alice Macqueen, Juan Diego Palacio-Mejía, Christopher Plott, Eugene V. Shakirov, Shengqiang Shu, Yuko Yoshinaga, Matt Zane, Dave Kudrna, Jason D. Talag, Daniel Rokhsar, Jane Grimwood, Jeremy Schmutz, Thomas E. Juenger
The Genomic Landscape Of Molecular Responses To Natural Drought Stress In Panicum Hallii., John T. Lovell, Jerry Jenkins, David B. Lowry, Sujan Mamidi, Avinash Sreedasyam, Xiaoyu Weng, Kerrie Barry, Jason Bonnette, Brandon Campitelli, Chris Daum, Sean P. Gordon, Billie A. Gould, Albina Khasanova, Anna Lipzen, Alice Macqueen, Juan Diego Palacio-Mejía, Christopher Plott, Eugene V. Shakirov, Shengqiang Shu, Yuko Yoshinaga, Matt Zane, Dave Kudrna, Jason D. Talag, Daniel Rokhsar, Jane Grimwood, Jeremy Schmutz, Thomas E. Juenger
Yevgeniy (Eugene) Shakirov
Environmental stress is a major driver of ecological community dynamics and agricultural productivity. This is especially true for soil water availability, because drought is the greatest abiotic inhibitor of worldwide crop yields. Here, we test the genetic basis of drought responses in the genetic model for C4 perennial grasses, Panicum hallii, through population genomics, field-scale gene-expression (eQTL) analysis, and comparison of two complete genomes. While gene expression networks are dominated by local cis-regulatory elements, we observe three genomic hotspots of unlinked trans-regulatory loci. These regulatory hubs are four times more drought responsive than the genome-wide average. Additionally, cis- and trans-regulatory …
Digital Forensics Market.Pptx, John Howard
Digital Forensics Market.Pptx, John Howard
Industry Report Insights
Convergent And Alternative Designs For Vertebrate Suspension Feeding, S. Laurie Sanderson
Convergent And Alternative Designs For Vertebrate Suspension Feeding, S. Laurie Sanderson
S. Laurie Sanderson
In this authoritative three-volume reference work, leading researchers bring together current work to provide a comprehensive analysis of the comparative morphology, development, evolution, and functional biology of the skull.
Tal Effector-Nucleotide Targeter (Tale-Nt) 2.0: Tools For Tal Effector Design And Target Prediction, Erin L. Doyle, Nicholas J. Booher, Daniel S. Standage, Daniel F. Voytas, Volker P. Brendel, John K. Vandyk, Adam J. Bogdanove
Tal Effector-Nucleotide Targeter (Tale-Nt) 2.0: Tools For Tal Effector Design And Target Prediction, Erin L. Doyle, Nicholas J. Booher, Daniel S. Standage, Daniel F. Voytas, Volker P. Brendel, John K. Vandyk, Adam J. Bogdanove
Nicholas J. Booher
Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are repeat-containing proteins used by plant pathogenic bacteria to manipulate host gene expression. Repeats are polymorphic and individually specify single nucleotides in the DNA target, with some degeneracy. A TAL effector-nucleotide binding code that links repeat type to specified nucleotide enables prediction of genomic binding sites for TAL effectors and customization of TAL effectors for use in DNA targeting, in particular as custom transcription factors for engineered gene regulation and as site-specific nucleases for genome editing. We have developed a suite of web-based tools called TAL Effector-Nucleotide Targeter 2.0 (TALE-NT 2.0;https://boglab.plp.iastate.edu/) that enables design …
Increased Interactions And Engulfment Of Dendrites By Microglia Precede Purkinje Cell Degeneration In A Mouse Model Of Niemann Pick Type-C., Larisa Kavetsky, Kayla K Green, Bridget R Boyle, Fawad A K Yousufzai, Zachary M Padron, Sierra E Melli, Victoria L Kuhnel, Harriet M Jackson, Rosa E Blanco, Gareth R Howell, Ileana Soto Reyes
Increased Interactions And Engulfment Of Dendrites By Microglia Precede Purkinje Cell Degeneration In A Mouse Model Of Niemann Pick Type-C., Larisa Kavetsky, Kayla K Green, Bridget R Boyle, Fawad A K Yousufzai, Zachary M Padron, Sierra E Melli, Victoria L Kuhnel, Harriet M Jackson, Rosa E Blanco, Gareth R Howell, Ileana Soto Reyes
Ileana Soto Reyes
Niemann Pick Type-C disease (NPC) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by pathogenic variants in the Npc1 or Npc2 genes that lead to the accumulation of cholesterol and lipids in lysosomes. NPC1 deficiency causes neurodegeneration, dementia and early death. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are particularly hypersensitive to NPC1 deficiency and degenerate earlier than other neurons in the brain. Activation of microglia is an important contributor to PCs degeneration in NPC. However, the mechanisms by which activated microglia promote PCs degeneration in NPC are not completely understood. Here, we are demonstrating that in the Npc1nmf164 mouse cerebellum, microglia …
Meox2 Haploinsufficiency Increases Neuronal Cell Loss In A Mouse Model Of Alzheimer's Disease, Ileana Soto Reyes, Weronika A. Grabowska, Kristen D. Onos, Leah C. Graham, Harriet M. Jackson, Stephen N. Simeone, Gareth R. Howell
Meox2 Haploinsufficiency Increases Neuronal Cell Loss In A Mouse Model Of Alzheimer's Disease, Ileana Soto Reyes, Weronika A. Grabowska, Kristen D. Onos, Leah C. Graham, Harriet M. Jackson, Stephen N. Simeone, Gareth R. Howell
Ileana Soto Reyes
Evidence suggests that multiple genetic and environmental factors conspire together to increase susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid cascade hypothesis states that deposition of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is central to AD; however, evidence in humans and animals suggests that Aβ buildup alone is not sufficient to cause neuronal cell loss and cognitive decline. Mouse models that express high levels of mutant forms of amyloid precursor protein and/or cleaving enzymes deposit amyloid but do not show neuron loss. Therefore, a double-hit hypothesis for AD has been proposed whereby vascular dysfunction precedes and promotes Aβ toxicity. In support of this, …
Deficiency Of Complement Component 5 Ameliorates Glaucoma In Dba/2j Mice, Gareth R. Howell, Ileana Soto Reyes, Margaret Ryan, Leah C. Graham, Richard S. Smith, Simon W.M. John
Deficiency Of Complement Component 5 Ameliorates Glaucoma In Dba/2j Mice, Gareth R. Howell, Ileana Soto Reyes, Margaret Ryan, Leah C. Graham, Richard S. Smith, Simon W.M. John
Ileana Soto Reyes
Background Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder involving the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in blindness. Studies in animal models have shown that activation of inflammatory processes occurs early in the disease. In particular, the complement cascade is activated very early in DBA/2J mice, a widely used mouse model of glaucoma. A comprehensive analysis of the role of the complement cascade in DBA/2J glaucoma has not been possible because DBA/2J mice are naturally deficient in complement component 5 (C5, also known as hemolytic complement, Hc), a key mediator of the downstream processes of the complement cascade, including …
Chronic Consumption Of A Western Diet Induces Robust Glial Activation In Aging Mice And In A Mouse Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Leah C. Graham, Jeffrey M. Harder, Ileana Soto Reyes, Wilhelmine N. De Vries, Simon W. M. John, Gareth R. Howell
Chronic Consumption Of A Western Diet Induces Robust Glial Activation In Aging Mice And In A Mouse Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Leah C. Graham, Jeffrey M. Harder, Ileana Soto Reyes, Wilhelmine N. De Vries, Simon W. M. John, Gareth R. Howell
Ileana Soto Reyes
Studies have assessed individual components of a western diet, but no study has assessed the long-term, cumulative effects of a western diet on aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, we have formulated the first western-style diet that mimics the fat, carbohydrate, protein, vitamin and mineral levels of western diets. This diet was fed to aging C57BL/6J (B6) mice to identify phenotypes that may increase susceptibility to AD, and to APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model of AD, to determine the effects of the diet in AD. Astrocytosis and microglia/monocyte activation were dramatically increased in response to diet and was further increased …
Dba/2j Mice Are Susceptible To Diabetic Nephropathy And Diabetic Exacerbation Of Iop Elevation, Ileana Soto Reyes, Gareth R. Howell, Cai W. John, Joseph L. Kief, Richard T. Libby, Simon W.M. John
Dba/2j Mice Are Susceptible To Diabetic Nephropathy And Diabetic Exacerbation Of Iop Elevation, Ileana Soto Reyes, Gareth R. Howell, Cai W. John, Joseph L. Kief, Richard T. Libby, Simon W.M. John
Ileana Soto Reyes
Some pathological manifestations of diabetes in the eye include retinopathy, cataracts and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in non-proliferative stages of diabetic retinopathy and small increases in IOP in diabetic patients has raised the possibility that diabetes affects the development and progression of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The Ins2Akita mutation is known to cause diabetes and retinopathy on a C57BL/6J (B6) background by as early as 3 months of age. Here, the impact of the Akita mutation on glaucoma was assessed using DBA/2J (D2) mice, a widely used mouse model of ocular hypertension induced glaucoma. …
Apoe Stabilization By Exercise Prevents Aging Neurovascular Dysfunction And Complement Induction, Ileana Soto Reyes, Leah C. Graham, Hannah J. Richter, Stephen N. Simeone, Jake E. Radell, Weronika Grabowska, W. Keith Funkhouser, Megan C. Howell, Gareth R. Howell
Apoe Stabilization By Exercise Prevents Aging Neurovascular Dysfunction And Complement Induction, Ileana Soto Reyes, Leah C. Graham, Hannah J. Richter, Stephen N. Simeone, Jake E. Radell, Weronika Grabowska, W. Keith Funkhouser, Megan C. Howell, Gareth R. Howell
Ileana Soto Reyes
Aging is the major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the processes that lead to age-related decline of brain structures and function. Here we use RNA-seq in combination with high resolution histological analyses to show that aging leads to a significant deterioration of neurovascular structures including basement membrane reduction, pericyte loss, and astrocyte dysfunction. Neurovascular decline was sufficient to cause vascular leakage and correlated strongly with an increase in neuroinflammation including up-regulation of complement component C1QA in microglia/monocytes. Importantly, long-term aerobic exercise from midlife to old age prevented this age-related neurovascular decline, …
Meox2 Haploinsufficiency Accelerates Axonal Degeneration In Dba/2j Glaucoma, Rebecca A Buchanan, Kate E Foley, Keating W Pepper, Alaina M Reagan, Kelly J Keezer, Amanda A Hewes, Cory A Diemler, Christoph Preuss, Ileana Soto Reyes, Simon W M John, Gareth R Howell
Meox2 Haploinsufficiency Accelerates Axonal Degeneration In Dba/2j Glaucoma, Rebecca A Buchanan, Kate E Foley, Keating W Pepper, Alaina M Reagan, Kelly J Keezer, Amanda A Hewes, Cory A Diemler, Christoph Preuss, Ileana Soto Reyes, Simon W M John, Gareth R Howell
Ileana Soto Reyes
Purpose: Glaucoma is a complex disease with major risk factors including advancing age and increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Dissecting these earliest events will likely identify new avenues for therapeutics. Previously, we performed transcriptional profiling in DBA/2J (D2) mice, a widely used mouse model relevant to glaucoma. Here, we use these data to identify and test regulators of early gene expression changes in DBA/2J glaucoma.
Methods: Upstream regulator analysis (URA) in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed to identify potential master regulators of differentially expressed genes. The function of one putative regulator, mesenchyme homeobox 2 (Meox2), was tested using a combination of …
Enhancing Face Validity Of Mouse Models Of Alzheimer's Disease With Natural Genetic Variation., Kristen D Onos, Asli Uyar, Kelly J Keezer, Harriet M Jackson, Christoph Preuss, Casey J Acklin, Rita O'Rourke, Rebecca Buchanan, Travis L Cossette, Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo, Ileana Soto Reyes, Gregory W Carter, Gareth R Howell
Enhancing Face Validity Of Mouse Models Of Alzheimer's Disease With Natural Genetic Variation., Kristen D Onos, Asli Uyar, Kelly J Keezer, Harriet M Jackson, Christoph Preuss, Casey J Acklin, Rita O'Rourke, Rebecca Buchanan, Travis L Cossette, Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo, Ileana Soto Reyes, Gregory W Carter, Gareth R Howell
Ileana Soto Reyes
Classical laboratory strains show limited genetic diversity and do not harness natural genetic variation. Mouse models relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) have largely been developed using these classical laboratory strains, such as C57BL/6J (B6), and this has likely contributed to the failure of translation of findings from mice to the clinic. Therefore, here we test the potential for natural genetic variation to enhance the translatability of AD mouse models. Two widely used AD-relevant transgenes, APPswe and PS1de9 (APP/PS1), were backcrossed from B6 to three wild-derived strains CAST/EiJ, WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, representative of three Mus musculus subspecies. These new AD strains were …
Testimoni Manfaat Minyak Bulus Untuk Wajah Memutihkan Dengan Harga Yang Murah, Ripan Maki
Testimoni Manfaat Minyak Bulus Untuk Wajah Memutihkan Dengan Harga Yang Murah, Ripan Maki
ripan maki
Definition Of Oral Presentation, Walter Antonia.Cummins22@Gmail.Com
Definition Of Oral Presentation, Walter Antonia.Cummins22@Gmail.Com
walter-smith
Where To Buy Viga Plus France ?, Chrisiesth Isiesth
Where To Buy Viga Plus France ?, Chrisiesth Isiesth
Chrisiesth isiesth
The Economic Impacts Of Blackbird (Icteridae) Damage To Sunflower In The Usa, Karina Ernst, Julie Elser, George Linz, Hans Kandel, Jason Holderieath, Samantha Degroot, Steven Shwiff, Stephanie Shwiff
The Economic Impacts Of Blackbird (Icteridae) Damage To Sunflower In The Usa, Karina Ernst, Julie Elser, George Linz, Hans Kandel, Jason Holderieath, Samantha Degroot, Steven Shwiff, Stephanie Shwiff
Jason Holderieath
BACKGROUND: Blackbird (Icteridae) damage to ripening sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been a persistent economic issue in the USA for the last five decades. To quantify losses, we surveyed blackbird damage from 2001 to 2013 (excluding 2004) to physiologically mature sunflower in eight states: North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Colorado, Kansas, and Vermont.
RESULTS:We pooled data gathered during the most recent 5 years (2009 to 2013) of the survey and found losses averaged $US2.5 million and $US11.3 million for confectionery and oilseed hybrids, respectively. Three states, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska, had sufficient acreage and bird damage …
A Belmont Report For Animals?, Hope Ferdowsian, L. Syd M. Johnson, Jane Johnson, Andrew Fenton, Adam Shriver, John Gluck
A Belmont Report For Animals?, Hope Ferdowsian, L. Syd M. Johnson, Jane Johnson, Andrew Fenton, Adam Shriver, John Gluck
John P. Gluck, PhD
Human and animal research both operate within established standards. In the United States, criticism of the human research environment and recorded abuses of human research subjects served as the impetus for the establishment of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, and the resulting Belmont Report. The Belmont Report established key ethical principles to which human research should adhere: respect for autonomy, obligations to beneficence and justice, and special protections for vulnerable individuals and populations. While current guidelines appropriately aim to protect the individual interests of human participants in research, no similar, comprehensive, …
The Land Of Meat And Potatoes? Exploring Ireland’S Vegan And Vegetarian Foodscape, Corey Lee Wrenn
The Land Of Meat And Potatoes? Exploring Ireland’S Vegan And Vegetarian Foodscape, Corey Lee Wrenn
Corey Lee Wrenn, PhD
While it would not be accurate to suggest that Ireland is a hub of veganism or vegetarianism, too often it is written off as inherently unsympathetic to the ethics of plant-based eating and anti-speciesist politics. While it is true that Irish culture is historically tied to speciesism and its economy is especially dependent upon “meat” and dairy production, Ireland’s relationship with other animals is complex and sometimes forgiving. This essay seeks to bring shape to the Irish vegan ethic, one that can be traced along its history of animism, agrarianism, ascendency, adaptation, and activism. From its pagan roots to its …
The Question Of Animal Awareness, Francoise Wemelsfelder
The Question Of Animal Awareness, Francoise Wemelsfelder
Françoise Wemelsfelder, PhD
The problem of animal awareness lies at the interface of science and philosophy. As a starting point for the study of phenomena such as awareness, mind, consciousness, etc., we hardly have any reference other than our own human experience and in the context of a nondualistic ontology this can be justified. In philosophy and psychology it appears to be very difficult to give direct operational definitions of terms such as consciousness, etc. So we might expect this to be even more difficult in the study of animals. A detailed knowledge of animals and their behaviour is necessary in order to …
Animal Boredom: Is A Scientific Study Of The Subjective Experiences Of Animals Possible?, Françoise Wemelsfelder
Animal Boredom: Is A Scientific Study Of The Subjective Experiences Of Animals Possible?, Françoise Wemelsfelder
Françoise Wemelsfelder, PhD
The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between different meta-scientific frameworks and the science of animal welfare. Animal Boredom 117 During the past few years, I have become more and more convinced that the great difficulty science has in studying subjective experience in its objects, might be related to the denial of any role to subjective experience in the observer as an interpretational guide. Can a quality in the world around us be observed, when this same quality is deliberately excluded from the process of observing?
As a practical example for the discussion described above, the phenomenon …
Incorporating New Technologies Into Toxicity Testing And Risk Assessment: Moving From 21st Century Vision To A Data-Driven Framework, Russell S. Thomas, Martin A. Philbert, Scott Auerbach, Barbara A. Wetmore, Michael J. Devito, Ila Cote, J. Craig Rowlands, Maurice Whelan, Sean M. Hays, Melvin E. Andersen, M.E. (Bette) Meek, Lawrence W. Reiter, Jason C. Lambert, Harvey J. Clewell Iii, Martin L. Stephens, Q. Jay Zhao, Scott C. Wesselkamper, Lynn Flowers, Edward W. Carney, Tim P. Pastoor, Dan D. Petersen, Carole L. Yauk, Andy Nong
Incorporating New Technologies Into Toxicity Testing And Risk Assessment: Moving From 21st Century Vision To A Data-Driven Framework, Russell S. Thomas, Martin A. Philbert, Scott Auerbach, Barbara A. Wetmore, Michael J. Devito, Ila Cote, J. Craig Rowlands, Maurice Whelan, Sean M. Hays, Melvin E. Andersen, M.E. (Bette) Meek, Lawrence W. Reiter, Jason C. Lambert, Harvey J. Clewell Iii, Martin L. Stephens, Q. Jay Zhao, Scott C. Wesselkamper, Lynn Flowers, Edward W. Carney, Tim P. Pastoor, Dan D. Petersen, Carole L. Yauk, Andy Nong
Martin Stephens, PhD
Based on existing data and previous work, a series of studies is proposed as a basis toward a pragmatic early step in transforming toxicity testing. These studies were assembled into a data-driven framework that invokes successive tiers of testing with margin of exposure (MOE) as the primary metric. The first tier of the framework integrates data from high-throughput in vitro assays, in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) pharmacokinetic modeling, and exposure modeling. The in vitro assays are used to separate chemicals based on their relative selectivity in interacting with biological targets and identify the concentration at which these interactions …
Evidence-Based Toxicology For The 21st Century: Opportunities And Challenges, Martin L. Stephens, Melvin E. Andersen, Richard A. Becker, Kellyn Betts, Kim Boekelheide, Ed Carney, Robert Chapin, Dennis Devlin, Suzanne C. Fitzpatrick, John R. Fowle Iii, Patricia Harlow, Thomas Hartung, Sebastian Hoffman, Michael P. Holsapple, Abigail Jacobs, Richard Judson, Olga Naidenko, Tim Pastoor, Grace Patlewicz, Andrew Rowan, Roberta Scherer, Rashid Shaikh, Ted Simon, Douglas Wolf, Joanne Zurlo
Evidence-Based Toxicology For The 21st Century: Opportunities And Challenges, Martin L. Stephens, Melvin E. Andersen, Richard A. Becker, Kellyn Betts, Kim Boekelheide, Ed Carney, Robert Chapin, Dennis Devlin, Suzanne C. Fitzpatrick, John R. Fowle Iii, Patricia Harlow, Thomas Hartung, Sebastian Hoffman, Michael P. Holsapple, Abigail Jacobs, Richard Judson, Olga Naidenko, Tim Pastoor, Grace Patlewicz, Andrew Rowan, Roberta Scherer, Rashid Shaikh, Ted Simon, Douglas Wolf, Joanne Zurlo
Martin Stephens, PhD
The Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC) was established recently to translate evidence-based approaches from medicine and health care to toxicology in an organized and sustained effort. The EBTC held a workshop on “Evidence-based Toxicology for the 21st Century: Opportunities and Challenges” in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA on January 24-25, 2012. The presentations largely reflected two EBTC priorities: to apply evidence-based methods to assessing the performance of emerging pathwaybased testing methods consistent with the 2007 National Research Council report on “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century” as well as to adopt a governance structure and work processes to move that …
Beyond The 3rs: Expanding The Use Of Human-Relevant Replacement Methods In Biomedical Research, Kathrin Herrmann, Francesca Pistollato, Martin L. Stephens
Beyond The 3rs: Expanding The Use Of Human-Relevant Replacement Methods In Biomedical Research, Kathrin Herrmann, Francesca Pistollato, Martin L. Stephens
Martin Stephens, PhD
This year marks the 60th anniversary of Russell and Burch’s pioneering book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Their 3Rs framework has helped to inspire humane and scientific progress in experimental technique. However, it is time to update its strategic application. The 21st century has already seen the development of promising, high-tech non-animal models, such as organs-on-a-chip and computational approaches that, in our view, will replace animals as the default option in biomedical experimentation. How fast this transition will take place will depend on the pace at which these new models are optimized to reflect the biology of humans, rather …
Adaptation Of The Systematic Review Framework To The Assessment Of Toxicological Test Methods: Challenges And Lessons Learned With The Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test, Martin L. Stephens, Sevcan Gül Akgün-Ölmez, Sebastian Hoffman, Rob De Vries, Burkhard Flick, Thomas Hartung, Manoj Lalu, Alexandra Maertens, Hilda Witters, Robert Wright, Katya Tsaioun
Adaptation Of The Systematic Review Framework To The Assessment Of Toxicological Test Methods: Challenges And Lessons Learned With The Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test, Martin L. Stephens, Sevcan Gül Akgün-Ölmez, Sebastian Hoffman, Rob De Vries, Burkhard Flick, Thomas Hartung, Manoj Lalu, Alexandra Maertens, Hilda Witters, Robert Wright, Katya Tsaioun
Martin Stephens, PhD
Systematic review methodology is a means of addressing specific questions through structured, consistent, and transparent examinations of the relevant scientific evidence. This methodology has been used to advantage in clinical medicine, and is being adapted for use in other disciplines. Although some applications to toxicology have been explored, especially for hazard identification, the present preparatory study is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to adapt it to the assessment of toxicological test methods. As our test case, we chose the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) for developmental toxicity and its mammalian counterpart, the standard mammalian prenatal development toxicity study, focusing the …
Accelerating The Development Of 21st-Century Toxicology: Outcome Of A Human Toxicology Project Consortium Workshop, Martin L. Stephens, Craig Barrow, Melvin E. Andersen, Kim Boekelheide, Paul L. Carmichael, Michael P. Holsapple, Mark Lafranconi
Accelerating The Development Of 21st-Century Toxicology: Outcome Of A Human Toxicology Project Consortium Workshop, Martin L. Stephens, Craig Barrow, Melvin E. Andersen, Kim Boekelheide, Paul L. Carmichael, Michael P. Holsapple, Mark Lafranconi
Martin Stephens, PhD
The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report on “Toxicity Testing in the 21st century” calls for a fundamental shift in the way that chemicals are tested for human health effects and evaluated in risk assessments. The new approach would move toward in vitro methods, typically using human cells in a high-throughput context. The in vitro methods would be designed to detect significant perturbations to “toxicity pathways,” i.e., key biological pathways that, when sufficiently perturbed, lead to adverse health outcomes. To explore progress on the report’s implementation, the Human Toxicology Project Consortium hosted a workshop on 9–10 November 2010 in Washington, …
United States Midwest Soil And Weather Conditions Influence Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen, Jason D. Clark, Kristen S. Veum, Fabian G. Fernandez, James J. Camberato, Paul R. Carter, Richard B. Ferguson, David W. Franzen, Daniel E. Kaiser, Newell R. Kitchen, Carrie A.M. Laboski, Emerson D. Nafziger, John E. Sawyer, John F. Shanahan
United States Midwest Soil And Weather Conditions Influence Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen, Jason D. Clark, Kristen S. Veum, Fabian G. Fernandez, James J. Camberato, Paul R. Carter, Richard B. Ferguson, David W. Franzen, Daniel E. Kaiser, Newell R. Kitchen, Carrie A.M. Laboski, Emerson D. Nafziger, John E. Sawyer, John F. Shanahan
Jason Clark
Nitrogen provided to crops through mineralization is an important factor in N management guidelines. Understanding of the interactive effects of soil and weather conditions on N mineralization needs to be improved. Relationships between anaerobic potentially mineralizable N (PMNan) and soil and weather conditions were evaluated under the contrasting climates of eight US Midwestern states. Soil was sampled (0–30 cm) for PMNan analysis before pre-plant N application (PP0N) and at the V5 development stage from the pre-plant 0 (V50N) and 180 kg N ha−1 (V5180N) rates and incubated for 7, 14, …
Predicting Economic Optimal Nitrogen Rate With The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test, Jason D. Clark, Fabian G. Fernandez, Kristen S. Veum, James J. Camberato, Paul R. Carter, Richard B. Ferguson, David W. Franzen, Daniel E. Kaiser, Newell R. Kitchen, Carrie A.M. Laboski, Emerson D. Nafziger, Carl J. Rosen, John E. Sawyer, John F. Shanahan
Predicting Economic Optimal Nitrogen Rate With The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test, Jason D. Clark, Fabian G. Fernandez, Kristen S. Veum, James J. Camberato, Paul R. Carter, Richard B. Ferguson, David W. Franzen, Daniel E. Kaiser, Newell R. Kitchen, Carrie A.M. Laboski, Emerson D. Nafziger, Carl J. Rosen, John E. Sawyer, John F. Shanahan
Jason Clark
Estimates of mineralizable N with the anaerobic potentially mineralizable N (PMNan) test could improve predictions of corn (Zea mays L.) economic optimal N rate (EONR). A study across eight US midwestern states was conducted to quantify the predictability of EONR for single and split N applications by PMNan. Treatment factors included different soil sample timings (pre-plant and V5 development stage), planting N rates (0 and 180 kg N ha−1), and incubation lengths (7, 14, and 28 d) with and without initial soil NH4–N included with PMNan. Soil was sampled …