Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (2933)
- California State University, Monterey Bay (1058)
- University of Northern Iowa (1006)
- University of Dayton (398)
- Utah State University (310)
-
- Morehead State University (300)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (237)
- Santa Clara University (233)
- University of Mississippi (218)
- The University of Maine (205)
- Bowling Green State University (176)
- Western Kentucky University (168)
- Cedarville University (159)
- Boise State University (154)
- Selected Works (146)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (137)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (135)
- St. John's University (131)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (93)
- Mississippi State University (90)
- Nova Southeastern University (88)
- William & Mary (75)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (72)
- SelectedWorks (71)
- University of Kentucky (71)
- University of South Florida (55)
- Dordt University (53)
- Kansas State University Libraries (52)
- Stephen F. Austin State University (51)
- Wayne State University (51)
- Keyword
-
- Agriculture (1135)
- Publications (806)
- University of Nebraska (734)
- Cooperative Extension (698)
- Nebraska Cooperative Extension (671)
-
- Natural resources (653)
- Historical resources (636)
- Cultural resources (635)
- Early California maps (620)
- Land grants (609)
- Land patents (598)
- Land tenure (596)
- California ranchos (557)
- Diseños (550)
- Surveys (493)
- Plats (451)
- Extension publications (378)
- Stander Symposium project (371)
- Livestock (309)
- Poultry (236)
- Expediente (233)
- U. S. Work Progress Administration Program (209)
- Child Nutrition (197)
- Extension circular (197)
- Nutrition (187)
- Land use (182)
- Education (181)
- Nebraska (179)
- Crop yield (170)
- Irrigated land (170)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials (1992)
- Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS (693)
- NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County (380)
- Stander Symposium Projects (371)
- Oral History Project (all interviews) (199)
-
- Hexapod Herald and Other Entomology Department Newsletters (180)
- All Current Publications (176)
- International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education (167)
- Iowa Academy of Science Documents (166)
- International Journal of Physical Activity and Health (151)
- Santa Clara Magazine (139)
- Morehead State Theses and Dissertations (134)
- Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences (130)
- Journal of Vincentian Social Action (127)
- Individual Ranchos in Monterey and SLO Counties (105)
- General University of Maine Publications (104)
- Health and Kinesiology Faculty Publications (101)
- The Santa Clara (94)
- Conference on University Education in Natural Resources (93)
- San Luis Obispo Crop Reports (86)
- Journal of Human Sciences and Extension (85)
- Monterey County Crop Reports (85)
- WKU Archives Records (85)
- Miscellaneous Documents and Reports (74)
- 2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations (65)
- Honors Theses (63)
- Reports (59)
- Monterey County (57)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (55)
- Los Angeles County (52)
Articles 31 - 60 of 10807
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Exploring The Impact Of Subject Placement On Exam Questions, Briana M. Craig, Jeremy L. Hsu
Exploring The Impact Of Subject Placement On Exam Questions, Briana M. Craig, Jeremy L. Hsu
Student Scholar Symposium Abstracts and Posters
Quizzes and exams are crucial elements of undergraduate biology courses; however, little research has been done exploring the importance of the phrasing used in the questions on these assessments. Question framing has the potential to impact student performance and sense of belonging greatly. In this study, we conducted an experiment where we created three versions of the exact same question except for the framing for the experimental scenarios. One version was written with self-referential framing using the term “you,” simulating the student conducting the experiment; another version used classmate-referential framing, placing one of their peers in the experiment; the third …
Evaluating A Short Duration Relationship And Marriage Education (Rme) Event Across Time And Format: 8 Years Of Learning, Pamela B. Payne, Naomi Brower
Evaluating A Short Duration Relationship And Marriage Education (Rme) Event Across Time And Format: 8 Years Of Learning, Pamela B. Payne, Naomi Brower
Journal of Human Sciences and Extension
The COVID-19 pandemic changed how short-term relationship and marriage education (RME) reached participants for events such as the Utah Marriage Celebration Conference. This article examines participant-perceived relationship knowledge from an annual marriage conference that began prior to the pandemic and has continued through the disruption (from 2015 through 2022). Results indicate this short-duration marriage conference does improve participant-perceived knowledge across years [t(2381) = 59.84, p = .001]. Further, results indicate that online participants rate their perceived relationship knowledge as higher than in-person participants at both pre [F(1, 2752) = 153.0, p = .001] and post [F(7, 2594) = 25.14, p …
Full Issue, Volume 12, Number 1, Donna J. Peterson, Scott Cummings
Full Issue, Volume 12, Number 1, Donna J. Peterson, Scott Cummings
Journal of Human Sciences and Extension
No abstract provided.
Concepts In Animal Parasitology: Master Bibliography, Sue Ann Gardner
Concepts In Animal Parasitology: Master Bibliography, Sue Ann Gardner
Concepts in Animal Parasitology Textbook
Master bibliography for the open educational resource/open access textbook Concepts in Animal Parasitology, Scott L. Gardner and Sue Ann Gardner, editors, published by Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States, 2024. This includes the references from literature cited and suggested supplemental reading.
Exploring Diversity In Genetic Counseling: Experiences And Perspectives Of Bipoc Faculty And Leadership, Dessiah Phillips
Exploring Diversity In Genetic Counseling: Experiences And Perspectives Of Bipoc Faculty And Leadership, Dessiah Phillips
Human Genetics Theses
The underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities within faculty and leadership roles in genetic counseling programs highlights a critical gap in the field's commitment to diversity and inclusion. This sequential explanatory mixed-methods study investigates the experiences, challenges, and perspectives of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) serving in these capacities. By examining responses from the faculty and leadership members across various genetic counseling programs, this research aimed to identify barriers to diversity and explore mechanisms for fostering a more inclusive environment. The findings revealed an underrepresented number of BIPOC individuals (n≤3) in leadership or faculty roles per genetic counseling …
Nebline, May 2024
NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County
Weed Control in Pastures and Hayfields by John Nelson
Navigating Nutrition Information: Separating Fact from Fiction by Alyssa Havlovic
Recipe of the Month: Pepper Steak Sandwich by Alyssa Havlovic
Care for New Bedding Plants by Sarah Browning
Garden Guide: Things to Do This Month
Cash Rent Survey
No Matter Where You Live, Submit a Request Before You Dig! by Becky Schuerman
4-H Achievement Celebration
8 Lancaster County 4-H’ers Modeled Their Sewn Garments at Omaha Fashion Week
4-H Events Open to All Youth
Support 4-H by Eating Out, May 1 & 2
Support 4-H During “Give to Lincoln Day,” May 30 …
Learning To Teach About Climate Justice And Social Justice In Science Methods, Mindy J. Chappell
Learning To Teach About Climate Justice And Social Justice In Science Methods, Mindy J. Chappell
Northwest Journal of Teacher Education
In November, the Editors of NWJTE sat down for a conversation with Dr. Mindy J. Chappell, a Science Teacher Educator in the College of Education at Portland State University. Dr. Chappell’s passions include developing teachers who are prepared to disrupt normative science ideologies and provide young people with science instruction that encourages and empowers them to be leaders in their communities. She engages in arts-based educational science research through the methodology of Ethnodance (a term she coined). She places young people and their lived experiences at the heart of her work.
Ketoprak Dor: Awal Mula Keberadaannya Di Aceh Tengah, Susandro Susandro, Afrizal H
Ketoprak Dor: Awal Mula Keberadaannya Di Aceh Tengah, Susandro Susandro, Afrizal H
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This article presents how the origin of the Ketoprak Dor art in Central Aceh. This topic is interesting because the change or development of an art scene does not only occur from within the artist's creative process alone, but perhaps by the surrounding factors that influence it. So, a qualitative research approach with descriptive analysis method is the choice to investigate this phenomenon. As a result, the Ketoprak Dor art in Central Aceh, to be precise in the gampong (village) of Paya Tumpi - Kebayakan, originates from Deli, North Sumatra. There were two events that prompted its emergence: 1) in …
Supporting Text And Data Analysis Across Campus From The Academic Library, Amy Kirchhoff, Hejin Shin Phd
Supporting Text And Data Analysis Across Campus From The Academic Library, Amy Kirchhoff, Hejin Shin Phd
Digital Initiatives Symposium
The ability to comprehend and communicate with text-based data is essential to future success in academics and employment, as evidenced in a recent survey from Bloomberg Research Services which shows that nearly 97% of survey respondents now use data analytics in their companies and 58% consider data and text mining a business analytics tool (https://www.sas.com/content/dam/SAS/bp_de/doc/studie/ba-st-the-current-state-of-business-analytics-2317022.pdf). This has fueled a substantial growth in text analysis research (involving the use of technology to analyze un- and semi-structured text data for valuable insights, trends, and patterns) across disciplines and a corresponding demand on academic libraries to support text analysis pedagogy and text analysis …
Physiological Processes During Reading, Elizabeth Morrey, Emma Smith, Catherine Bohn-Gettler, Jennifer Schaefer
Physiological Processes During Reading, Elizabeth Morrey, Emma Smith, Catherine Bohn-Gettler, Jennifer Schaefer
Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day (2018-)
There are many different variables that can impact reading comprehension, such as reading level, emotional state, and the content of the text itself. For example, if a text contains inconsistencies (e.g., when a key moment in the text does not align with the information presented earlier in the story), processing slows as readers attempt to resolve the inconsistency. However, little is known about the connection between processing inconsistent versus consistent passages and physiological responses in the body. The goal of this study is to examine whether reading narrative texts containing inconsistent and/or consistent information elicits sympathetic nervous system activation, as …
Scholars Day 2024 Program Of Events, Carl Goodson Honors Program
Scholars Day 2024 Program Of Events, Carl Goodson Honors Program
Scholars Day
This is the program of events for the 2023 Scholars Day Conference, where undergraduates across disciplines present their scholarly and creative works.
Are Students Actually Learning What You Think They Are? An Exploration Into The Educational Outcomes Of Course Based Undergraduate Research Labs, Matilda Dumaine, Jacob Saadoun
Are Students Actually Learning What You Think They Are? An Exploration Into The Educational Outcomes Of Course Based Undergraduate Research Labs, Matilda Dumaine, Jacob Saadoun
Biology Presentations
It is important to understand whether students are acquiring intended educational objectives. A course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) lab seeks to blend the logistical ease and accessibility of college courses with the educational benefits of research experiences. By employing inquiry-based teaching methods, CURE labs enable students to collaborate in a group setting under the guidance of a faculty member, engaging in hands-on research. This project studies how educational outcomes of CURE labs can be measured. CURE labs may improve anything from technical lab skills, to scientific literacy, to persistence in science. These short-, middle-, and long-term goals may be measured …
Exploring Pedagogical Approaches: A Comparative Analysis Of Information Delivery Methods In Fish Dissection Instruction, Kiara Smidt
Honors Projects
The Covid-19 pandemic prompted a global shift to remote work and education, challenging traditional teaching methods. This research explores the effectiveness of audiovisual versus visual-only guides in teaching perch dissection anatomy, safety, and procedure. The study involves a cross-sectional experiment with students from an Introduction to Biology course at Bowling Green State University. Participants were divided into groups using either a video or a written guide, and their knowledge was assessed before and after the dissection. Results calculated through a Student’s t-test indicate no significant difference in overall effectiveness between the two methods, apart from labeling an anatomy diagram and …
Attitude And Attitudinal Structures Toward Physical Education And Their Influences On Physical Activity Behavior, Yubing Wang, Yaogang Han, Pan Li, Binn Zhang
Attitude And Attitudinal Structures Toward Physical Education And Their Influences On Physical Activity Behavior, Yubing Wang, Yaogang Han, Pan Li, Binn Zhang
International Journal of Physical Activity and Health
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine middle and high school students’ cognitive and affective attitude and their cognitive-affective attitudinal structures toward physical education (PE). The effects of cognitive and affective attitude and attitudinal structures on physical activity (PA) in PE and outside of school were also examined. Methods: 1773 Chinese middle and high-school students participated in this study. SEM, Chi-square test, ANOVAs, and Contingency tables were adopted to address the research questions. Results: The results showed that most students (>90%) were holding positive cognitive and affective attitude toward PE. Students’ affective attitude significantly influences their PA …
Denial Of Pregnancy Or Cryptic Pregnancy, Nadia N. Shuriah, Elaine Mcfarland, Bethany Spenn, Kaisha Butz Mcmanus
Denial Of Pregnancy Or Cryptic Pregnancy, Nadia N. Shuriah, Elaine Mcfarland, Bethany Spenn, Kaisha Butz Mcmanus
BIO4960: Practicum in Biology I
Denial of pregnancy, or cryptic pregnancy, presents a complex situation where individuals are unaware of their pregnancy until the late stages of labor. This study delves into the multifaceted nature of concealed and denied pregnancies, exploring their prevalence, factors contributing to them, and their implications for both individuals and healthcare systems. By reviewing relevant literature and case studies, we aim to illuminate the difficulties healthcare providers face in identifying and managing cases of denial of pregnancy. Additionally, we stress the significance of proactive screening and comprehensive care to ensure the well-being of mothers and infants. This research endeavors to deepen …
Exploring The Longitudinal Effects: Non-Traditional Pedagogies And Practical Learning On Biology Education And Medical Understanding, Thomas Ziebro
Exploring The Longitudinal Effects: Non-Traditional Pedagogies And Practical Learning On Biology Education And Medical Understanding, Thomas Ziebro
Honors Projects
Medical disinformation is becoming a rampant problem in the United States, and the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted it. There have been attempts to fight the problem at the source through fact verification. These attempts have been unsuccessful. This paper investigates the efficacy of non-traditional pedagogies and the correlation between them and an individual perceived and practical ability to understand their primary care provider. The purpose of this research was to establish whether non-traditional pedagogies at the secondary and post-secondary level are more effective than traditional lecture-based instruction. The research was conducted through an anonymous cross-sectional survey which included questions about educational …
Volume 10 Full Text, Bjur Staff
Volume 10 Full Text, Bjur Staff
Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research
No abstract provided.
Stream Gauging: Investigating The Flow Rate And Residence Time In Laguna Bacalar, Mexico, Elizabeth J. Kowalczyk
Stream Gauging: Investigating The Flow Rate And Residence Time In Laguna Bacalar, Mexico, Elizabeth J. Kowalczyk
Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research
Stream gauging is a standard tool used to measure the flow rate of various bodies of water. Knowing the flow rate of a body of water allows for the residence time of a body of water to be calculated. Currently, there is very little information regarding the flow rate and residence times of Laguna Bacalar. This system has been observed hydrologically consistently only in the past 6 years. In this study, 13 stream-gauging locations of interest were identified and gauged for their respective flow rates using the midsection method. Once the flow rates were acquired, maps depicting the Laguna Bacalar …
Table Of Contents And Front Matter, Bjur Staff
Table Of Contents And Front Matter, Bjur Staff
Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research
No abstract provided.
Hgs-3 The Influence Of A Tandem Cycling Program In The Community On Physical And Functional Health, Therapeutic Bonds, And Quality Of Life For Individuals And Care Partners Coping With Parkinson’S Disease, Leila Djerdjour, Jennifer L. Trilk
Hgs-3 The Influence Of A Tandem Cycling Program In The Community On Physical And Functional Health, Therapeutic Bonds, And Quality Of Life For Individuals And Care Partners Coping With Parkinson’S Disease, Leila Djerdjour, Jennifer L. Trilk
SC Upstate Research Symposium
Purpose Statement: Several studies have shown that aerobic exercise can have a positive impact on alleviating symptoms experienced by individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite this evidence, the potential benefits of exercise for both PD patients and their care partners (PD dyad) remain unexplored. This research project investigates the effectiveness, therapeutic collaborations, and physical outcomes of a virtual reality (VR) tandem cycling program specifically designed for PD dyads.
Methods: Following approval from the Prisma Health Institutional Review Board, individuals with PD were identified and screened by clinical neurologists. The pre-testing measures for PD dyads (N=9) included emotional and cognitive status …
Factors Affecting Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Health As Perceived By South Georgia Commercial Beekeepers, Kimberly Post
Factors Affecting Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Health As Perceived By South Georgia Commercial Beekeepers, Kimberly Post
The Journal of Extension
Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are critical to the pollination of many crops. Bee-oriented organizations survey beekeepers annually to gather information about colony loss and contributing factors. Unfortunately, these surveys provide insufficient data from sideliner and commercial beekeepers in Georgia. Through a survey to better understand South Georgia beekeepers’ perceptions of honey bee health, this project engaged a previously underrepresented group of sideliner and commercial beekeepers.
Adaptive Sports And Fitness Night, Kendra Clary, Drew Gannon
Adaptive Sports And Fitness Night, Kendra Clary, Drew Gannon
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
In Health and Human Performance, an overarching objective is to address the obstacles that restrict physical activity in daily lifestyles. At Fort Hays, we are dedicated to expanding community inclusion and reaching diverse populations, promoting our commitment to diversity and inclusion excellence.
Mission Statement:
Empowering Community Through Inclusive Movement
Vision Statement:
Our adaptive sports and fitness night cultivates community engagement, builds relationships, fosters motor and skill development, and promotes health and well-being for individuals of all abilities.
A recent systematic review found that only 9% of adults with ID meet the minimum requirement of 150 min of moderate to vigorous …
Using Artificial (Ai) To Predict A Structure Of Protein Complex, Yiqing Zang
Using Artificial (Ai) To Predict A Structure Of Protein Complex, Yiqing Zang
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
Proteins play pivotal roles in essential life processes and elucidating their three-dimensional (3D) structures is crucial for understanding their functions. AlphaFold2, an advanced artificial intelligence-based method developed by Google DeepMind, has emerged as a promising tool for predicting protein structures. In this study, we evaluated the predictive capabilities of AlphaFold2. Our findings highlight AlphaFold2's efficacy in providing valuable insights into protein structure prediction, albeit with certain limitations. While AlphaFold2 represents a significant advancement in the field, its utility is best realized when integrated with complementary experimental approaches. Consequently, combining the strengths of AlphaFold2 with experimental validation remains essential for achieving …
Screening Environmental Soil Samples For Antibiotic Production, Paige Mattick
Screening Environmental Soil Samples For Antibiotic Production, Paige Mattick
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
Antibiotic resistance is a detrimental worldwide challenge, producing bacterial infections that are progressively more difficult to treat and cure. To attempt to help alleviate this issue, we screened soil samples for the presence of antibiotic-producing microorganisms. Soil samples were collected and diluted to 1:100 and 1:1000 ratios of soil and distilled water. These soil mixtures were then streaked onto tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates and incubated at 30℃ until colonies developed. These colonies were then selected and plated on a lawn of Serratia marcescens, which was utilized as the target organism.
Serratia marcescens was selected due to its known resistance …
A Novel Study Of Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon Pyrrhonota) Feather Coloration In Relation To Habitat Characteristics, Colony Size, And Body Condition, Sonja Brandt, Medhavi Ambardar
A Novel Study Of Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon Pyrrhonota) Feather Coloration In Relation To Habitat Characteristics, Colony Size, And Body Condition, Sonja Brandt, Medhavi Ambardar
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
Feather coloration is used for social signaling in many avian species, and can be associated with their ability to live and breed in habitats with high quality resources (Jenkins et al. 2013, Saino et al. 2013). It can signify individual quality, (Saino et al. 2013) and influence mate choice (Bennet et al. 1996). We analyzed different aspects of Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) feather coloration in relation to morphology and habitat characteristics. We measured luminance, hue (theta and phi), and saturation for four different color patches on the swallows. We predicted that individuals in brighter coloration would be able to settle …
Presence Of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus C In Domestic Pigs In Kansas, Avery Welton, Eric T. Gillock
Presence Of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus C In Domestic Pigs In Kansas, Avery Welton, Eric T. Gillock
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
There is currently a shortage of organs available to perform allotransplants in humans, prompting the exploration of xenotransplantation as an alternative. Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living tissues between different species, with porcine tissues being a promising option. However, concerns arise regarding cross-species transmission, particularly in relation to Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs). PERVs are retroviruses that are integrated into the germ-line cells of pigs and are permanently embedded in the host cell’s DNA, allowing for vertical transmission. Of significant concern is the infectious nature of two PERV subtypes, A and B, to humans, which can potentially recombine with the third …
Ty4 Retrotransposon Presence In Yeast Strains, Maria P. Walters, Eric T. Gillock
Ty4 Retrotransposon Presence In Yeast Strains, Maria P. Walters, Eric T. Gillock
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
Yeast is used in everyday life. It is important to understand the genetic components of yeast. In various laboratory yeast strains, there are findings of TY1, TY2, and TY3. TY1 through TY3 have been well studied, while TY4 and TY5 are retroelements that have yet to be thoroughly studied. It is known that TY4 is found at only one to three copies per haploid genome.
TY4 is a retrotransposon, which shares similarities with retroviruses, making it essential to study its presence in
yeast. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of TY4 among lab strains, brewing strains, and baking strains …
Anything But Another Essay: Understanding Undergraduate Stem Student Perceptions Of Creative, Project-Based Learning, Emily M. Redding, Lorelei E. Patrick
Anything But Another Essay: Understanding Undergraduate Stem Student Perceptions Of Creative, Project-Based Learning, Emily M. Redding, Lorelei E. Patrick
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
The training of innovative and diverse scientists starts with creative teaching practices. Much of the pedagogy literature on incorporating nontraditional teaching practices in college STEM courses focuses on the use of in-class active learning activities. Less study has been devoted to creative, project-based assignments, such as “UnEssays”. The “UnEssay” is a semester-long assignment that challenges students to complete a library research project on a topic of their choosing and present it using anything but an essay. Although gaining popularity, few studies have assessed STEM student's perceptions of the assignments. To do so, Zoology students were asked to complete pre- and …
Preliminary Analysis Of Native Bee Community Adjacent To Sorghum And Wheat Fields In Western Kansas, Katelyn Strack, Sarah Elzay
Preliminary Analysis Of Native Bee Community Adjacent To Sorghum And Wheat Fields In Western Kansas, Katelyn Strack, Sarah Elzay
SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days
Agricultural practices have significant and often negative effects on native bee populations. It is imperative that we understand how current agricultural practices affect native bees. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is cultivated heavily in western Kansas and is grown in rotation with winter wheat. This analysis presents preliminary results from a study conducted in summer 2023 in which pan traps were placed adjacent to two sorghum and two wheat fields in Ellis Co. Kansas. This data is part of a larger study examining the relationship between native bees and sorghum in western Kansas.
Preliminary Analysis of Native Bee Community Adjacent …
Employing Ai To Enhance In-Class Role Playing Scenarios, Eric Fournier
Employing Ai To Enhance In-Class Role Playing Scenarios, Eric Fournier
Generative AI Teaching Activities
Role playing can deepen student’s engagement with course content and help them develop skills while learning course material. Students will use AI to develop their characters and help them craft compelling arguments in the role-play scenarios