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Articles 1171 - 1186 of 1186
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
The Behaviour Of Swine, J. P. Signoret, B. A. Baldwin, D. Fraser, E. S. E. Hafez
The Behaviour Of Swine, J. P. Signoret, B. A. Baldwin, D. Fraser, E. S. E. Hafez
Mammalogy Collection
The pig was a forest-dwelling animal from the beginning of its history. In some parts of the world it has been domesticated for at least 7000 years. The European breeds of domestic swine were derived from the local wild pig, Sus scrofa. Herds ranged in pastures and forests and kept indoors only for fattening. The breeds in the Far East were derived from another wild pig, Sus vittatus, a smaller animal with shorter legs and a higher reproductive ability (Mohr 1960; Zeuner 1963). The two types interbred readily. The modem breeds of pig evolved from different crossings between the two …
The Communication Of Play Intention: Are Play Signals Functional?, Marc Bekoff
The Communication Of Play Intention: Are Play Signals Functional?, Marc Bekoff
Sentience Collection
No abstract provided.
Social Play In Coyotes, Wolves, And Dogs, Marc Bekoff
Social Play In Coyotes, Wolves, And Dogs, Marc Bekoff
Ethology Collection
No abstract provided.
Social Play And Play-Soliciting By Infant Canids, Marc Bekoff
Social Play And Play-Soliciting By Infant Canids, Marc Bekoff
Ethology Collection
The development of social interaction was studied in infant coyotes, beagles, and wolves. In this paper, social play behavior is discussed. Social play may be characterized in a number of ways: (i) actions from various contexts are incorporated into labile (unpredictable) temporal sequences; (ii) the "play bout" is typically preceded by a metacommunicative signal which indicates "what follows is play"; these signals are also observed during the bout; (iii) certain actions may be repeated and performed in an exaggerated manner; (iv) the activity appears "pleasurable" to the players.
By comparing these three species, some insight into the dynamics of social …
The Development Of Social Interaction, Play, And Metacommunication In Mammals: An Ethological Perspective, Marc Bekoff
The Development Of Social Interaction, Play, And Metacommunication In Mammals: An Ethological Perspective, Marc Bekoff
Ethology Collection
Analysis of the dynamics of the ontogeny of social interaction is of critical importance in order that behavioral development may be comprehended in its own right, and the relationship between infant and adult behavior understood. In this review, general concepts of behavioral development in mammals are discussed and analyzed, and the many variables that are involved are considered. When it is impossible to control or observe the social interaction of the developing organism in its natural environment, captive subjects should be used. There is increasing evidence that results obtained with the latter are related to social organization observed in the …
Special Report On Hunting
Special Reports
The Humane Society contends that the use of amateur hunters to reduce an overabundant deer herd does not conform with the principles of sound wildlife management. The Humane Society is strongly opposed to any method of culling herds of deer that does not deliver an instant and reasonably merciful death.
Special Report On Zoos
Special Reports
In many ways, The Humane Society has become the Ralph Nader of the zoo world, spurring into action the individuals or municipalities who own zoos, the staffs who operate them, the taxpayers who are in the end responsible for their existence, and the federal officials who are now required to ensure that they meet certain standards.
Grooming Behavior And Competitive Dominance In The Albino Rat, Irwin M. Spigel, Susan Trivett, David Fraser
Grooming Behavior And Competitive Dominance In The Albino Rat, Irwin M. Spigel, Susan Trivett, David Fraser
Social Behavior Collection
An experiment sought to compare dominance manifested in water competition under two levels of deprivation, with grooming activity in a non-deprived state. While competitive dominance was significantly related to motivational level, grooming emerged as a more stable indicator of social ascendance, and did not require prior manipulation of a biological state. The implications of this observation for broader aspects of social motivation arc discussed.
Systematic And Evolutionary Implications Of Parthenogenesis In The Hymenoptera, C. N. Slobodchikoff, Howell V. Daly
Systematic And Evolutionary Implications Of Parthenogenesis In The Hymenoptera, C. N. Slobodchikoff, Howell V. Daly
Entomology Collection
Two types of parthenogenesis, arrhenotoky and thelytoky, exist in the Hymenoptera. Arrhenotoky, the development of males from unfertilized eggs, is present in all wasps and bees. Thelytoky, the development of diploid females from unfertilized eggs, is present in a few species. Two types of thelytoky, apomixis and automixis, are known. Most thelytokous Hymenoptera are automictic. No meiosis, only mitosis, occurs in apomixis. Meiosis does occur in automixis, allowing crossing-over and segregation of genes. Advantages of thelytoky are that heterotic combinations become fixed, gene loss is reduced, and reproduction requires only a single individual. One advantage of arrhenotoky is that genetic …
Special Report On Animal Overpopulation: Breeding Surplus Dogs And Cats Causes Suffering
Special Report On Animal Overpopulation: Breeding Surplus Dogs And Cats Causes Suffering
Special Reports
Overbreeding has created a surplus of nearly 50 million dogs and cats. These animals are unwanted and homeless. Some of them--the lucky ones--will get a quick, merciful death at humane society shelters. Most, however, haven't even the hope of being reached and protected from suffering in the 3,000 or more communities without humane societies. Instead, they roam the country--starving, thirsting, suffering from disease and injury.
This is suffering on a massive scale. Many factors contribute to it. Commercial interests like pet shops, for example, are partly to blame in suggesting there is money in breeding puppies and kittens. Veterinarians who …
Some Parameters Of The Second-Order Conditioning Of Fear In Rats, Alan Kamil
Some Parameters Of The Second-Order Conditioning Of Fear In Rats, Alan Kamil
Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences
The effects of CS1 duration, partial reinforcement, and trace conditioning on second-order conditioned suppression were investigated, employing 64 rats as Ss. In Experiment 1, the clearest second-order conditioning was obtained when CS1 duration was the same during both the first- and the second-order conditioning phases of the experiment. In Experiment 2, somewhat better second-order conditioning was obtained when first-order conditioning had been under conditions of partial reinforcement, delay CS-US pairing. In neither experiment were CS1 suppression and CS2 suppression during second-order testing well correlated. This aspect of the results raised the question of the influence of nonclassical conditioning factors on …
Protection For Animals In Biomedical Research, F. L. Thomsen
Protection For Animals In Biomedical Research, F. L. Thomsen
Laboratory Experiments Collection
Our conclusion from all of this work and study is that not just a small part, but that most of the suffering undergone by laboratory animals in "unnecessary" under the terms of the pain provisions of the Rogers-Javits bill. Granted, it will take some time and effort to bring about the necessary interpretations of these provisions. The Act, when passed, offers us the medium through which to obtain such interpretations.
This unnecessary suffering results mostly from the indifference, and from the inertia and the lack of proper scientific training and technical knowledge, of many of those conducting laboratory animal experiments …
The Role Of Adventitious Reinforcement In Operant Discrimination, Alan Kamil, John W. Davenport
The Role Of Adventitious Reinforcement In Operant Discrimination, Alan Kamil, John W. Davenport
Avian Cognition Papers
Rats were trained in 2 SD-SΔ discrimination experiments in which the effects of an SD-postponement contingency during SΔ and temporal regularity of SΔ duration were assessed. Experiment I showed that discrimination is markedly facilitated by the presence of an SD-postponement contingency of either fixed or variable duration. Experiment II showed that variable-duration SΔ periods in a noncontingent schedule can also greatly enhance formation of an operant discrimination. These effects were attributed to differences in the probability of adventitious reinforcement of SΔ behavior by SD events.
How Can We Best Help Laboratory Animals Now?, Oliver Evans
How Can We Best Help Laboratory Animals Now?, Oliver Evans
Laws and Legislation Collection
No abstract provided.
Estimates Of Heritability Of Beef Cattle Performance Traits By Regression Of Offspring On Sire, C. J. Brown, Maximo Gacula
Estimates Of Heritability Of Beef Cattle Performance Traits By Regression Of Offspring On Sire, C. J. Brown, Maximo Gacula
Genetics Collection
Data used in this study were taken from performance test records of Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus and Shorthorn sires and their progeny that were raised and performance tested at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station during the years 1951 through 1962. Heritability estimates based on regression of offspring on sire were obtained from 201 male progeny belonging to 20 sire groups. The estimates obtained were 0.19±0.19 for 120-day weight, 0.27±0.13 for initial test weight, 0.93±0.18 for test daily gain, 0.43± 0.18 for feed consumption, 0.41±0.25 for feed conversion, 0.15±0.15 for type score, 0.37± 0.14 for final test weight, and 0.79±0.18 for production index.
Nebraska 4-H Sheep Manual : Extension Circular 2-71-2, W. A. Buchanan, Et Al.
Nebraska 4-H Sheep Manual : Extension Circular 2-71-2, W. A. Buchanan, Et Al.
Nebraska 4-H Clubs: Historical Materials and Publications
A beginning manual for the 4-H sheep project. Discusses all aspects of selecting and raising a sheep for this project.