Life Sciences Commons^™

Evaluation Of Two Implants For Steers On Early-Intensively Grazed Tallgrass Native Range, J. K. Farney, M. E. Corrigan

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:To evaluate the effect of two implants that have different lengths of effective use on stocker cattle gains within an intensive early double-stocked native tallgrass prairie grazing system.

Study Description:Stocker steers (n = 281) were implanted with Revalor-G (Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) or Synovex One Grass (Zoetis, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI) and grazed on tallgrass native range for 90 days during the summer. The steers were individually weighed, after an overnight shrink, on the day of implanting, at midpoint of grazing, and the end of the grazing period. Total gains and average daily gain were evaluated. …

Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn Silage Containing An Alpha Amylase Expression Trait Improves Feed Efficiency In Growing Calf Diets, M. A. Johnson, T. Spore, S. P. Montgomery, W. R. Hollenbeck, R. N. Wahl, E. D. Watson, D. A. Blasi

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:To determine the growing calf response when fed Enogen Feed corn silage containing an alpha amylase expression trait.

Study Description:Crossbred steers of Tennessee origin (n = 352) were used to determine the effects on performance when fed Enogen Feed corn silage with either Enogen Feed corn or control corn at ad libitum intake.

The Bottom Line:When fed in an ad libitum fashion to growing calves, Enogen Feed corn silage improves the efficiency of feed conversion by 4.4% and average daily gain by 6.0%.

Visual Degree Of Doneness Has An Impact On Palatability Ratings Of Consumers Who Had Differing Degree Of Doneness Preferences, L. L. Prill, L. N. Drey, J. L. Vipham, M. D. Chao, J. M. Gonzalez, T. A. Houser, E. A. Boyle, T. G. O'Quinn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the impact of feeding consumers of varying degree of doneness preferences steaks cooked to multiple degrees of doneness on their perceptions of beef palatability.

Study Description:Paired Low Choice frozen steaks from the posterior half of the strip loin were randomly assigned a degree of doneness of rare (140°F), medium-rare (145°F), medium (160°F), medium-well (165°F), or well-done (170°F). Consumer panelists, prescreened to participate in panels based on their degree of doneness preference, were served steak samples cooked to each of the five degrees of doneness under low-intensity red incandescent …

Effects Of High Phytase Supplementation In Lactation Diets On Sow And Litter Performance, K. L. Batson, H. Calderon Cartagena, R. D. Goodband, J. C. Woodworth, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, J. M. Derouchey

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 109 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing phytase concentration in lactating sow diets on farrowing duration, and sow and litter performance. On d 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments of increasing phytase concentration (0, 1,000, or 3,000 FTU/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2700; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). The control diet contained no phytase and was formulated to contain 0.50% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P; 0.45% available P) and 0.62% STTD calcium …

Trends In “Natural” Value-Added Calf Programs At Superior Livestock Video Auction, K. G. Odde, M. E. King, E. D. Mccabe, M. J. Smith, K. L. Hill, G. M. Rogers, K. E. Fike

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:This study utilized data from Superior Livestock Video Auction to investigate trends in the use of “natural” value-added calf programs.

Study Description:Nine years of data (2010-2018) were evaluated for enrollment trends in all natural programs and non-hormone treated cattle. Multiple regression was used to determine the relative value of calves enrolled in the non-hormone treated cattle program.

The Bottom Line:Price advantages for non-hormone treated calves may not be sufficient to justify not using growth-promoting implants on calves.

Quality Grade Has No Effect On Top Sirloin Steaks Cooked To Multiple Degrees Of Doneness, B. A. Olson, E. A. Rice, J. M. Gonzalez, J. L. Vipham, M. D. Chao, T. A. Houser, E. A. Boyle, T. G. O'Quinn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cooking top sirloin steaks from four quality grades to multiple degrees of doneness (rare, medium, well-done) on beef palatability traits.

Study Description:Beef top sirloin butts (n = 60; 15/quality grade) from four U.S. Department of Agriculture quality grades [Prime, Top Choice (Modest and Moderate marbling), Low Choice, and Select] were selected from a Midwest beef processor. Top butts were transported to the Kansas State University Meat Laboratory, fabricated into 1-in steaks, vacuum packaged, and aged for 28 days at 39.2°F. Following aging, steaks were frozen …

Effect Of Degree Of Doneness, Quality Grade, And Time On Instrumental Color Readings From Beef Strip Loin Steaks Cooked To Six Degrees Of Doneness, L. L. Prill, L. N. Drey, J. L. Vipham, M. D. Chao, J. M. Gonzalez, T. A. Houser, E. A. Boyle, T. G. O'Quinn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the effect of quality grade and time after cooking on the instrumental color of steaks cooked to varying degrees of doneness.

Study Description:Beef strip loins (n = 24) from 12 animals representing five quality treatments [Prime, Top Choice, Low Choice, Select, Select Enhanced (108%)] were collected. Each steak was cooked to a peak internal temperature of very-rare (130°F), rare (140°F), medium-rare (145°F), medium (160°F), well-done (170°F), or very well-done (180°F). Each cooked steak was cut in half, perpendicular to the long axis of the steak, and lightness (L*), …

Chef Evaluation Of The Degree Of Doneness Of Beef Strip Loin Steaks Cooked To Six End-Point Temperatures, L. L. Prill, L. N. Drey, J. L. Vipham, M. D. Chao, J. M. Gonzalez, T. A. Houser, E. A. Boyle, T. G. O'Quinn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess foodservice steak preparation practices and chefs’ abilities to identify degrees of doneness of beef strip loin steaks.

Study Description:Beef strip loins (n = 24) from 12 animals representing five quality treatments (Prime, Top Choice, Low Choice, Select, and Select Enhanced) were collected. Steaks were cooked to an end-point temperature of very-rare (130°F), rare (140°F), medium-rare (145°F), medium (160°F), well-done (170°F), or very well-done (180°F). Each cooked steak was cut in half, perpendicular to the long axis of the steak, and photographs were taken immediately of the internal face …

Consumer Evaluation Of The Degree Of Doneness Of Beef Strip Loin Steaks Cooked To Six End-Point Temperatures, L. L. Prill, L. N. Drey, J. L. Vipham, M. D. Chao, J. M. Gonzalez, T. A. Houser, E. A. Boyle, T. G. O'Quinn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess consumers’ degree of doneness practices in addition to their ability to identify beef steak degrees of doneness.

Study Description:Beef strip loins (n = 24) from 12 animals representing five quality treatments [Prime, Top Choice, Low Choice, Select, and Select Enhanced (108%)] were collected. Steaks were cooked to an end-point temperature of very-rare (130°F), rare (140°F), medium-rare (145°F), medium (160°F), well-done (170°F), or very well-done (180°F). Cooked steaks were cut in half, perpendicular to the long axis of the steak, and photographs were taken immediately on the internal face …

Effect Of Steam Pressure And Conditioning Temperature During The Pelleting Process On Phytase Stability, C. N. Truelock, N. E. Ward, J. W. Wilson, C. R. Stark, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of steam pressure and conditioning temperature on the stability of microbial phytase. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of steam pressure (24 and 44 psi) and conditioning temperature (170, 180, and 190°F). Phytase was added to a corn-soybean meal-based diet and mash samples were collected for phytase analysis. The diet was pelleted via steam conditioning (10 × 55 in Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) and using a pellet mill (CPM Model 1012-2) with a 3/16 × 1 1/4 in pellet die (L:D 6.7). Conditioner retention time was set …

Effect Of Pellet Die Thickness And Conditioning Temperature During The Pelleting Process On Phytase Stability, C. N. Truelock, N. E. Ward, J. W. Wilson, C. R. Stark, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of pellet mill die thickness and conditioning temperature on the stability of microbial phytase. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of die thickness (L:D 5.6 and 8.0) and conditioning temperature (165, 175, and 185°F). Phytase was added to a corn-soybean meal-based diet and mash samples were collected for phytase analysis. The diet was pelleted via steam conditioning (10 × 55 in Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) and using a pellet mill (CPM Model 1012-2) with a 5/32 × 7/8 in (L:D 5.6) or 5/32 × 1 1/4 in …

Effect Of Die Retention Time On Pellet Quality And Phytase Stability Of A Corn-Soybean Meal Swine Diet, M. Saensukjaroenphon, C. E. Evans, C. K. Jones, C. H. Fahrenholz, C. B. Paulk, C. R. Stark

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Phytase is a phosphohydrolytic enzyme that releases phosphorus from phytate in animal feed. However, pelleting is a thermal process that can denature phytase. It is hypothesized that there are many factors that can account for phytase denaturing during the pelleting process, such as pellet mill model, die length to diameter ratio (L:D), steam quality, and residence time in conditioner and die. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of pellet mill model, die thickness, and die retention time on pellet quality and phytase stability. Treatments were arranged as a completely randomized design to determine the effect …

Economic Model For Optimum Standardized Total Tract Digestible Phosphorus For Finishing Pigs, C. M. Vier, S. S. Dritz, M. D. Tokach, U. A. Orlando, W. Cast, J. C. Woodworth, R. D. Goodband, J. M. Derouchey

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An adequate supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is important for pig growth performance and bone mineralization. However, P represents the third most expensive nutrient in swine diets after energy and protein and can greatly affect diet cost. Therefore, the objective of this project was to develop a tool to compare current dietary standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P concentrations to suggested values that yield maximum growth performance while accounting for different financial scenarios. The phosphorus economic tool is a Microsoft Excel-based model that evaluates the user’s current dietary STTD P concentrations for a specific production system and market conditions. The …

Effects Of Diet Formulation And Supplementation Of An Algoclay Complex-Based Feed Additive In Grow-Finish Diets On Pig Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics, L. Del Tuffo, J. C. Woodworth, S. S. Dritz, M. D. Tokach, J. M. Derouchey, R. D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding an algoclay complex- based feed additive (ACC, Olmix Group, Brehan, France) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed two different diet formulation regimens. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC; 337 × 1050; initially 111.6 lb) were used in a 90-d study. Pens were blocked by initial weight and randomly assigned to diets with 11 pens per treatment and 27 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of ACC addition (none or 0.1% until 220 lb and …

Evaluation Of A Commercial Model For Predicting Growth Performance Of Pigs With Varying Diet Composition And Stocking Density, M. B. Menegat, F. Wu, J. C. Woodworth, M. D. Tokach, J. M. Derouchey, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to validate the growth performance predictions of a commercial model (CAMERA®; INTL FCStone, New York, NY) by comparing the optimally-solved estimates with observed growth performance from published studies. Three studies were selected to create 3 feeding scenarios: 1) variation in dietary energy concentrations and fiber sources (Nitikanchana et al., 2015); 2) variation in dietary lysine level (Menegat et al., 2017); and 3) variation in space allowance (Carpenter et al., 2018). For each validation scenario, the growth performance of pigs from the best-performing treatment group was first estimated, calibrated using the observed performance, and used …

Evaluating Soybean Meal Quality Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, K. M. Dunmire, J. Dhakal, K. Stringfellow, C. R. Stark, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to establish a range of soybean meal quality to evaluate the correlations between official analytical methods and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Crushed soybean white flakes (Mark Hershey Farms, Lebanon, PA) exposed to mechanical oil extraction, but not heat processing, were used in this experiment. Ground samples (500 g) were put into cotton bags and autoclaved at 262°F for 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min at 29 PSI. This was done to simulate varying degrees of heat processing. A total of 2 samples per treatment were autoclaved in 3 separate blocks. The …

The Effects Of Filter Type And Warm-Up Time On Pellet Durability Index Using The Holmen Nhp100 Portable Pellet Tester, C. E. Evans, R. N. Kort, M. Saensukjaroenphon, H. K. Wecker, C. B. Paulk, C. R. Stark

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The Holmen NHP100 (TekPro Ltd, Norfolk, UK) is a portable forced air pellet tester commonly used by the feed industry to determine the pellet durability index (PDI). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of filter type and machine warm-up time on PDI. A corn-soybean meal-based grower diet was conditioned at 185°F for 30 sec and subsequently pelleted using a laboratory pellet mill (Model CL5 California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, IN) equipped with a 0.16- × 0.5-in die. Production rate was 120 lb/h. Once cool, pellets were analyzed for PDI using the NHP100 with a 60-sec run …

Effects Of Conditioning Temperature On Pellet Quality Of Nursery Pig Diets, G. E. Nichols, C. R. Stark, A. M. Ogles, K. M. Dunmire, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature on pellet durability index (PDI) and pellet hardness. A phase 1 swine nursery diet was formulated to contain 25% spray-dried whey. The diet was manufactured and pelleted at the Kansas State University O.H. Kruse Feed Technology and Innovation Center, Manhattan, KS. The treatments consisted of three different conditioning temperatures: 130, 145, and 160°F. Diets were steam conditioned (10 in width × 55 in length Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) for approximately 30 sec on a 1-ton 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill) …

The Effect Of Pellet Mill Production Rate And Knife Distance On Pellet Quality, C. E. Evans, R. J. Beeman, M. Saensukjaroenphon, C. B. Paulk, C. R. Stark

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Longer pellet lengths may lead to decreased pellet breakage, resulting in increased pellet durability index (PDI). Thus, the objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of production rate and knife distance on pellet length and subsequent pellet quality. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with two production rates (16 and 33 lb/min) and three knife distances (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 in). All diets were conditioned at 185°F and pelleted using a CPM pellet mill (Model 1012-2 HD, California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, IN) equipped with a 0.19 in × 1.25 in die. The production rate …

Effects Of Grinding Corn With Different Moisture Concentrations On Subsequent Particle Size And Flowability Characteristics, M. B. Braun, K. M. Dunmire, C. E. Evans, C. R. Stark, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of whole corn moisture and hammermill screen size on subsequent ground corn moisture, particle size, and flow- ability. Whole yellow dent #2 corn was used for this experiment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial design with two moisture concentrations (as-received and high) each ground using 2 hammermill screen sizes (1/8 and 1/4 in). Corn was ground using a laboratory scale 1.5 HP Bliss Hammermill (Model 6K630B) at 3 separate time points to create 3 replications per treatment. Increasing initial whole corn moisture was accomplished by adding 5% …

2019 Swine Day Foreword, Etc., R. D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

It is with great pleasure that we present the 2019 Swine Industry Day Report of Progress. This report contains updates and summaries of applied and basic research conducted at Kansas State University during the past year. We hope that the information will be of benefit as we attempt to meet the needs of the Kansas swine industry.

Does Time Interval From Thawing Multiple Straws Of Semen To Insemination Affect Pregnancy Outcome Of Lactating Dairy Cows?, J. Fehn, L. G. Mendonça

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Technicians must follow guidelines when inseminating cows to avoid impacting the quality of semen and pregnancy per AI (P/AI). The interval from initiation of the thawing process of multiple semen straws until AI is an important aspect to be considered when evaluating the performance of AI technicians. Time interval from thawing to AI can be affected by the skill level of the AI technician, distance from the thawing unit to location of insemination, and labor efficiency. Because modern dairy farms are becoming larger, it is important to evaluate if the interval from thawing to AI is impacting P/AI in large …

Disease Prevalence And Its Consequences On Blood Metabolites, Physical Activities, Milk Yield, And Fertility, J. S. Stevenson, S. Banuelos

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Health status of 160 lactating cows was monitored by assessing blood metabolites on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 after calving, in addition measures of physical activity during 20 days surrounding parturition. Cows with clinical disease (any with diagnosis of ketosis, metritis, mastitis, respiratory disease, or milk fever during the first 60 days in milk) were compared with outcomes in healthy cows. Expected differences were observed between health status groups for serum concentrations of free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, and calcium, but not for plasma glucose. Daily postpartum rumination and eating times were decreased in diseased cows and they spent …

Are My Dry Cows Heat-Stressed? A Novel Approach To Assess Heat Stress Of Dry Cows In Commercial Dairy Herds, A. L. Scanavez, C. A. Gamarra, R. S. De Oliveira, L. G. Mendonça

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Heat stress during the dry period causes major economic losses to the dairy industry. However, limited research exists regarding responses of dry cows exposed to various temperature and relative humidity gradients. In addition, no validated methods are currently available to assess heat stress in dry cows. The goals of this study were to describe core body temperature (CBT) responses of dry cows according to a variety of temperature-humidity index (THI) values, and develop and validate a practical method to assess heat stress in dry cows in commercial dairy herds. This study was comprised of 2 parts. In the first part …

Deliberate Exercise Of Pregnant Holstein Heifers Improves Milk Composition During Lactation, J. Johnson, P. Steichen, B. J. Bradford, A. E. Rhodes, T. G. Rozell

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Exercise has substantial impacts on systemic physiology, but little research has been conducted to assess how it may influence dairy cattle in modern confined production systems. Dairy heifers were walked for up to 45 minutes, 4 days per week for 8 weeks during pregnancy to assess impacts on subsequent health and productivity. Heifers that were exercised had increased milk protein and solids-not-fat concentrations for up to 15 weeks into lactation, and increased milk fat and energy-corrected milk production at some time points during this period, as compared to sedentary contemporaries. No adverse or beneficial effects of exercise were found on …

Individual Feed Intake Of Transition Cows And Their Daily Activity Measures Of Temperature, Eating, Rumination, Resting, And Activity Times, J. S. Stevenson, C. S. Takiya, B. J. Bradford

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Fifteen transition dairy cows bearing CowSensor^®ear tags were monitored during 14 days before and after calving to assess temperature and behavior outcomes recorded by the sensors, in addition to actual individual dry matter and as-fed feed intake. The sensors—compared with reported visual observation studies—underestimated eating and resting times, but rumination time was estimated reasonably accurately. Expected changes in rumination (decreased acutely before calving and increased linearly to day 14) and general activity (increased acutely just before calving) were observed. More studies are warranted to determine how to use these activity monitors in detecting health disorders of cows that …

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Alters The Mrna Cytokine Profile From Mouse Macrophages Challenged With Streptococcus Uberis, T. H. Swartz, L. K. Mamedova, B. J. Bradford

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to determine if β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) altered inflammatory responses in macrophages challenged with a common mastitis pathogen,Streptococcus uberis. Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 line) were cultured either in the presence or absence of BHB for 24 h, and then challenged or not withS. uberis. Relative transcript abundance of cell membrane receptors (TLR2 and GPR109a), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, TNFα, and TGFβ), and chemokines (CXCL2 and CCL5) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and normalized against the geometric mean of HPRT and B2M.Streptococcus uberisactivated the macrophages, noted by greater …

Effects Of A High-Protein Corn Product On Nutrient Digestibility And Production Responses In Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows, W. E. Brown, B. J. Bradford

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a high-protein corn product (56% crude protein; CP) relative to other sources of protein on the lactation performance of dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (1,367 ± 105 lb of body weight, 111 ± 34 days in milk, 2.28 ± 0.46 lactations; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects. Cows were individually fed one of four diets with a different protein concentrate source during each 28-day period, including: soybean meal (SBM), high-protein corn product (HPCP), soybean …

Identifying A Milk-Replacer And Weaning Strategy For Holstein Calves Using Automated Behavioral Measures Of Lying And Environmental Enrichment Device Use, E. M. Bortoluzzi, T. M. Hill, L. L. Deikun, L. A. Ruiz, M. J. Goering, T. S. Dennis, F. X. Suarez-Mena, J. D. Quigley, R. L. Schlotterbeck, M. V. Alonso, R. Mazloom, M. Jaberi-Douraki, L. E. Hulbert

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In dairy production, “weaning readiness” is often based on solid feed intake. The goal of this study was to determine weaning readiness using feed-intake, lying-behaviors, and the use of an environmental enrichment device (EED) in calves that underwent 1 of 4 milk-replacer and weaning protocols. Twenty-eight male Holstein calves (95 ± 2.6 lb BW at 1 d of age) were housed in individual pens and initially fed one type of milk replacer (25% crude protein (CP), 17% fat, 1.45 lb of dry matter (DM)) via nipplebuckets twice a day (AM and PM), and one type of textured calf starter ( …

Effects Of Two Commercial Supplemental Fat Products On Body Condition Score And Cow- And Herd-Level Milk Yield And Composition In A Commercial Dairy Herd In Kansas, A. L. Scanavez, C. A. Gamarra, R. S. De Oliveira, L. G. Mendonça

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feeding fat supplements to lactating dairy cows is an effective strategy to increase energy density of rations and increase milk yield. However, it is not clear whether supplementing a specific fat supplement for the entire lactating herd provides better results than others in commercial dairy herds. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of fat supplementation with two commercial products on changes in body condition score (BCS) and cow- and herd-level milk production and composition in a large commercial dairy herd. The study was conducted in a herd milking approximately 1,500 Holstein cows. One of two treatments …