Life Sciences Commons^™

The Influence Of Peat And Inorganic Amendments On Physical Properties Of Sand-Based Rootzones, Freddie C. Waltz Jr.

All Dissertations

Many golf course putting greens and athletic fields are constructed with a medium consisting of a high sand content. Peat is the most common amendment to rootzone sand (RZS). However, a trend to replace peat with inorganic soil amendments (IOSA), such as calcined clay (CC) and diatomaceous earth (DE), is occurring. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate physical and hydraulic properties of rootzone mixtures and a field study investigated the potential of IOSA as a replacement to peat. In laboratory evaluations, amended RZS reduced the bulk density of all mixtures, while saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) for the RZS and mixtures …

Efficacy Of Sucker Control Method And Effect Of Topping Height On Axillary Bud Growth In Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco, Leslie Thompson

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The removal of terminal buds (topping) and sucker control are two practices that have an impact on yield and quality of dark tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Topping breaks apical dominance and encourages the growth of axillary buds (suckers). Following topping, growth regulator chemicals known as suckercides are commonly used to prevent axillary bud growth. Research has demonstrated that topping time, height, and sucker control method influence the quality and yield of the final product. Delaying topping past a critical developmental stage has been shown to reduce leaf yield. Topping height varies among geographical regions with most dark tobacco producers topping …

Efficacy Of Soybean Herbicides On Annual Morninglory, Dawn Oveson

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Field experiments were established in 2000 and 2001 at the Agricultural Research and Education Complex in Bowling Green, Kentucky to evaluate herbicide efficacy on annual morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) species and other weeds. A randomized complete block design was utilized in each study with each treatment being replicated three times. Plots consisted of four 76 cm rows, 9.1 m in length. The two center rows of each plot were treated, with the outside rows of each plot serving as a weedy check. Crop response, weed control, and grain yield data were collected. Four different experiments were conducted. Two experiments utilized treatments …

‘Forrest’ Resistance To The Soybean Cyst Nematode Is Bigenic: Saturation Mapping Of The Rhg1 And Rhg4 Loci, K. Meksem, P. Pantazopoulos, V. N. Njiti, D. L. Hyten, P. R. Arelli, D. A. Lightfoot

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Field resistance to cyst nematode (SCN) race 3 (Heterodera glycines I.) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cv ‘Forrest’ is conditioned by two QTLs: the underlying genes are presumed to include Rhg1 on linkage group G and Rhg4 on linkage group A2. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and two populations of near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from a cross of Forrest × Essex were used to map the loci affecting resistance to SCN. Bulked segregant analysis, with 512 AFLP primer combinations and microsatellite markers, produced a high-density genetic map for the intervals carrying Rhg …

Herbicide Evaluation In Arkansas Cotton 2000, Marilyn Mcclelland, Jim Barrentine, Ken Smith, Nilda Burgos

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Herbicidal weed control is economically important for production of cotton. Field experiments are conducted annually in Arkansas to evaluate the activity of developmental and commercial herbicides for selective control of weeds in cotton. These experiments serve both industry and Arkansas agriculture by providing information on the selectivity of herbicides still in the developmental stage and by comparing the activity of these new herbicides with that of recommended herbicides.

Ua66/5 Department Of Agriculture Newsletter, Wku Agriculture

WKU Archives Records

Newsletter created by WKU Agriculture Department re: faculty/staff, students/alumni, student organizations and clubs and donors.

A Comparative Study Of Composted Organic Wastes And Ibdu Fertilizer In Nitrogen Utilization By Bentgrass Cultivars, David Mathews

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This research project that was conducted to provide evidence that composted organic waste materials do provide comparable nitrogen absorption efficiency in relation to an organic slow release fertilizer. Western's compost facility supplied the two different organic wastes, which had been composted for 1 year. The materials used were composted urban leaf litter, sawdust/manure mixture at a 50/50 ratio by volume and an organic fertilizer IBDU. These materials were applied to one cultivars of (Agrostis capillaries) and three cultivars of (A. palustris) at the rate of .S^/IOOO**2 in the months of April, June, and September. The plots were sampled one month …

Molecular Characterization Of Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolates In Commercial Citrus Grown In Belize, Harry Sabal

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Isolates of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) in Belize may be causing inverse stem pitting, stunting, and slow decline on sweet and sour orange rootstock combination on field trees. One isolate on Cleopatra mandarin rootstock expressed no field symptoms but may be a possible source of a detrimental isolate to more susceptible citrus rootstock combinations. Field plants and field source inoculated indicator plants were used in this study. The first objective was to determine whether field trees of sweet Valencia orange trees that expressed symptoms of CTV would test positive to a polyclonal (mild and severe symptoms) and a monoclonal (severe …

Influence Of Fermentation And Cowpea Steaming On Some Quality Characteristics Of Maize-Cowpea Blends, Samuel Sefa-Dedeh, Yvonne Kluvitse, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa

Professor Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa

Fermentation and cowpea steaming can be used to improve the protein quality and quantity of fermented maize dough. In the production of maize-cowpea blends, it is important that the quality characteristics are evaluated to determine their functionality in the products. A 5x4x2x2 factorial experiment with cowpea level, fermentation time, cowpea steaming time and fermentation method as the variable was performed. The cowpeas were dehulled, steamed, dried at 65EC for 24 hours and milled into flours. Maize was soaked in water (18 hours), drained and milled into flour. The maize-cowpea blends were made into a 50% moisture dough, fermented for the …

Pb443 Corn Production In Tennessee, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

Corn is the most important grain crop in Tennessee. The total acreage of corn grown for grain and silage has been about 700,000 to 900,000 since 1970, with the silage acreage remaining about 140,000 acres each year since 1970. This is about one-fourth the total acreage of corn grown in Tennessee in 1930, but increased yields have tended to offset reduced acreage.

The average yield 55 years ago was about 20 to 25 bushels per acre, which was no better than the yields recorded 100 years ago. Tennessee farmers increased corn yields from 35 bushels per acre in 1955, to …

Comparison Of Prices For 'Organic' And 'Conventional' Grains And Soybeans In The Northern Great Plains And Upper Midwest: 1995-2000, Sherry K. Bertamsen, Thomas L. Dobbs

Economics Pamphlet Series

Price premiums for organic crops drew the attention of increasing numbers of farmers in the Northern Great Plains and Upper Midwest during the 1990s. Continuing low prices for crops grown with 'conventional' farming methods during the late 1990s caused a growing number of farmers to explore the possibilities of switching to organic methods and obtaining organic certification. As part of the sustainable agriculture research program in the Economics Department at South Dakota State University (SDSU), we have been comparing 'organic' and 'conventional' crop prices over the past six years. This pamphlet contains an update of the price comparisons through 2000. …

Arkansas Agriculture Situation And Outlook 2001, Bruce L. Ahrendsen, Eric J. Wailes, Bruce L. Dixon, Andrew Mckenzie, Tony E. Windham

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Many farmers in Arkansas and other parts of the United States are experiencing financial stress. The purpose of this special report is to highlight the situation of Arkansas farmers and to offer an outlook for 2001. The report emphasizes the production, price, income, financial, farmland value, and interest rate outlook for Arkansas farmers and considers the impact of the macro economy on agriculture. In addition, price risk management and pre-harvest marketing strategies for farmers are presented.

Pb1608 Soybean Production In Tennessee, The University Of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service

Field & Commercial Crops

The soybean plant belongs to the Leguminosae family. All plants in this family are known as legumes and many have the ability to supply their own nitrogen needs. The average composition of a soybean seed is 40 percent protein, 21 percent oil, 34 percent carbohydrates and 5 percent ash on a dry matter basis. Soybeans grown in Tennessee average about 20 percent oil and 40 percent protein. Soybeans are an important crop in Tennessee and rank in the top three for cash receipts for row crops each year. Soybean acres harvested for the last five years have ranged from 950,000 …

Chemical Composition And Quality Changes Occurring In Dioscorea Dumetorum Pax Tubers After Harvest, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Samuel Sefa-Dedeh

Professor Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa

Studies were conducted on the chemical composition, as well as the biochemical and textural changes, occurring during storage of two cultivars of Dioscorea dumetorum yam tubers. The tubers were harvested and stored under tropical ambient (28_C) and cold room conditions (4_C) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The samples were evaluated for moisture, starch, sugars, fibres and textural properties. Chemical analysis showed no significant differences between the means obtained for moisture, ash, protein, fibre, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C contents of the cultivars (white and yellow) studied. During storage, moisture contents decreased by approximately 6–10% …

Management Of Soil Organic Matter And Gypsum For Sustainable Production In The Carnarvon Horticultural District Of Western Australia, R.S.B. Greene, A.J. Lin, D. C. Parr

Agriculture reports

Soil quality is critically important for the long-term production of high quality and high yielding fruit and vegetable crops in the Carnarvon horticultural district of Western Australia. A stable soil structure is essential for good soil quality.

Crop Updates 2001 - Weeds, Vanessa Stewart, David Bowran, Alexandra Wallace, Bill Roy, Peter Newman, Cameron Weeks, Tony Blake, Dave Nicholson, Clinton Revell, Candy Hudson, Abul Hashem, Nerys Wilkins, Terry Piper, Aik Cheam, Amanda Ellery, Ross Chapman, Sally Peltzert, Robert Barrett-Lennard, Marta Monjardino, David Pannell, Stephen Powles, Rick Llewellyn, Paul Blackwell, Maurice Black, Miles Obst, Mike Collins, Julie Roche, Harmohinder S. Dhammu, Siew Lee, Mario D'Antuono, Ian Rose, Diana Fedorenko, Clayton Butterly, Stuart Mcalpine, Keith Devenish, John Moore, Paul Matson, Shannon Barraclough, Lionel Martin, Mike Clarke, Jonas Hodgson, Lawrence Price, Craig Brown, Gordon Cumming, Bill Crabtree, Jenny Hawkes, Roger Jones

Crop Updates

This session covers forty six papers from different authors:

1. INTRODUCTION, Vanessa Stewart, Agriculture Western Australia

PLENARY

2. Wild radish – the implications for our rotations, David Bowran, Centre for Cropping Systems

INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT

IWM system studies/demonstration sites

3. Integrated weed management: Cadoux, Alexandra Wallace, Agriculture Western Australia

4. A system approach to managing resistant ryegrass, Bill Roy, Agricultural Consulting and Research Services Pty Ltd, York

5. Long term herbicide resistance demonstration, Peter Newman, Agriculture Western Australia, Cameron Weeks, Tony Blake and Dave Nicholson

6. Integrated weed management: Katanning, Alexandra Wallace, Agriculture Western Australia

7. Integrated …

Crop Updates 2001 - Oilseeds, Mervyn Mcdougall, Debbie Thackray, Kevin Walden, G. Walton, Kevin Morthorne, Stephen Addenbrooke, Paul Carmody, Rafiul Alam, Glen Riethmuller, Greg Hamilton, Paul Blackwell, M. D. A. Bolland, M. J. Baker, A. J. Diggle, Chris Gazey, Imma Farre, Michael J. Robertson, Senthold Asseng, Ping Si, David Turner, David Harris, Françoise Berlandier, Christiaan Valentine, David Cook, Peter Mangano, David Cousins, Darryl Hardie, Ravjit Khangura, Martin Barbetti, Jenny Hawkes, Roger Jones, Cameron Weeks, Erin Hasson, David Eksteen, John Moore, Paul Matson, Carla Thomas, Lionel Martin

Crop Updates

ABSTRACT

This session covers twenty five papers from different authors:

FORWARD, Mervyn McDougall, CHAIRMAN, PULSES AND OILSEEDS PARTNERSHIP GROUP

PLENARY

1. Implications of the ‘green-bridge’ for viral and fungal disease carry-over between seasons, Debbie Thackray, Agriculture Western Australia and Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture

2. Insect pest development in WA via the ‘green-bridge’, Kevin Walden, Agriculture Western Australia

VARIETIES

3. Performance of new canola varieties in AGWEST variety trials, G. Walton, Crop Improvement Institute, Agriculture Western Australia

4. New herbicide tolerant varieties in WA, Kevin Morthorpe, Stephen Addenbrooke, Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia P/L

5. IT v’s TT – …

Crop Updates 2001 - Grower Booklet, Graeme Robertson, Jatinderpal Bathal, Cameron Weeks, Kith Jayasena, Robert Loughman, Bill Bowden, Chris Gazey, Ross Brennan, Ian Foster, Q. Knight, Ross Kingwell, S. B. Sharma, S. Kelly, Glen Mcdonald, Kevin Young, Blakely Paynter, Keith Devenish, Abul Hashem, Nerys Wilkins, Terry Piper, Sally Peltzer, Clinton Revell, Candy Hudson, Ian Rose, Alexandra Wallace, Paul Blackwell, Miles Obst, David Bowran, Bevan J. Buirchell, Moin Salam, Art Diggle, Geoff Thomas, Mark Sweetingham, Bill O'Neill, Rafiul Alam, Glen Riethmuller, Greg Hamilton, Paul Carmody, G. Walton, B. Macleod, M. Seymour, H. Dhammu, D. Nicholson, M. D'Antuono

Crop Updates

1. Strategies for leaf disease management in wheat, Jatinderpal Bhathal¹, Cameron Weeks², Kith Jayasena¹ and Robert Loughman¹, 1Agriculture Western Australia. 2Mingenew-Irwin Group Inc.

2. Burn stubble windrows: to diagnose soil fertility problems, Bill Bowden, Chris Gazey and Ross Brennan, Agriculture Western Australia

3. Rainfall – what happened in 2000 and the prospects for 2001, Ian Foster, Agriculture Western Australia

4. Strategies for leaf disease management in malting barley, K. Jayasena1, Q. Knight2 and R. Loughman1, 1Agriculture Western Australia, 2IAMA Agribusiness

5. Planning your cropping program in season 2001, Dr …

Crop Updates 2001 - Lupins, Mark Sweetingham, Beven J. Buirchell, Bob French, Laurie Wahlsten, Janet Wtoth, Kirsty Bayliss, Wallace Cowling, R. F. Brennan, Miles Dracup, Nick Galwey, Bob Thomsom, Moin Salam, Art Diggle, Geoff Thomas, Bill O'Neill, Debbie Thackray, Kevin Walden, M. Shankar, Dominie Wright, Nichole Burges, Hu'aan Yang, Ming Pei You, David Bowran, Abul Hashem, Nerys Wilkins, Aik Cheam, Terry Piper, Paul Blackwell, Miles Obst, Andrew Sandison, Cameron Weeks, Erin Hasson, Luigi Moreschi, Brett Glencross, Jon Clements, Miles Dracup, Ramon Hall, Stuart Johnson, Madeleine Ball, Sofia Sipsas, David Petterson

Crop Updates

This session covers twenty six papers from different authors:

INTRODUCTION,

1. Introduction, Dr Mark Sweetingham LUPIN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT, Agriculture Western Australia

VARIETIES

2. Lupin variety performance: Are you making the most of it? Bevan J. Buirchell, Agriculture Western Australia

3. Adaption of restricted-branching lupins in Western Australia, Bob French and Laurie Wahlsten, Agriculture Western Australia

4. Isolated microspore culture of lupin for production of doubled haploids, Dr Janet Wroth, Dr Kirsty Bayliss and A/Prof. Wallace Cowling, Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia

NUTRITION

5. Banding manganese fertiliser below the seed increases seed …

Crop Updates 2001 - Pulses, M. Harries, W. O'Neill, R. French, N. Brandon, N. Runciman, S. White, M. Seymour, P. White, T. White, C. Veitch, J. Berger, N. C. Turner, K. H. M. Siddique, H. Clarke, G. Riethmuller, W. Macleod, J. Millar, T. N. Khan, R. Beermier, N. Brown, H. Dhammu, T. Piper, D. Nicholson, M. D'Antuono, K. Regan, J. Clements, C. Francis, C. Hanbury, C. White, B. Mullan, B. Hughes, R. Bowie, J. Warburton, P. Fisher, M. Braimbridge, F. Hoyle, W. Bowden, S. Lawrence, Z. Rengel, S. P. Loss, M. D. A. Bolland, R. Brennan, P. Tille, N. Schoknecht, J. Galloway, D. Wright, N. Burges, R. Jones, L. Latham, O Edwards, J. Ridsdill-Smith, M. J. De Sousa Majer, N. C. Turner, D. Hardie, P. Smith, R. Emery, E. Kostas

Crop Updates

This session covers sixty six papers from different authors:

1. Pulse Industry Highlights

2. CONTRIBUTORS

3. BACKGROUND

4. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS RESULTS

2000 REGIONAL ROUNDUP

5. Northern agricultural Region, M. Harries, W. O’Neill, Agriculture Western Australia

6. Central Agricultural Region, R. French, Agriculture Western Australia

7. Great Southern and Lakes,N. Brandon, N. Runciman and S. White,Agriculture Western Australia

8. Esperance, M. Seymour, Agriculture Western Australia

PULSE PRODUCTION AGRONOMY AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT

Faba bean:

9. germplasm evaluation,

10. Variety evaluation,

11. Sowing rate and time of sowing, Variation in root morphology, P. White and T. Pope, Agriculture Western …

Crop Updates 2001 - Cereals, Ross Kingwell, Wal Anderson, Eddy Pol, Peter Burgess, Ashley Bacon, D. M. Bakker, G. J. Hamilton, D. Houlbrooke, C. Spann, M. A. Hamza, Paul Blackwell, M. D. A. Bolland, Maurice Black, R. F. Brennan, W. L. Crabtree, Bill Bowden, Chris Gazey, Rochelle Strahan, Bob Gilkes, Zed Rengel, Stephen Loss, Tim O'Dea, Patrick Gethin, Ryan Guthrie, Lisa Leaver, David Phelps, Darshan Sharma, Mohammad Amjad, Md Sanajahanh Miyan, James Fisher, Senthold Asseng, Bill Bowden, Michael Robertson, Glen Macdonald, Kevin Young, Blakely Paynter, Jatinderpal Bathal, Cameron Weeks, Kith Jayasena, Robert Loughman, Q. Knight, Dominie Wright, Nichole Burges, Lisa-Jane Blacklow, Rob Hulme, Rob Griffith, Jenny Hawkes, Roger Jones, Debbie Thackray, S. B. Sharma, S. Kelly, Peter Newman, Dave Nicholson, Harmohinder S. Dhammu, Terry Piper, Mario F. D'Antuono, Mehmet Cakir, Nick Galwey, David Poulsen, Garry Ablett, Reg Lance, Greg Platz, Joe Panozzo, Barbara Read, David Moody, Andy Barr, Peter Langridge, Tina Botwright, Tony Condon, Robin Wilson, Iain Barclay, Howard Carr, Greg Shea, Ian Foster, David Tennant

Crop Updates

This session covers forty two papers from different authors:

PLENARY

1. Planning your cropping program in season 2001, Dr Ross Kingwell, Agriculture Western Australia and University of Western Australia

WORKSHOP

2. Can we produce high yields without high inputs? Wal Anderson, Centre for Cropping Systems, Agriculture Western Australia

VARIETIES

3. Local and interstate wheat variety performance and $ return to WA growers, Eddy Pol, Peter Burgess and Ashley Bacon, Agritech Crop Research

CROP ESTABLISHMENT

4 Soil management of waterlogged soils, D.M. Bakker, G.J. Hamilton, D. Houlbrooke and C. Spann, Agriculture Western Australia

5. Effect of soil …

Profitable Canola Production In The Great Southern And Lakes District, Paul Carmody, Ashley Herbert

Bulletins 4000 -

The Canola industry has rapidly grown with a 10 fold increase in area sown in Western Australia over the four years from 1996-99.

The driving force behind this increase in area can be attributed to the successful adoption of weed control technology in Triazine Tolerant Canola.

By knowing the model of the limiting factors, which are usually; weed control, fertiliser practices, blackleg management, variety selection, seeding dates, seeding depths, insect control and swathing, we can make the right decisions and achieve the targeted profit.

To produce yield to potential, all factors need to be optimised, otherwise yields will be decreased …

Profitable Canola Production In The Northern Grainbelt Of Western Australia 2001, Paul Carmody, Adrian Cox

Bulletins 4000 -

Canola is a member of the Brassicaceae family that also includes mustard, turnip, wild radish, cauliflower, cabbage and broccoli.

It is a winter growing oilseed that can be produced in most arable areas of Australia where winter crops are currently grown. Originally known as rapeseed using the varieties B. campestris, the varieties of B. napus have almost completely replaced this earlier variety in all the areas where the crop is grown.

The swing to B. napus varieties was due to their superior yields, resistance to blackleg and better quality oil and meal. Canola can be grown on a wide variety …

Avocado Culture In Western Australia, Alec Mccarthy

Bulletins 4000 -

The avocado is a large evergreen tree of sub-tropical origin. The fruit are high in protein, fats (mono and polyunsaturated), several minerals and vitamins. The Guinness Book of Records lists the avocado as the most nutritious fruit in the world. It is suitable for infants through to the elderly and does not contain any cholesterol.

Avocado trees are quite adaptable, being grown from Kununurra in the north down to Albany in the south. They are being grown commercially in the south-west from Perth down to Pemberton and in Carnarvon. Avocado trees are frost susceptible, particularly when young, so they are …

Instructions For Authors, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Correlating Fissure Occurrence To Rice Quality For Various Drying And Tempering Treatments, Monica J. Jimenez, Terry J. Siebenmorgen, A. G. Cnossen

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

When a rice kernel fissures, it can break in subsequent food processing operations and lose its commercial value. Head rice yield (HRY) is a measure of the percent of kernels that remain whole (at least three-fourths of original length) after rice has been milled. Our experiment was designed to test the effect of a rapid state transition during drying and tempering processes using cultivars Bengal and Cypress. ‘Bengal’ is a medium-size kernel and ‘Cypress’ is a longsize, thinner grained cultivar. Immediately after drying, the rice samples were separated into four sub-samples and tempered for 0, 80, 160, or 240 minutes …

Prediction Of Rice Texture From Starch Profiles Measured Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Hazel Fromm, J. F. Meullenet

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Starch determines a large proportion of the textural properties of cooked rice. The amylose: amylopectin ratio plays a significant role in the functionality of native starch. In this study a medium-grain rice cultivar, ‘Bengal’, was used for starch structure characterization using high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). This cultivar is characterized by having lower amylose content (15% to 20%) than long grain cultivars and being sticky when cooked, similar to short-grain cultivars. Rice samples were harvested in 1999 from five locations around Arkansas at state verification trials where cultural practices are closely monitored. Samples of this cultivar stored at a specified …

Letter From The Dean, Gregory J. Weidemann

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Contents, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Intsormil 2001 Annual Report, John M. Yohe, Thomas Crawford Jr., Joan Frederick, Dorothy Stoner

INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins

Presently, worldwide, more than 800 million people are hungry and over one billion are desperately poor, and food demand is increasing rapidly. The majority of poor live in rural areas in developing countries and agricultural and food systems development is vital to economic growth; improving environmental quality; strengthening nutrition, health and child survival; improving the status of women; and promoting democratization. It is estimated that, between 1980 and 2030, the population ofow- and middle-income countries will more than double-to seven billion, compared with one billion for high-income countries. In the next 35 years, 2.5 billion people will be added to …