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Articles 1 - 17 of 17
Full-Text Articles in Securities Law
Corporations - Securities Regulation - Material Misstatements Of Omissions Of Fact Under The Securities Act Of 1933, Eric E. Bergsten S.Ed.
Corporations - Securities Regulation - Material Misstatements Of Omissions Of Fact Under The Securities Act Of 1933, Eric E. Bergsten S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff sued for rescission of his purchase of stock in a corporation under section 12 (2) of the Securities Act of 1933 (hereafter referred to as the act) alleging a material misleading statement of fact in the prospectus. The alleged misstatement was that defendant was an "underwriter (as defined pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 as amended)." No further explanation of defendant's status and consequent obligation was made in the prospectus. Defendant had agreed in fact to be only a "best efforts" underwriter. The trial court found that the statement was misleading and material. On appeal, held, affirmed. …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Secret Withdrawals Of Corporate Receipts By Stockholders As Income In Absence Of Surplus, Kenneth H. Haynie S.Ed.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Secret Withdrawals Of Corporate Receipts By Stockholders As Income In Absence Of Surplus, Kenneth H. Haynie S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
As sole stockholder of the Robbins Tire and Rubber Company, the defendant managed and controlled the affairs of the corporation. Over a period of years he intercepted the company's receipts from several of its large customers and diverted them to his own use. No entries of such receipts were made on the books of the company, nor was any tax paid on them. Defendant was convicted for attempted evasion of his personal income tax on these funds. On appeal, held, affirmed. Taxation is concerned with actual command over property: If does not matter whether defendant got the funds as …
Corporations - Dividends - New Jersey Dividend Credit For Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, John A. Beach S.Ed.
Corporations - Dividends - New Jersey Dividend Credit For Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, John A. Beach S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Defendant, a New Jersey corporation, paid no dividends on its non-cumulative preferred stock after 1933, although it had annual earnings exceeding the total amount of the preference in each of the years 1941 through 1948, and again in 1951 and 1952. In 1955 defendant had earned surplus exceeding $12,000,000. Plaintiffs, holders of non-cumulative preferred shares, brought this action asking for a declaratory judgment as to the nature of their preference rights over the common holders. On appeal from a summary judgment for defendant, held, affirmed. In the absence of any impending or threatened declaration of dividends to common shareholders, …
Corporations - Employee Stock Option Plans - Nature Of Consideration Required For Valid Plan, Richard E. Day
Corporations - Employee Stock Option Plans - Nature Of Consideration Required For Valid Plan, Richard E. Day
Michigan Law Review
Restricted stock option plans, approved by a majority of the stockholders, were adopted by the defendant corporation in 1951 and 1952 pursuant to, and in compliance with, section 218 of the Revenue Act of 1950, for the purpose of" ... providing an incentive to participating key executive employees in the form of an opportunity to acquire a greater proprietary interest in the corporation and thus stimulate their efforts in the corporate welfare .... " The options were effective and exercisable anytime from the date of issuance to the end of a five-year period, with provision for termination three months after …
Corporations - Shareholders - Majority Liability For Improper Stock Redemption By Corporation And For Misrepresentations In Private Stock Purchases From Minority Holders, James M. Tobin
Michigan Law Review
In 1942 a seemingly innocuous suit was brought against the Axton-Fisher Tobacco Corporation to determine the propriety of the alteration of a stock redemption. In 1955 Judge Leahy of the Federal District Court for Delaware handed down an opinion on the damages and relief to be given in the case in what he hopefully termed was the final phase of this famous litigation. It is the purpose of this comment to appraise the basis of the recovery allowed by Judge Leahy. Two readily distinguishable problems will be treated: (1) the nature of relief from a stock redemption called by fiduciaries …
Creation Of Joint Rights Between Husband And Wife In Personal Property: I, R. Bruce Townsend
Creation Of Joint Rights Between Husband And Wife In Personal Property: I, R. Bruce Townsend
Michigan Law Review
Joint ownership of personal property in recent years has become a common practice--one to which husband and wife are especially addicted. The topic is worthy of more than academic concern as demonstrated by the public use of joint titles in the acquisition of all kinds of personal assets, particularly investment securities. A casual conversation with almost any banker would disclose that a very high percentage of accounts owned by married people are held jointly with their spouses. The current popularity of dual ownership, for example, is reflected in the marketing policy of the United States Treasury in the sale of …
Two-Contract Analysis May Imperil Stock Option Plans, James F. Ward
Two-Contract Analysis May Imperil Stock Option Plans, James F. Ward
Michigan Law Review
Stock option plans generally have withstood judicial scrutiny where they have complied with the requirements developed to control the operation of this type of arrangement. It would seem, therefore, that the future of stock options is secure against even the most critical court review-that nothing in the nature of the stock option arrangement would render it vulnerable to a general attack. The writer believes that complacency in this assumption is not now advisable. Recently a view (from a respectable authority) has been introduced unnoticed into this area, and may have gained the acceptance accorded to an unsuspected imposter. This view, …
Securities - Inter Vivos Gifts To Minors, Stephen C. Bransdorfer S.Ed.
Securities - Inter Vivos Gifts To Minors, Stephen C. Bransdorfer S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
A statute recently enacted in twelve states and expected to be considered by seven other states this year, authorizes a new method for making gifts of securities to minors and for administering such gifts. The statute provides: (1) that irrevocable gifts of securities may be made to minors by use of statutory registration or deed of gift forms; (2) for the creation of a new type of fiduciary termed a custodian; (3) that the custodian shall have powers and duties over the minor's securities including authority to manage, sell, reinvest the proceeds from the sale and administer the securities for …
Corporations - Officers And Directors - Effect Of An Equitable Lien On Directors' Liability, Robert Steele
Corporations - Officers And Directors - Effect Of An Equitable Lien On Directors' Liability, Robert Steele
Michigan Law Review
Defendants, directors of a corporation, appealed from a judgment against them in favor of their company's creditor. The corporation had executed a note promising to repay plaintiff's loan out of the funds from a forthcoming stock issue. The board of directors passed a resolution ordering the officers to repay plaintiff in this manner. The money was then spent for other purposes, with the knowledge of the individual directors, after which the corporation became insolvent. On appeal, held, affirmed. The note and resolution imposed an equitable lien on the fund from the stock sale. The corporation's conversion of this interest …
Securities Regulation-Civil Liability Under Rule X-10b-5 For Fraud In The Purchase Or Sale Of Securities, J. David Voss S.Ed.
Securities Regulation-Civil Liability Under Rule X-10b-5 For Fraud In The Purchase Or Sale Of Securities, J. David Voss S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
On May 21, 1942 the Securities and Exchange Commission, pursuant to section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, promulgated rule X-10B-5.2 The purpose of the new rule was apparently to close a loophole in the then existing pattern of regulation of the purchase and sale of securities. The loophole resulted from a gap between section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, which prohibits the use of fraud in the sale of securities by any person, and section 15(c)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which prohibits the use of fraud in the sale or purchase of …
Securities - Effect Of Certificate Of Title Acts Of Sales On Encumberd Vehicles To Purchasers In Ordinary Course, Charles G. Williamson, Jr. S.Ed.
Securities - Effect Of Certificate Of Title Acts Of Sales On Encumberd Vehicles To Purchasers In Ordinary Course, Charles G. Williamson, Jr. S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The primary purpose of this comment will be to examine the various legislative schemes in use and the bearing of the certificate of title acts on the case of mortgagee v. purchaser in ordinary course.
Corporations - Shareholders - Use Of Corporate Funds For Proxy Contest Expenses, Julius B. Poppinga S.Ed.
Corporations - Shareholders - Use Of Corporate Funds For Proxy Contest Expenses, Julius B. Poppinga S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Following a proxy contest in which the insurgent faction of stockholders was successful, the new board of directors paid out $28,000 to members of the old board to cover expenses incurred by them, and also used $127,000 to reimburse the prevailing group. The latter expenditure was approved by a sixteen-to-one majority vote of the stockholders. Plaintiff brought a derivative action seeking restoration of both amounts. The trial court dismissed the complaint, and the appellate division affirmed this judgment. On appeal to the New York Court of Appeals, held, affirmed, three judges dissenting. Corporate directors may make reasonable expenditures in …
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Treatment Of Gains From Commodity Futures Transactions Of Manufacturing Consumer, Neil Flanagin S.Ed.
Taxation - Federal Income Tax - Treatment Of Gains From Commodity Futures Transactions Of Manufacturing Consumer, Neil Flanagin S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer, a manufacturer of products made from corn, purchased and sold corn futures contracts as a part of its regular buying program in order to protect itself against a possible shortage of raw materials. Taxpayer contended that the gains realized on these transactions should receive capital asset treatment. The Tax Court and the court of appeals held that the gains constituted ordinary income. On appeal, held, affirmed. The transactions, though not true hedges, were entered into for business purposes and as an integral part of taxpayer's operations. Consequently, they should be treated the same as hedges, and the gains …
Corporations - Shareholders - Power Of The Majority To Ratify Director's Fraud, Paul A. Heinen
Corporations - Shareholders - Power Of The Majority To Ratify Director's Fraud, Paul A. Heinen
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff, a stockholder in the Kroger Company, brought a derivative suit against a subsidiary of the company and certain officers and directors of both the parent and the subsidiary. It was alleged that . Kroger's directors had fraudulently waived the company's preemptive right to a new issue of stock of the subsidiary and had then purchased the shares for their own accounts at a price far below the market value. The defendants answered that the sale had been ratified by a majority in interest of disinterested stockholders to whom all the details of the transaction had been explained, and denied …
Securities Legislation - Limitations Upon The Scope Of Rule X-10b-5, Cyril Moscow
Securities Legislation - Limitations Upon The Scope Of Rule X-10b-5, Cyril Moscow
Michigan Law Review
A syndicate attempted to acquire all of the outstanding stock in a bridge corporation pursuant to a plan to transfer the stock to a bridge commission and realize substantial returns. The price offered for the stock was well over the market price but the resale plan was not disclosed. After control of 80 percent of the stock was obtained, the syndicate's purchasing agents were installed as officers and directors. They continued to purchase the stock without revealing the plan and the anticipated profits. Upon the completion of the plan, former stockholders in the corporation brought a class action against the …
Corporations - Officers And Directors - Agreement Interfering With Management By Board Of Directors, Edward H. Hoenicke S.Ed.
Corporations - Officers And Directors - Agreement Interfering With Management By Board Of Directors, Edward H. Hoenicke S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiffs, minority stockholders in a closely held corporation, asked that the court declare invalid an agreement between the majority stockholders and their "agent-directors" for the management of the business. The agreement provided that for ten years the stock of the parties to the agreement would be voted as a unit as any seven of the agents should direct or, if they could not agree, as directed by an arbitrator chosen by them. The agents were to be elected to the board of directors by the stockholders who appointed them. Under a cumulative voting provision, the parties to the agreement had …
Corporations - Stockholders - Fiduciary Relationship In Sale Of Controlling Stock Interest, Morton A. Polster S.Ed.
Corporations - Stockholders - Fiduciary Relationship In Sale Of Controlling Stock Interest, Morton A. Polster S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
This comment is concerned with the duty owed by the controlling stockholders to the non-controlling stockholders when there is a sale of the controlling interest. Recently this question was considered by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Perlman v. Feldmann, and the opinion, reversing the lower court and accompanied by a vigorous dissent by Judge Swan, deserves careful consideration.