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Articles 1 - 30 of 41
Full-Text Articles in Securities Law
Locked In: The Competitive Disadvantage Of Citizen Shareholders, Anne M. Tucker
Locked In: The Competitive Disadvantage Of Citizen Shareholders, Anne M. Tucker
Anne Tucker
In this Essay, I challenge the conventional corporate law wisdom that unhappy mutual fund investors paying high fees don’t need litigation or regulation to protect their interests because they should simply exit a fund and reinvest elsewhere. The exit solution, advanced by Professors John Morley and Quinn Curtis in Taking Exit Rights Seriously provided an elegantly simply solution to the problem of unhappy indirect investors (e.g., mutual fund investors) given that they are often low-dollar, low-incentive, rationally-apathetic investors facing enormous information asymmetries and collective action problems. According to their view, competition produced by exit, or the threat of exit, is …
Lawyers And Fools: Lawyer-Directors In Public Corporations, Lubomir P. Litov, Simone M. Sepe, Charles K. Whitehead
Lawyers And Fools: Lawyer-Directors In Public Corporations, Lubomir P. Litov, Simone M. Sepe, Charles K. Whitehead
Lubomir P. Litov
The accepted wisdom—that a lawyer who becomes a corporate director has a fool for a client—is outdated. The benefits of lawyer-directors in today’s world significantly outweigh the costs. Beyond monitoring, they help manage litigation and regulation, as well as structure compensation to align CEO and shareholder interests. The results have been an average 9.5% increase in firm value and an almost doubling in the percentage of public companies with lawyer-directors. This Article is the first to analyze the rise of lawyer-directors. It makes a variety of other empirical contributions, each of which is statistically significant and large in magnitude. First, …
Don’T Ask, Just Tell: Insider Trading After United States V. O’Hagan, Kimberly D. Krawiec, Richard W. Painter, Cynthia A. Williams
Don’T Ask, Just Tell: Insider Trading After United States V. O’Hagan, Kimberly D. Krawiec, Richard W. Painter, Cynthia A. Williams
Cynthia A. Williams
The United States Supreme Court validated the misappropriation theory in United States v. O'Hagan, but unfortunately rendered a confusing opinion that left many questions unresolved. In this article we discuss the history of the Supreme Court's Section 10(b) jurisprudence as it relates to insider trading, giving particular attention to the Court's insistence prior to O'Hagan that "a material misrepresentation or material failure to disclose," not merely a breach of fiduciary duty, must exist to impose liability under Section 10(b). We then discuss the pervasive inconsistencies among lower courts in interpreting the misappropriation theory, and how the O'Hagan decision does little …
Developments In Financial Services Regulation: A Canadian Perspective, Poonam Puri, Andrew Nichol
Developments In Financial Services Regulation: A Canadian Perspective, Poonam Puri, Andrew Nichol
Poonam Puri
No abstract provided.
High Tech Lending: Maintaining Priority In An Intangible World, Richard Haigh, Marc R. Mercier
High Tech Lending: Maintaining Priority In An Intangible World, Richard Haigh, Marc R. Mercier
Richard Haigh
Financing intangible intellectual property in Canada presents some novel demands on lenders because of the interaction of provincial security schemes with federal intellectual property legislation. This article looks at the relative ease with which security interests in intangible property may be obtained under provincial personal property security regimes, and then at the various federal intellectual property statutes which exhibit more of a piecemeal approach to financing. In addition, a number of constitutional issues arise because of this jurisdictional split, and the article explores these issues, comparing the situation in Canada with that in the United States. The article suggests that …
Weather, Leather, And The Obligation To Disclose: Kerr V. Danier Leather Inc., Anita Anand, Mary Condon
Weather, Leather, And The Obligation To Disclose: Kerr V. Danier Leather Inc., Anita Anand, Mary Condon
Mary G. Condon
Is an issuer legally obliged to update its prospectus if a material event occurs following the receipt for the prospectus but prior to the closing of the offering? This is the crucial issue that is addressed in Kerr v. Danier Leather Inc., a case that has been heard at the trial and appeal levels in Ontario and that will be heard in 2007 by the Supreme Court of Canada. In this commentary, we argue that the Court of Appeal decision in the case overlooked crucial aspects of contemporary securities law and policy in holding that there is no obligation to …
Four Pillars To Build A New Corporate Law Federalism: Crowd Funding Exchanges, A Codified Internal Affairs Doctrine, City-Based Incorporation, And An Arbitrated Corporate Code, J.W. Verret
John W Verret
This article examines the event window opened by the pending creation of new crowdfunding platforms, a new means of creating publicly traded equity for smaller, early stage firms than have ever been permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission to access the public securities markets. That event window could support a completely new paradigm for the development of corporation law and completely upend existing wisdom about interstate competition to develop corporate governance. This article considers the economics of crowdfunding precursors which share some of the attributes of equity crowdfunding, and also considers the expected attributes of equity crowdfunding, to demonstrate …
Reconciling Tax Law And Securities Regulation, Omri Y. Marian
Reconciling Tax Law And Securities Regulation, Omri Y. Marian
Omri Y Marian
Issuers in registered securities offerings must disclose the expected tax consequences to investors investing in the offered securities (“nonfinancial tax disclosure”). This Article advances three arguments regarding nonfinancial tax disclosures. First, nonfinancial tax disclosure practice, as the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) has sanctioned it, does not fulfill its intended regulatory purposes. Currently, nonfinancial tax disclosures provide irrelevant information, sometimes fail to provide material information, create unnecessary transaction costs, and divert valuable administrative resources to the enforcement of largely-meaningless requirements. Second, the practical reason for this failure is the SEC and tax practitioners’ unsuccessful attempt to address investors’ heterogeneous …
Choosing Among Innocents: Should Donations To Charities Be Protected From Avoidance As Fraudulent Transfers, Jeffrey Davis
Choosing Among Innocents: Should Donations To Charities Be Protected From Avoidance As Fraudulent Transfers, Jeffrey Davis
Jeffrey Davis
In recent years, the nation has experienced the most severe recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. A recession is like a low tide. When the water recedes, the crabs, slugs, and urchins appear. Similarly, when the economy recedes, Ponzi schemes appear. People cut back on saving and investing, and many are forced to draw on savings and investments. Deprived of its life's blood, a positive cash flow, a Ponzi scheme dies. This explains why so many Ponzi schemes have failed recently, including the schemes of Bernard Madoff in New York, Tom Petters in Minneapolis, Robert Allen Stanford in …
Tender Offers And The Sale Of Control: An Analogue To Determine The Validity Of Target Management Defense Measures, Stuart R. Cohn
Tender Offers And The Sale Of Control: An Analogue To Determine The Validity Of Target Management Defense Measures, Stuart R. Cohn
Stuart R. Cohn
The hostile tender offer phenomenon has spawned wholesale defensive measures adopted by target company management. In recent years, confrontations like those of Occidental Petroleum-Mead Corporation and American Express-McGraw-Hill have resulted in target management causing the eventual withdrawal of the tender offer by employing a variety of defensive measures known colloquially as “scorched earth” tactics. The “urge to merge” among major corporations will continue to produce unsolicited, nonnegotiated tender offers at varying scales of size. Consequently, strategies and techniques have been created at a pace faster than the process of litigation, causing a discernible lag between the ingenuity of corporate management …
Stock Appreciation Rights And The Sec: A Case Of Questionable Rulemaking, Stuart R. Cohn
Stock Appreciation Rights And The Sec: A Case Of Questionable Rulemaking, Stuart R. Cohn
Stuart R. Cohn
A stock appreciation rights (SARs) program is a form of deferred incentive compensation. Grantees are awarded SAR-units representing an equal number of the grantor’s equity shares currently being traded in public markets. SARs provide grantees the benefit of stock ownership without equity interest, investment, or risk of loss. Stock appreciation rights programs offer various advantages over other forms of executive compensation and have grown rapidly in number. These advantages include the availability of benefits without the requirement of monetary payments, the utilization of SARs as an interest-free form of financing the purchase of stock under tandem stock option programs, the …
Securities Markets For Small Issuers: The Barrier Of Federal Solicitation And Advertising Prohibitions, Stuart R. Cohn
Securities Markets For Small Issuers: The Barrier Of Federal Solicitation And Advertising Prohibitions, Stuart R. Cohn
Stuart R. Cohn
How can small issuers find potential investors and stay within the confines of federal securities laws? That is a perplexing question given the very strong prohibitions against advertising and solicitation found in SEC rules and no-action letters. What the registration exemptions purport to give with one hand, i.e. ability to raise capital without the cost and delay of registration, the anti-solicitation rules take away with the other. These rules need to be lifted or modified if small businesses are to have a viable opportunity to seek potential investors.
Demise Of The Director's Duty Of Care: Judicial Avoidance Of Standards And Sanctions Through The Business Judgment Rule, Stuart R. Cohn
Demise Of The Director's Duty Of Care: Judicial Avoidance Of Standards And Sanctions Through The Business Judgment Rule, Stuart R. Cohn
Stuart R. Cohn
Courts love the so-called business judgment rule. It dispenses quickly and easily with derivative actions against corporate directors and officers, and other challenges to corporate conduct. Unfortunately, the business judgment rule has come to mask its underlying premise, i.e. that there must have been a business judgment made. This article examines the dominance of the business judgment rule over the underlying requirement of the duty of care and suggests reform measures that will bring the duty of care back to its appropriate role in determining the merits of management decision-making processes.
The Impact Of Securities Laws On Developing Companies: Would The Wright Brothers Have Gotten Off The Ground?, Stuart R. Cohn
The Impact Of Securities Laws On Developing Companies: Would The Wright Brothers Have Gotten Off The Ground?, Stuart R. Cohn
Stuart R. Cohn
Suppose the Wright brothers, to pursue their dreams of manned flight, needed outside financing. Confronted with the intimidating regulatory requirements of today 's state and federal securities laws, would they ever have gotten off the ground? With historical illustrations, this Essay presents an entertaining look at the serious problems that would be encountered today by entrepreneurs who have ideas but need capital to develop them. It analyzes the regulatory maze and prohibitions of state and federal securities laws and concludes that, in today's marketplace, the Wright brothers probably would have violated several laws to obtain essential financing for their venture.
Ice Skating Up Hill: Constitutional Challenges To Sec Administrative Proceedings, Thomas Glassman
Ice Skating Up Hill: Constitutional Challenges To Sec Administrative Proceedings, Thomas Glassman
Thomas S Glassman
Since the inception of the Dodd-Frank Act the Securities and Exchange Commission has come under fire for its increased use of administrative proceedings in adjudicating the agency’s enforcement actions. That criticism has come to several suits in federal court claiming constitutional challenges to the system generally and most recently, the Administrative Law Judges themselves. Until June of 2015, when Hill v. the SEC took place in federal court, the Government was unbeaten in when arguing against these constitutional challenges. Hill, however found that it was likely the SEC had hired their Administrative Law Judges unconstitutionally. The SEC Administrative Law Judges …
Supreme Court’S Decision In Fifth Third Bancorp V. Dudenhoeffer Introduces New Standards For Erisa Fiduciaries, Barry R. Temkin, Kate E. Digeronimo
Supreme Court’S Decision In Fifth Third Bancorp V. Dudenhoeffer Introduces New Standards For Erisa Fiduciaries, Barry R. Temkin, Kate E. Digeronimo
Barry R. Temkin
In its 2014 decision in Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer et al., the U.S. Supreme Court held that fiduciaries of plans that hold publicly traded company stock are subject to the same duty of prudence that applies to fiduciaries in general under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). In doing so, the Supreme Court effectively rejected decades of law applied by nearly all the Courts of Appeals affording fiduciaries of company stock plans a special “presumption of prudence” not available to the fiduciaries of other varieties of ERISA plans. In place of the presumption of prudence, the …
The Significance And Impact Of Price Distortion And The Fraud-On-The-Market Theory After Halliburton Ii, Charles W. Murdock
The Significance And Impact Of Price Distortion And The Fraud-On-The-Market Theory After Halliburton Ii, Charles W. Murdock
Charles W. Murdock
This past summer, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in Halliburton v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc. (“Halliburton II”), in which the Court held that a defendant may establish lack of price impact at the certification stage to establish a lack of reliance based upon the fraud-on-the-market theory. This was the third decision in three years dealing with the fraud-on-the-market approach to establishing commonality with respect to reliance by plaintiffs on management’s misrepresentations. In so doing, the Supreme Court retained market efficiency as an element of the fraud-on-the-market theory, but also reflected a broader and less restrictive …
Rodrigo’S Abstraction: Capitalism Inequality & Reform Over Time And Space, Steven A. Ramirez
Rodrigo’S Abstraction: Capitalism Inequality & Reform Over Time And Space, Steven A. Ramirez
Steven A. Ramirez
No abstract provided.
Regulatory Arbitrage, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, And Dodd-Frank: The Implications Of Us Global Otc Derivative Regulation, Christian Johnson
Regulatory Arbitrage, Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, And Dodd-Frank: The Implications Of Us Global Otc Derivative Regulation, Christian Johnson
Christian A. Johnson
No abstract provided.
Assessing A Decade Of Interstate Bank Branching, Christian A. Johnson, Tara Rice, Ph. D.
Assessing A Decade Of Interstate Bank Branching, Christian A. Johnson, Tara Rice, Ph. D.
Christian A. Johnson
Since its inception, US. banking regulation has effectively prohibited a bank from opening or owning a branch located outside of its home state, commonly referred to as interstate branching. Only since the passage of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA) of 1994 have banks been able to engage in interstate branching, albeit still subject to significant state restrictions. Despite IBBEA 's removal of those barriers, it still allowed the states to impose anticompetitive restrictions governing the entry of out-of-state banks through the establishment of branch offices. As a result, states that were opposed to entry used IBBEA …
The Dodd-Frank Act's Specialized Corporate Disclosure: Using The Securities Laws To Address Public Policy Issues, David M. Lynn
The Dodd-Frank Act's Specialized Corporate Disclosure: Using The Securities Laws To Address Public Policy Issues, David M. Lynn
David Lynn
No abstract provided.
The Macroprudential Turn: From Institutional 'Safety And Soundness' To Systematic 'Financial Stability' In Financial Supervision, Robert C. Hockett
The Macroprudential Turn: From Institutional 'Safety And Soundness' To Systematic 'Financial Stability' In Financial Supervision, Robert C. Hockett
Robert C. Hockett
Since the global financial dramas of 2008-09, authorities on financial regulation have come increasingly to counsel the inclusion of macroprudential policy instruments in the standard ‘toolkit’ of finance-regulatory measures employed by financial supervisors. The hallmark of this perspective is its focus not simply on the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions, as is characteristic of the traditional ‘microprudential’ perspective, but also on certain structural features of financial systems that can imperil such systems as wholes. Systemic ‘financial stability’ thus comes to supplement, though not to supplant, institutional ‘safety and soundness’ as a regulatory desideratum. The move from primarily micro- …
The Moral Undercurrent Beneath The Regulatory Regime Of Investor Protection, Huhnkie Lee
The Moral Undercurrent Beneath The Regulatory Regime Of Investor Protection, Huhnkie Lee
Huhnkie Lee
No abstract provided.
Halliburton, Basic, And Fraud On The Market: The Need For A New Paradigm, Charles W. Murdock
Halliburton, Basic, And Fraud On The Market: The Need For A New Paradigm, Charles W. Murdock
Charles W. Murdock
No abstract provided.
Understanding Price-Based Antidilution Protection: Five Principles To Apply When Negotiating A Down-Round Financing, Robert P. Bartlett
Understanding Price-Based Antidilution Protection: Five Principles To Apply When Negotiating A Down-Round Financing, Robert P. Bartlett
Robert Bartlett
As most venture capital investors are aware, the economic downturn of the past two years—and the concomitant decrease in private company valuations—has created an opportunity for significant returns on new venture investments seldom seen since the early 1990s. Yet while the investment opportunities of the current economic environment may have attractive financial valuations, they frequently come with the added cost of significant transactional complexity. In particular, the issuance of securities by a private company at a price that is below the price previously paid by the company's investors (typically referred to as a “down-round” financing) may trigger one or more …
The Sec's Proposed Uniform Fiduciary Standard For Investment Advisers: An Update, Barry R. Temkin, Matthew Photis
The Sec's Proposed Uniform Fiduciary Standard For Investment Advisers: An Update, Barry R. Temkin, Matthew Photis
Barry R. Temkin
It has been been three years since the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting under the authority of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, released the results of its study recommending a uniform fiduciary standard for the conduct of registered representatives and investment advisers. While SEC Chair Mary Jo White has proclaimed that adoption of a uniform fiduciary standard as a major regulatory priority, the SEC has yet to promulgate final regulations implementing the change. It is unclear whether or when a universal fiduciary standard will be adopted. Adoption of a uniform fiduciary standard could lead …
Nullifying The Debt Ceiling Threat Once And For All: Why The President Should Embrace The Least Unconstitutional Option, Neil H. Buchanan, Michael C. Dorf
Nullifying The Debt Ceiling Threat Once And For All: Why The President Should Embrace The Least Unconstitutional Option, Neil H. Buchanan, Michael C. Dorf
Michael C. Dorf
In August 2011, Congress and the President narrowly averted economic and political catastrophe, agreeing at the last possible moment to authorize a series of increases in the national debt ceiling. This respite, unfortunately, was merely temporary. The amounts of the increases in the debt ceiling that Congress authorized in 2011 were only sufficient to accommodate the additional borrowing that would be necessary through the end of 2012. In an economy that continued to show chronic weakness -- weakness that continues to this day -- the federal government would predictably continue to collect lower-than-normal tax revenues and to make higher-than-normal expenditures, …
Reframing Financial Regulation, Charles K. Whitehead
Reframing Financial Regulation, Charles K. Whitehead
Charles K Whitehead
Financial regulation today is largely framed by traditional business categories. The financial markets, however, have begun to bypass those categories, principally over the last thirty years. Chief among the changes has been convergence in the products and services offered by traditional intermediaries and new market entrants, as well as a shift in capital-raising and risk-bearing from traditional intermediation to the capital markets. The result has been the reintroduction of old problems addressed by (but now beyond the reach of) current regulation, and the rise of new problems that reflect change in how capital and financial risk can now be managed …
Lawyers And Fools: Lawyer-Directors In Public Corporations, Lubomir P. Litov, Simone M. Sepe, Charles K. Whitehead
Lawyers And Fools: Lawyer-Directors In Public Corporations, Lubomir P. Litov, Simone M. Sepe, Charles K. Whitehead
Charles K Whitehead
The accepted wisdom—that a lawyer who becomes a corporate director has a fool for a client—is outdated. The benefits of lawyer-directors in today’s world significantly outweigh the costs. Beyond monitoring, they help manage litigation and regulation, as well as structure compensation to align CEO and shareholder interests. The results have been an average 9.5% increase in firm value and an almost doubling in the percentage of public companies with lawyer-directors. This Article is the first to analyze the rise of lawyer-directors. It makes a variety of other empirical contributions, each of which is statistically significant and large in magnitude. First, …
How Deregulating Derivatives Led To Disaster, And Why Re-Regulating Them Can Prevent Another, Lynn A. Stout
How Deregulating Derivatives Led To Disaster, And Why Re-Regulating Them Can Prevent Another, Lynn A. Stout
Lynn A. Stout
When credit markets froze up in the fall of 2008, many economists pronounced the crisis both inexplicable and unforeseeable. That’s because they were economists, not lawyers. Lawyers who specialize in financial regulation, and especially the small cadre who specialize in derivatives regulation, understood what went wrong. (Some even predicted it.) That’s because the roots of the catastrophe lay not in changes in the markets, but changes in the law. Perhaps the most important of those changes was the U.S. Congress’s decision to deregulate financial derivatives with the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA) of 2000. Prior to 2000, off-exchange derivatives contracts …