Science and Technology Law Commons^™

Privacy, Accountability, And The Cooperating Defendant: Towards A New Role For Internet Access To Court Records, Caren Morrison

Caren Myers Morrison

Now that federal court records are available online, anyone can obtain criminal case files instantly over the Internet. But this unfettered flow of information is in fundamental tension with many goals of the criminal justice system, including the integrity of criminal investigations, the accountability of prosecutors and the security of witnesses. It has also altered the behavior of prosecutors intent on protecting the identity of cooperating defendants who assist them in investigating other targets. As prosecutors and courts collaborate to obscure the process by which cooperators are recruited and rewarded, Internet availability, instead of enabling greater public understanding, risks degrading …

With Great Power Comes Little Responsibility: The Role Of Online Payment Service Providers With Regards To Websites Selling Counterfeit Goods, J. Bruce Richardson

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article will explain the current avenues for intellectual property rights holders to make use of existing anti-counterfeiting policies made available by financial companies dealing in electronic payments, and argue that current policies, while helpful, are not sufficient. The article will conclude by demonstrating that policy makers have options to intervene and regulate the use of online payment services, either directly through legislation or indirectly through facilitating “best practices.”

Rethinking Online Privacy In Canada: Commentary On Voltage Pictures V. John And Jane Doe, Ngozi Okidegbe

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article examines the Voltage decision, with the view that the bona fide standard safeguards intellectual property rights at the cost of online privacy rights and will proceed in three parts. Part I provides a brief contextualization of the issues. Part II is an analysis of the Voltage decision. Part III examines how the bona fide standard is a relatively low threshold. This article concludes by considering the possibility of shifting to a higher standard for disclosure, as well as a possible solution for the effect that a higher standard could have on copyright owners.

Access Of Evil? Legislating Online Youth Privacy In The Information Age, Agathon Fric

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article seeks to address what constitutes youth online privacy, how youth conceive of their privacy, whether their privacy needs protecting, and, if so, how youth privacy should be regulated online. First, the article begins by rooting the issue of online youth privacy in the current social, technological, economic, political, and legal context, drawing on social science research to demonstrate both the threats and opportunities created by technology for youth privacy.

Second, the analysis focuses on the relative strengths and weaknesses of current federal legislation as the primary law governing the collection, use, and disclosure of youth’s personal information through …

The Song Remains The Same: Preserving The First Sale Doctrine For A Secondary Market Of Digital Music, Marco Figliomeni

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article will explore the origins and rationale for the first sale doctrine. A review of the most recent American case law shows the court rejecting the doctrine’s applicability in a digital sphere. I suggest that in spite of the court’s rigid interpretation of the U.S. Copyright Act, formulating a digital first sale doctrine is a matter better left to lawmakers. A flourishing digital secondary market can promote competition and innovation while making content more accessible to the public, but its endorsement requires an appreciation of its adverse effect on the primary market for copyright owners. The article fast-forwards to …

Combining Familial Searching And Abandoned Dna: Potential Privacy Outcomes And The Future Of Canada's National Dna Data Bank, Amy Conroy

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

This article aims to respond to the government’s request by explaining the nature of that relationship and by arguing that the combined use of familial searching and analysis of abandoned DNA would present a serious risk for genetic privacy. The risk is particularly acute given that it would effectively circumvent the existing justification for the NDDB, leading to inclusion of individuals whose DNA profiles have not been uploaded directly onto the data bank. To substantiate this main argument, this article proceeds in three parts. The first describes the current Canadian law on familial searching and the ongoing interest in amending …

When Enough Is Enough: Location Tracking, Mosaic Theory, And Machine Learning, Steven M. Bellovin, Renée M. Hutchins, Tony Jebara, Sebastian Zimmeck

Renée M. Hutchins

Since 1967, when it decided Katz v. United States, the Supreme Court has tied the right to be free of unwanted government scrutiny to the concept of reasonable xpectations of privacy.[1] An evaluation of reasonable expectations depends, among other factors, upon an assessment of the intrusiveness of government action. When making such assessment historically the Court has considered police conduct with clear temporal, geographic, or substantive limits. However, in an era where new technologies permit the storage and compilation of vast amounts of personal data, things are becoming more complicated. A school of thought known as “mosaic theory” has stepped …

Metadata: Piecing Together A Privacy Solution, Chris Conley

Faculty Scholarship

Imagine the government is constantly monitoring you — keeping track of every person you call or email, every place you go, everything you buy, and more — all without getting a warrant. And when you challenge them, they claim you have no right to expect this kind of information to be private. Besides, they’re not actually listening to what you say or reading what you write, so what’s the big deal anyhow?

Unfortunately, this scenario is more real than imaginary. Government agencies ranging from the NSA to local police departments have taken advantage of weak or uncertain legal protections for …

Katz On A Hot Tin Roof: The Reasonable Expectation Of Privacy Is Rudderless In The Digital Age Unless Congress Continually Resets The Privacy Bar, Charles E. Maclean

Charles E. MacLean

The Katz reasonable expectation of privacy doctrine has lasting relevance in the digital age, but that relevance must be carefully and clearly guided in great detail by Congressional and state legislative enactments continually resetting the privacy bar as technology advances. In that way, the Katz “reasonableness” requirements are actually set by the legislative branch, thereby precluding courts from applying inapposite analogies to phone booths, cigarette packs, and business records. Once legislation provides the new contours of digital privacy, those legislative contours become the new “reasonable.”

This article calls upon Congress, and to a lesser extent, state legislatures, to control that …

When Enough Is Enough: Location Tracking, Mosaic Theory, And Machine Learning, Steven M. Bellovin, Renée M. Hutchins, Tony Jebara, Sebastian Zimmeck

Faculty Scholarship

Since 1967, when it decided Katz v. United States, the Supreme Court has tied the right to be free of unwanted government scrutiny to the concept of reasonable xpectations of privacy.^[1] An evaluation of reasonable expectations depends, among other factors, upon an assessment of the intrusiveness of government action. When making such assessment historically the Court has considered police conduct with clear temporal, geographic, or substantive limits. However, in an era where new technologies permit the storage and compilation of vast amounts of personal data, things are becoming more complicated. A school of thought known as “mosaic theory” …

Near-Field Communication Technology: Regulatory And Legal Recommendations For Embracing The Nfc Revolution, Allan Richarz

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

Despite its ease and convenience, NFC technology raises a number of privacy issues. Chief among these concerns are the collection, retention, and usage of personally-identifying information contained within NFC-enabled devices by both private and public entities. Within that category, the most pressing privacy issues inherent in the collection and usage of such information relate to real-time tracking or after-the-fact habit profiling and identity theft. As well, privacy issues persist around the means used, if any, to secure and protect that information from unauthorized third parties both at the end-user and systemic database levels.

In light of these concerns, it is …

Review And Reflection: Copyright Hearings And Related Discourse In The Nation’S Capital, 13 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 487 (2014), Maria A. Pallante

UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law

On February 28, 2014, the Register of Copyrights of the United States and Director of the U.S. Copyright Office Maria A. Pallante delivered a keynote speech on the copyright hearings and related discourse in the nation’s capital. The speech was given at The John Marshall Law School’s 58th Annual Intellectual Property Conference. This article is based on her speech at the Conference.

E-Discovery: Reasonable Search, Proportionality, Cooperation, And Advancing Technology, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 433 (2014), Steven Bennett

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

Rule 26(g)(1)(A) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (the “Federal Rules”) requires that an attorney responding to a discovery request verify by signature, after “reasonable inquiry,” that the disclosure is, to the best of the attorney’s knowledge, “complete and correct.” In a digital environment, with masses of data in multiple formats and locations, the determination of whether a “reasonable” effort to meet the completeness requirement has occurred may turn on an assessment of the practices used to conduct a search of electronic materials. Those practices, in turn, must be judged on a standard of “proportionality” (i.e., that the effort …

From Morris To Nosal: The History Of Exceeding Authorization And The Need For A Change, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 465 (2014), Vasileios Karagiannopoulos

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

This Article discusses and examines the various cases that pertain to the issue of exceeding authorized access throughout the years from United States v. Morris to the recent United States v. Nosal. Further, this Article thoroughly examines the Ninth Circuit’s approach regarding the issue of exceeding authorization; specifically, the need for the Ninth Circuit’s narrower interpretation in United States v. Brekka and Nosal. Finally, this Article proposes an alternative phrasing for the term “exceeding authorization,” and a revised interpretation of the phrase and the relevant offenses under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. This recommended interpretation suggests establishing different degrees …

Cloud Computing, Regulatory Compliance, And Student Privacy: A Guide For School Administrators And Legal Counsel, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 511 (2014), Steve Mutkoski

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

Rapid change in the technology landscape has resulted in the introduction of a range of new technologies into the classroom. But unlike the past use of technology in schools, many of these new products and services introduce two new dynamics that school counsel (and the teachers and administrators they support) need to understand fully. First, many of these new products and services are run “in the cloud” by a third party service provider as opposed to on servers operated by the school’s information technology (IT) staff. This third party operation and control can raise important new regulatory compliance issues, including …

“Bring Your Own Glass”: The Privacy Implications Of Google Glass In The Workplace, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 607 (2014), Anisha Mehta

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Bitcoins: Technological Innovation Or Emerging Threat?, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 535 (2014), R. Joseph Cook

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

The Problems With Prism: How A Modern Definition Of Privacy Necessarily Protects Privacy Interests In Digital Communications, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 571 (2014), Adam Florek

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Control Over Personal Data, Privacy And Administrative Discretion In Europe And The Usa: The Paradox Of Italian “Data Protection Authority”, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 721 (2014), Marco Quiroz Vitale

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

The Right To Travel And Privacy: Intersecting Fundamental Freedoms, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 639 (2014), Richard Sobel

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

As a fundamental right inherent in American citizenship and the nature of the federal union, the right to travel in the United States is basic to American liberty. The right precedes the creation of the United States and appears in the Articles of Confederation. The U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court recognize and protect the right to interstate travel. The travel right entails privacy and free domestic movement without governmental abridgement.

In the era of surveillance, the imposition of official photo identification for travel, watchlist prescreening programs, and invasive airport scans and searches unreasonably burden the right to travel. They undermine …

Uncle Sam Knows What’S In Your Medicine Cabinet: The Security And Privacy Protection Of Health Records Under The Hitech Act, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 667 (2014), Ranjit Janardhanan

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Where Has Privacy Gone? How Surveillance Programs Threaten Expectations Of Privacy, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 795 (2014), Michael Greene

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Now You See It, Now You Don’T . . . Or Do You?: Snapchat’S Deceptive Promotion Of Vanishing Messages Violates Federal Trade Commission Regulations, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 827 (2014), Danielle Young

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

This Comment will explore the recently popular application Snapchat, and discuss the ways in which the app's privacy policy has violated FTC regulations, responding to a recent complaint filed by The Electronic Privacy Center. Particularly, this Comment will focus on Snapchat's deceptive promotion of "disappearing" photographs and videos. Section II will illustrate the basic structure of Snapchat, detailing various illustrations of its use. Section II will also examine the regulations set forth by the FTC that Snapchat is required to follow. Section III will discuss possible methods that the average user can do in order to bypass the very thing …

The Policing Of Religious Marriage Prohibitions In Israel: Religion, State, And Information Technology, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 23 (2014), Akiva Miller

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

The State of Israel applies religious law in all matters of marriage and divorce. For the Jewish population of Israel, the law of marriage includes religious prohibitions on certain kinds of marriages, most notably the prohibition against intermarriage and the prohibition against marrying a mamzer. Over the years, Israel‘s state-religious authorities have adopted a variety of methods and practices for policing these prohibitions. These include stringent procedures for premarital registration inquiries; use of databases for collecting information on prohibited persons; recording the possibility of mamzer status of newborn children; special Beit Din proceedings for handling cases of possible marriage prohibitions; …

California’S Eavesdropping Law Endangers Victims Of Domestic Violence, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 57 (2014), John E.B. Myers

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Canada’S Anti-Spam Legislation: A Constitutional Analysis, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 1 (2014), Emir Crowne, Stephanie Provato

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

On December 15th, 2010, the Government of Canada agreed to Bill C-28, the Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act, with the intent to “deter the most damaging and deceptive forms of spam… from occurring in Canada and to help to drive out spammers.” Canada‟s Anti- Spam Legislation (“CASL”) was born. Although CASL has only been in force since July 1st, 2014, we argue that the Act may not survive constitutional scrutiny as it unduly restricts freedom of speech.

The Online Gun Marketplace And The Dangerous Loophole In The National Instant Background Check System, 30 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 757 (2014), Ann Daniels

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Shutting Down The Ex Parte Party: How To Keep Bittorrent Copyright Trolls From Abusing The Federal Court’S Discovery System, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 105 (2014), Jennifer L. Hunter

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

The Ethical Implications Of Cloud Computing For Lawyers, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 71 (2014), Stuart Pardau, Blake Edwards

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

This paper aims to isolate the pertinent ethical issues of cloud computing and chart a sensible path forward for lawyers. Part II briefly introduces the concept of cloud computing. Part III discusses the lawyer‟s duties of confidentiality, of competence, to protect client property, and to oversee non-lawyers who are providing assistance. Part III also examines the application of these duties by the various state bar associations to the problem of cloud computing. Part IV looks at sample terms of use of some of the more popular vendors. Part V suggests that securing informed consent, employing specialty cloud providers, and purchasing …

The Right To Be Forgotten: Forced Amnesia In A Technological Age, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 133 (2014), Robert Bolton

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

In the modern era, the connection between technology and one’s personal life has increased the number of moments recorded for posterity. While in many circumstances this is an ideal opportunity for fond recollection, it has the downside of displaying for others our less flattering moments. Because the Internet has such a wide scope, once something has entered its domain, it is virtually impossible to permanently remove. With a public increasingly perceiving this winnowing of privacy as a negative tendency, legislators both at home and abroad have made proposals that attempt to place restrictions on what content social media is allowed …