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Articles 1 - 12 of 12
Full-Text Articles in Religion Law
Living The Sacred: Indigenous Peoples And Religious Freedom, Kristen A. Carpenter
Living The Sacred: Indigenous Peoples And Religious Freedom, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
No abstract provided.
Too Strict?, Richard B. Collins
Too Strict?, Richard B. Collins
Publications
Should the strict scrutiny standard govern judicial review of claims that government has burdened religious freedom? American law’s patchwork of rules applies that demanding standard to some claims but denies any meaningful review to others. A major difficulty is that most claims alleging denial of religious freedom depend on beliefs that cannot be reviewed by secular courts. Claims based on allegations alone shift the burden to the defending government. Strict scrutiny purports to make justification very difficult; governments are supposed to lose most cases. A second defect of the test in religious freedom cases is its failure to consider harm …
Limiting Principles And Empowering Practices In American Indian Religious Freedoms, Kristen A. Carpenter
Limiting Principles And Empowering Practices In American Indian Religious Freedoms, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
Employment Division v. Smith was a watershed moment in First Amendment law, with the Supreme Court holding that neutral statutes of general applicability could not burden the free exercise of religion. Congress's subsequent attempts, including the passage of Religious Freedom Restoration Act and Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, to revive legal protections for religious practice through the legislative and administrative process have received tremendous attention from legal scholars. Lost in this conversation, however, have been the American Indians at the center of the Smith case. Indeed, for them, the decision criminalizing the possession of their peyote sacrament was …
Real Property And Peoplehood, Kristen A. Carpenter
Real Property And Peoplehood, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
This Article proposes a theory of real property and peoplehood in which lands essential to the identity and survival of collective groups are entitled to heightened legal protection. Although many Americans are sympathetic to American Indian tribes and their quest for cultural survival, we remain unable to confront the uncomfortable truth that the very thing Indian peoples need is their land, the same land that the U.S. took from them. This is especially the case with regard to the sacred sites of Indian peoples, whose religions and cultures are inextricably linked to those sites. Federal law permits the United States …
The Interests Of "Peoples" In The Cooperative Management Of Sacred Sites, Kristen A. Carpenter
The Interests Of "Peoples" In The Cooperative Management Of Sacred Sites, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
This essay contends that there is a structural element of federal law and policy that sets up legal battles over American Indian sacred sites. The Supreme Court has held that whatever rights groups may have at sacred sites, the federal government's rights as owner and sovereign of the public lands ultimately prevails. Federal agencies can, if they choose, accommodate various interests on the public lands, but such decisions are left to fluctuating executive policy and the discretion of land managers. This approach reflects well-established doctrine in public lands law, but leaves various citizens and groups clamoring for the federal government …
Old Ground And New Directions At Sacred Sites On The Western Landscape, Kristen A. Carpenter
Old Ground And New Directions At Sacred Sites On The Western Landscape, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
The federal public lands contain places with both religious and secular value for American people. American Indians, in particular, hold certain natural features to be sacred, and visit them for ceremonies and worship. Simultaneously, non-Indians use the same places for economic, recreation, and many other purposes - and conflicts arise between these groups. In the past twenty years, a body of constitutional jurisprudence has developed to address questions of religious freedoms and public access rights on these lands that are owned and managed by the federal government. This article outlines the relevant First Amendment framework as well as recent statutes …
Listening To All The Voices, Old And New: The Evolution Of Land Ownership In The Modern West, Charles Wilkinson
Listening To All The Voices, Old And New: The Evolution Of Land Ownership In The Modern West, Charles Wilkinson
Publications
No abstract provided.
A Property Rights Approach To Sacred Sites Cases: Asserting A Place For Indians As Nonowners, Kristen A. Carpenter
A Property Rights Approach To Sacred Sites Cases: Asserting A Place For Indians As Nonowners, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
Although the Free Exercise Clause prohibits governmental interference with religion, American Indians have been unsuccessful in challenging government actions that harm tribal sacred sites located on federal public lands. The First Amendment dimensions of these cases have been well studied by scholars, but this Article contends that it is also important to analyze them through a property law lens. Indeed, the Supreme Court has treated the federal government's ownership of public lands as a basis for denying Indian religious freedoms claims. This Article contends that such holdings rely on an "ownership model" of property law wherein the rights of the …
Considering Individual Religious Freedoms Under Tribal Constitutional Law, Kristen A. Carpenter
Considering Individual Religious Freedoms Under Tribal Constitutional Law, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
As American Indian nations revitalize their legal systems, there is renewed interest in "tribal law," that is, the law of each of the Indian nations. Today, there is a particular focus on the subject of "individual rights" under tribal law. In tribal contexts, people are highly interested in the legal institutions and rules that govern their lives, especially as many tribal communities are experiencing a period of great political, social, and economic change. At the national level, the Supreme Court repeatedly expresses concern about whether individuals, especially non-Indians, will be treated fairly in tribal court. For scholars, individual rights under …
Sacred Sites And Religious Freedom On Government Land, Richard B. Collins
Sacred Sites And Religious Freedom On Government Land, Richard B. Collins
Publications
No abstract provided.
In The Absence Of Title: Responding To Federal Ownership In Sacred Sites Cases, Kristen A. Carpenter
In The Absence Of Title: Responding To Federal Ownership In Sacred Sites Cases, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
This paper examines the challenge of protecting American Indian sacred sites located on federal public lands. Many have addressed this issue in the religious freedoms context, but I believe the problem is just as much about property law. The Supreme Court's decision in Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, for example, would appear to suggest that federal ownership of certain sacred sites trumps tribal free exercise clause claims regarding those sites. This holding corresponds with a classic model in which "[p]roperty is about rights over things and the people who have those rights are called owners." However, a …
The Idea Of Sovereignty: Native Peoples, Their Lands, And Their Dreams, Charles F. Wilkinson
The Idea Of Sovereignty: Native Peoples, Their Lands, And Their Dreams, Charles F. Wilkinson
Publications
No abstract provided.