Legal History Commons^™

Race, Gatekeeping, Magical Words, And The Rules Of Evidence, Bennet Capers -- Professor Of Law

Vanderbilt Law Review

Although it might not be apparent from the Federal Rules of Evidence themselves, or the common law that preceded them, there is a long history in this country of tying evidence-what is deemed relevant, what is deemed trustworthy-to race. And increasingly, evidence scholars are excavating that history. Indeed, not just excavating, but showing how that history has racial effects that continue into the present.

One area that has escaped racialized scrutiny-at least of the type I am interested in-is that of expert testimony. Even in my own work on race and evidence, I have avoided discussion of expert testimony. In …

The Use Of Legislative History In A System Of Separated Powers, Jonathan R. Siegel

Vanderbilt Law Review

Legislative history is the ultimate bugaboo of the textualists-those judges and scholars who assert that in statutory interpretation, "[w]e do not inquire what the legislature meant; we ask only what the statute means." The textualists have unleashed argument after argument against legislative history. Textualists assert that judicial use of legislative history seeks a collective legislative intent that does not exist and that would not be law if it did exist. They claim that congressional committees deliberately manipulate legislative history in order to influence statutory interpretation. They argue that legislative history is more ambiguous than the statutes it supposedly clarifies, that …

Timing And Delegation: A Reply, Jonathan R. Siegel

Vanderbilt Law Review

For two authors who come to such different conclusions, Professor Manning and I agree on a good deal. We agree that courts, in considering whether to consult legislative history in the course of statutory construction, must take heed of the special constitutional rule against congressional self-aggrandizement.' Thus, we agree that the Constitution forbids courts to give authoritative weight to post-enactment legislative history, because the effect of such a judicial practice is to permit Congress to delegate a very important power, the power to elaborate the meaning of statutes, to its committees or Members. We also agree, however, that Congress may, …

Beyond The Formalism Debate: Expert Reasoning, Fuzzy Logic, And Complex Statutes, Edward S. Adams, Daniel A. Farber

Vanderbilt Law Review

Formalists and antiformalists continue to debate the utility of using legislative history and current social values to interpret statutes. Lost in the debate, however, is a clear model of how judges actually make decisions. Rather than focusing on complex problems presented by actual judicial decisions, formalists and antiformalists concentrate on stylized examples of simple statutes.

In this Article, Professors Adams and Farber construct a more functional model of judicial decisionmaking by focusing on complex problems. They use cognitive psychological research on expert reasoning and techniques from an emerging area in the field of artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, to construct their …

From Premodern To Modern American Jurisprudence: The Onset Of Positivism, Stephen M. Feldman

Vanderbilt Law Review

What distinguished premodern from modern American jurisprudence? Whereas most commentators agree that the transition from premodernism to modernism occurred around the Civil War,' recent writings reveal dissension regarding the nature of antebellum and postbellum jurisprudence. In a wonderfully detailed study of Christopher Columbus Langdell, his jurisprudence, and his case method of teaching, William P. LaPiana argues that a defining feature of Langdell's postbellum legal science was a positivism that contrasted with a natural law orientation characteristic of the earlier antebellum jurisprudence. In a provocative critical essay, Robert W. Gordon argues to the contrary: LaPiana's emphasis on natural law during the …

Law As Text: A Response To Professor Michael Ryan, Robert N. Covington

Vanderbilt Law Review

Law, Professor Michael Ryan reminds us by his emphasis on law as legitimating representation, is also text. This is the most telling of the many points he sets out in his provocative and thoughtful article; for those of us called to the bar, it is an important reminder. For us lawyers, after all, law is not so much text as it is process, not so much noun as verb. It is not that we disregard the fact that law is in part a pen-and-ink affair. Our shelves sag with books; in academic life, few divisions of a university spend so …

Book Review: Legal Papers Of Andrew Jackson, Walter F. Pratt, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

The Legal Papers of Andrew Jackson is a handsomely edited book and a credit both to its editors and its publisher." James W. Ely, Jr. and Theodore Brown, Jr. have done an impressive job of supplementing the limited manuscript record with information about the attorneys, the litigants, and the issues involved in each of the selected cases.' In fact,the additions are so substantial that the title is somewhat misleading:this is really a carefully documented account of the history of law in central Tennessee between 1787 and 1804. The result is a valuable addition to the emerging history of law in …

Regionalism And American Legal History: The Southern Experience, James W. Ely, Jr., David J. Bodenhamer

Vanderbilt Law Review

Commentators surprisingly have failed to focus on the influence of regionalism in the development of American law. To be sure, numerous books and articles examine state law and its local application or explore the treatment by several states of a particular legal concept or category of laws. But attempts to define regional attitudes toward law or to analyze regional differences in legal practice are almost nonexistent. So foreign has the topic of regionalism been to scholarship in American legal history that Lawrence Friedman's acclaimed synthesis, A History of American Law,' contains no discussion of regionalism or its close relative,sectionalism. Even …

Samuel Enoch Stumpf: A Man Of Many Dimensions, Joe B. Wyatt, Chancellor

Vanderbilt Law Review

For more than a generation, Professor Stumpf's students and colleagues have enjoyed the luxury of learning from a man whose own interests and expertise cross traditional lines in academic disciplines and whose analysis of problems, issues, and ideas arches high above the traveled paths of those disciplines.

Ambivalent Legacy: A Legal History Of The South, Herbert A. Johnson

Vanderbilt Law Review

This volume of essays generated by a February 1983 conference at the University of Southern Mississippi represents a major step in the advancement of the legal history of the South.' Not only does the collection raise challenging questions concerning the history of law in the South, but it also presents outstanding examples of what can be accomplished when legal historians turn their attention to this region and the states that comprise it. Covering abroad geographical and topical range in individualistic fashion, the essays are, for the most part, well researched and written with clarity and style. This Review will address …

Twisting The Purposes Of Discovery: Expert Witnesses And The Deposition Dilemma, Steven D. Parman

Vanderbilt Law Review

The system of discovery that the Federal Rules establish theoretically entitles all parties in civil actions, prior to commencement of trial, to disclosure of all relevant nonprivileged information in he possession of any person. Thus, federal discovery rules should not force litigants to choose between failing to depose a party-opponent's expert witness and thereby preparing inadequately for trial, and deposing the expert witness and consequently risking that opposing counsel will use the deposition against him at trial without the benefit of cross-examination. Part H of this Note reviews common law disagreement over the appropriateness of expert witness discovery and the …

The American Codification Movement, A Study Of Antebellum Legal Reform, Robert W. Gordon

Vanderbilt Law Review

Between 1820 and 1850 American legal commentators became obsessed with whether legislatures should codify, either in whole or in part, the common law of the American states. Indeed, "[a]lmost every law writer after 1825 felt compelled to include his views [on codification] in his works of whatever sort."" The enormous literature that emerged from this period survives today to fascinate modern legal historians, who seem to have developed their own obsession for the "codification" issue. As Lawrence Friedman has said, "The codification movement is one of the set pieces of American legal history." Charles M. Cook's "The American Codification Movement: …

"Legal History" Or The History Of Law: A Primer On Bringing The Law's Past Into The Present, Stephen B. Presser

Vanderbilt Law Review

The increasing opportunities to teach legal history in law schools and the lamentable decline of positions available to historians in undergraduate institutions have resulted in more historians either teaching in law schools or combining graduate training in history with graduate training in law. As a result, several methodologies or approaches to legal history have emerged. Although legal history has generated a great deal of comment, few have written about how this spate of scholarship and criticism might affect law school teaching. This Article attempts to categorize and to review,therefore, the kinds of insights that American legal history currently offers both …

H.L.A. Hart By Neil Maccormick, Kenneth Henley

Vanderbilt Law Review

English legal positivism began with the clarity of Jeremy Bentham and John Austin, but their clarity sometimes was achieved by sacrificing conceptual subtlety. In 1961 H.L.A. Hart published The Concept of Law" and renewed the positivist tradition with a subtlety that did not sacrifice clarity. It is appropriate, therefore,that Neil MacCormick's study of Hart should begin the monograph series Jurists: Profiles in Legal Theory.'The conceptual separation between law and morals serves as the primary tenet of legal positivism. Although "positive morality"(the moral beliefs prevalent in a particular society) influences the development of law, the law-once formed-exists as a distinct social …

Earl Warren: The Judge Who Changed America. By Jack Harrison Pollack, Richard Y. Funston

Vanderbilt Law Review

Earl Warren was a decent, personable, and humane man who had the good fortune to preside over the Supreme Court of the United States at a peculiarly propitious moment. That, surely, is enough to say for any man's lifetime, and someday the definitive biography of Warren will say it. In the meantime, it remains some-thing of a mystery why aging liberals find it necessary to canonize the late Chief Justice. Nevertheless, journalist Jack Harrison Pollack's Earl Warren: The Judge Who Changed America is the latest addition to the Warren hagiography. In it you meet Warren,the self-effacing, underpaid, young District Attorney; …

Essays On Problems And Prospects In Southern Legal History, Kermit L. Hall

Vanderbilt Law Review

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., once urged historians to study the law because it offered a magic mirror whose reflections divulged fundamental social values.' Holmes' plea on behalf of the utility of legal history has relevance for southerners intrigued by the possibility of their historical distinctiveness. Without a basis of comparison, however, the search for southern exceptionality becomes a quest after the arcane. As C. Vann Woodward observed,southern history ought to tell all Americans, not southerners alone,something about their common pasts. Woodward argued that attaining this goal was entirely feasible, since certain aspects of the southern past, such as slavery …

Reason Of Slavery: Understanding The Judicial Role In The Peculiar Institution (Part One), Robert B. Jones

Vanderbilt Law Review

This brief survey has superficially touched upon the most prominent works of the historiography of slavery and has ignored the large mass of work on subjects such as slavery in the various states, slave rebellions, slave reminiscences, and the anti-slavery crusade. With the exception of the Civil War, perhaps more has been written about slavery than any other aspect of southern history. Despite the great amount of scholarship devoted to the study of slavery, however, there has been, as Keir Nash points out, little scholarly work done on the legal history of slavery. One hopes this gap will be bridged …

The Tennessee County Courts Under The North Carolina And Territorial Governments: The Davidson County Court Of Pleas And Quarter Sessions, 1783-1796, As A Case Study, Theodore Brown Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

This Note will attempt to provide the framework for a more extended institutional examination of the post-revolutionary courts that functioned in the counties of western-most North Carolina and,beginning in 1790, the Territory South of the River Ohio before their organization into the new state of Tennessee in June 1796. The Note initially will set forth the jurisdiction and the regulatory authority of the county courts of pleas and quarter sessions under the North Carolina and territorial governments, will describe the jurisdiction and authority of the courts' individual justices, and will examine the role of the petit jury in exercising a …

Reason Of Slavery: Understanding The Judicial Role In The Peculiar Institution, A. E. Keir Nash

Vanderbilt Law Review

The results most relevant to the concerns of this Article are of course the effects upon how we judge the judges-for almost always we are sufficiently Whiggish to attempt such a judgment, either explicitly or implicitly. At times the consequence of so summing can be to imagine that one catches the judicial conscience by asking questions phrased as Sentence D's query, whether the judges"collaborated" in a system of racial oppression. When we put the question this way, two unfortunate things happen. First, we create a verbal and historical muddle, for if anything ought to be clear by now it is …

St. George Tucker, John Marshall,And Constitutionalism In The Post-Revolutionary South, Charles T. Cullen

Vanderbilt Law Review

A study of Marshall's early career suggests several reasons for constitutionalism fundamentally different from that of Tucker, a constitutionalism that became law in the early Republic because of Marshall's position on the Supreme Court. The writings and careers of southern constitutionalists like Tucker also merit further study in order to fully appreciate the growing divergence between the views originally expressed by him and those embraced by the nationalists, who decreased in number in the South after Marshall's time. Finally, we should develop a better understanding of the influence of southerners on the formation of legal and constitutional systems in other …

Foreword, James W. Ely, Terry Calvani

Vanderbilt Law Review

In the hope of giving some direction for a regional approach to the legal past of the South, Vanderbilt Law School, with the generous assistance of the University Research Council, sponsored a two-day Symposium on this important topic in the spring of 1978 and invited leading scholars to participate. Principal papers by Richard Maxwell Brown, Maxwell H. Bloomfield, Robert M. Ireland, A. E. Keir Nash, and Robert J. Haws and Michael V. Namorato discussed diverse aspects of southern legal history.

Law And Social Order In The United States, James W. Ely, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

No student of American legal history can overlook the significant work of J. Willard Hurst, who has been described as "the foremost historian of American law."' A prolific author, Hurst has been concerned primarily with the relationship between law and the economic system. His most recent volume, Law and Social Order in the United States, is an important contribution to the rapidly growing literature in the legal history field. Based upon the Carl L.Becker Lectures that Hurst delivered at Cornell University in 1976, the book ranges broadly over America's nineteenth- and twentieth-century legal past, with emphasis upon law and social …

Judicial Impeachments And The Struggle For Democracy In South Carolina, James W. Ely, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

Judicial tenure had become a sensitive issue in the colonies before the American Revolution. Although the Act of Settlement of 1701 guaranteed tenure during good behavior for judges in England, this statute did not extend to the colonies, and royal governors regularly were instructed to issue judicial commissions at the pleasure of the Crown. Judges in New York briefly secured appointments for good behavior during the 1750's, but in 1761 the King in Council directed that henceforth no commission could be granted except at pleasure. In 1759 the Pennsylvania Assembly passed a measure providing that judges in that colony would …

The Early Legal Career Of Howell Jackson, Terry Calvani

Vanderbilt Law Review

Felix Frankfurter observed in 1937 that "American legal history has done very little to rescue the [United States Supreme] Court from the limbo of impersonality."' Subsequently, numerous individual and collective works have focused on the more prominent figures in the history of that institution.' Unfortunately, there remain many justices of the Supreme Court who have received relatively little scholarly attention. Yet, as one political scientist has recently lamented, "[until] there is a fuller awareness of the inter-play between individual personalities and decision making, it is unlikely there will be 'an adequate history of the Supreme Court."

One such individual is …

240 Men: The Antebellum Lower Federal Judiciary, 1829-1861, Kermit L. Hall

Vanderbilt Law Review

Between 1829 and 1861 antebellum presidents nominated 200 judges to the federal lower courts. Earlier administrations had appointed another forty jurists who held their positions during part or all of the era. Of these judges, 108 served in the federal district courts, 126 in the territorial courts, five in the Court of Claims, and one in a special circuit court established in 1855 for the northern district of California. The number of appointments available to an administration involved fate and the pace of territorial expansion;thus, during the first eight years of the period, Jackson nominated thirty-two judges, while in the …

Book Reviews, Francis X. Beytagh, Jr., Robert L. Carter, William E. Miller, Judge

Vanderbilt Law Review

Books Reviewed:

The Supreme Court and the Idea of Progress

by Alexander M. Bickel

New York: Harper & Row, 1970. Pp. xii, 210. $6.50.

Politics, the Constitution and the Warren Court

By Philip B. Kurland Chicago

University of Chicago Press, 1970. Pp. xxv, 222.$9.75.

Reviewer: Francis X. Beytagh, Jr.

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Books Reviewed:

Politics of Southern Equality: Law and Social Change in a Mississippi County

By Frederick M. Wirt

Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1970. Pp. 335. $10.00.

reviewer: Robert L. Carter

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The Apportionment Cases

By Richard C. Cortner Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1970. Pp. ix. 283. $10.00.

reviewer William …

A Comparison Of The Roles Of American And Civil Law Judges In The Development Of The Law, James C. Hair

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The traditional distinction between a judge in the Civil Law System and his counterpart in the United States is that the former only applies codified law, while the latter not only applies but also "makes" law through judicial decision. The theory underlying the Civil Law System holds that development of the law is the exclusive province of the legislature and that judges are not to engage in such activity unless the legislature permits it. In France, for example, to ensure that judges do not exceed their authority, the Civil Code prohibits a judge, under threat of criminal sanction, from basing …

Group Legal Services: The Bench, The Bar, And The Brotherhood, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

The bar has long sought to make legal services readily available to all persons whatever their situation. Thus, the bar has sponsored legal aid societies and lawyer referral systems, and has promoted neighborhood law offices. These methods all meet the bar's traditional individualistic view that the attorney-client relationship should be direct without any third party interference. However, the lay public, often bewildered by a myriad of unfamiliar names in the yellow pages, continues to seek means of securing legal services more cheaply, more efficiently, and more reliably. Group legal services--whereby an organized group procures legal services for its individual members--are …

The Role Of The American Bar Association In The Selection Of Federal Judges: Episodic Involvement To Institutionalized Power, Joel B. Grossman

Vanderbilt Law Review

One phenomenon of recent domestic politics has been the resurgence of the American Bar Association as a vital, and often influential, group in the political process as well as in the legal profession. There is no better characterization of this than the ABA's assumption of a lead position in a profession-wide campaign to improve the quality of judges selected for the several court systems in the United States. In a relatively short span of time, the ABA has grown from a group with a minimum of influence to one with a quasi-formal role in the federal selection process. Its success …

The Educated Citizen's Responsibility In An Age Of Change, John F. Kennedy

Vanderbilt Law Review

Many things bring us together today. We are saluting the ninetieth anniversary of Vanderbilt University, which has grown from a small Tennessee university and institution to one of our nation's greatest, with seven different colleges, and with more than half of its 4,200 students from outside of the State of Tennessee. And we are saluting the thirtieth anniversary of the Tennessee Valley Authority, which transformed a parched, depressed, and flood-ravaged region into a fertile, productive center of industry, science,and agriculture. We are saluting-by initiating construction of a dam in his name--a great Tennessee statesman, Cordell Hull, the father of reciprocal …