Insurance Law Commons^™

Historia, Maendeleo Na Mabadiliko Ya Katiba Tanzania Tangu Uhuru Hadi Miaka Hamsini Ya Uhuru 9 Desemba 2011., Daudi Mwita Nyamaka Mr.

Daudi Mwita Nyamaka Mr.

Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ni nchi iliyotokana na nchi mbili za Tanganyika na Zanzibari mwaka 1964, tangu uhuru wa Tanganyika 1961 na uhuru wa Zanzibari 1963 pamekuwapo na maendeleo ya kikatiba kwa upande wa Muungano na kwa Zanzibari ambayo hatuna budi kuyatazama kwa mapana yake hasa juu ya ushirikishwaji wa watu katika kuzipata katiba hizi.

Electronic Contracts In Tanzania: An Appraisal Of The Legal Framework, Daudi Mwita Nyamaka Mr.

Daudi Mwita Nyamaka Mr.

The concern of our study was to examine the legal basis for electronic contracts in Tanzania. The major problems that were being examined are; the ascertainment of e-contract terms and the other party in the contract with the focus to consent i.e. consensus ad idem requirements and capacity to contract. With the first problem, e-commerce involves e-contracts and the business community in Tanzania enters into contractual arrangements with external world via websites or email in which case the electronic environment is not suitable in Tanzania in terms of the laws and the technology. Messages sent via internet may be garbled …

Noción Y Elementos Existenciales Del Título De Crédito, Bruno L. Costantini García

Bruno L. Costantini García

Discernir la noción y elementos de existencia de los títulos de crédito, considerando la doctrina y la denominación expresada en nuestra Ley General de Títulos y Operaciones de Crédito, conceptualizando el término de los documentos que consignan un derecho crediticio propio de su naturaleza y deslindando de manera dogmatica y exegética los elementos que lo forman y le dan su funcionamiento, mediante una visión de las instituciones jurídicas que les dan su existencia y aplicación dentro del devenir de los actos de comercio.

Commerce Games And The Individual Mandate, Leslie Henry, Maxwell Stearns

Maxwell L. Stearns

While the Supreme Court declined an early invitation to resolve challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”), a recent split between the United States Courts of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (sustaining the PPACA’s “individual mandate”) and the Eleventh Circuit (striking it down) virtually ensures that the Court will decide the fate of this centerpiece of the Obama Administration’s regulatory agenda. Whatever the Court’s decision, it will likely affect Commerce Clause doctrine- and related doctrines - for years or even decades to come.

Litigants, judges, and academic commentators have focused on whether the Court’s “economic activity” tests, …

Emergency Care And Managed Care - A Dangerous Combination, Diane E. Hoffmann

Diane Hoffmann

No abstract provided.

Commerce Games And The Individual Mandate, Leslie Meltzer Henry, Maxwell L. Stearns

Leslie Meltzer Henry

While the Supreme Court declined an early invitation to resolve challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”), a recent split between the United States Courts of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (sustaining the PPACA’s “individual mandate”) and the Eleventh Circuit (striking it down) virtually ensures that the Court will decide the fate of this centerpiece of the Obama Administration’s regulatory agenda. Whatever the Court’s decision, it will likely affect Commerce Clause doctrine- and related doctrines - for years or even decades to come. Litigants, judges, and academic commentators have focused on whether the Court’s “economic activity” tests, …

Generalidades De La Propiedad Intelectual En México, Bruno L. Costantini García

Bruno L. Costantini García

Presentación de las Generalidades de la Propiedad Intelectual en México (Propiedad Industrial y Derechos de Autor), legislación que la rige, aplicación y modalidades

Negotiating The India-Pakistan Conflict In Relation To Kashmir., Varun Vaish

Varun Vaish

Any academic discussion centered on a particular conflict is incomplete without first attempting to garner a better understanding of the genesis and subsequent alteration of the underlying factors that contribute to a dispute through an integrative approach. Such an approach has been termed as “Transformation Studies,” wherein an attempt is made to first study the experiences which lead to grievances and ultimately to disputes. In this approach the emergence and transformation of a dispute is analogous to studying a social process as it occurs.Only when a particular experience is perceived to be injurious, does one feel the need to attribute …

La Jurisprudencia En México, Bruno L. Costantini García

Bruno L. Costantini García

Breve presentación de la jurisprudencia en México, su aplicación, objetivos y fines para el Derecho Mexicano. ¿Por qué es util para el derecho? ¿Quién la emite?

Notariado Y Correduria Y Su Registro En México, Bruno L. Costantini García

Bruno L. Costantini García

Introducción al Derecho Notarial y Registral en México, cuyo objeto es conocer los elementos de las figuras del notario y del corredor público, la formalización de sus actos y su registro.

Copyright In Its Global Contextcanada's Approach To Bill C-32: India’S Lesson In 'What Not To Do'., Varun Vaish

Varun Vaish

Every once in a while, one has the luxury to benefit from the experience of another. When those experiences originate from a comparable state of affairs, one would be unwise not to learn from them. Such an opportunity presents itself before India as both Copyright Modernization Act, 2010 of Canada and the Copyright (Amendment) Bill, 2010 of India are tabled before their respective legislative houses. Through this note the author seeks to reflect upon Canada’s Bill C-32 vis-à-vis the other proposed or prevailing copyright laws of countries, in order to expediently inform the Indian position on Copyright law. The author …

The Heroic Enterprise Of The Asbestos Cases, Gregory C. Keating

Gregory C. Keating

The asbestos crisis pushed our adjudicative institutions to the brink of failure, and exposed the extraordinary difficulty of managing mass tort litigation on a scale so vast. Even so, there is much to praise in the efforts of courts to come to grips with this, the greatest of all mass accidents. The asbestos cases are an heroic judicial effort to construct a form of enterprise liability, one tailored to the distinctive features of a mass disaster of unprecedented scope and duration. Asbestos is the greatest of modern mass accidents. It is the expression of a nightmarishly well-organized world of systematically …

Social Contract Theory Of John Locke (1932-1704) In The Contemporary World, Daudi Mwita Nyamaka Mr.

Daudi Mwita Nyamaka Mr.

The 17th century period was marked by an attempt to erect effective safeguard against violations of natural law by governments. Law in this period was conceptualized as an instrument for the prevention of autocracy and despotism. Absolutism in Europe that was associated with governmental encroachments necessitated a strong shield of individual liberty. In this period legal theory placed the main emphasis on liberty, thus the law was to render governments capable of functioning as a guarantor of individual rights. This paper aims at examining the social contract theory of the 17th-century English philosopher, John Locke, its parameters, limitations and its …

International Law And Transnational Corporations: Towards A Final Summation, Varun Vaish

Varun Vaish

The regulation of transnational corporations (TNCs) by an international legal order fundamentally centred on states proves to be difficult when they exercise political influence and have the ability to generate revenue which can eclipse the economies of many countries in comparison. According to the World Investment Report 2007, as of 2006 there were 78,411 parent corporations and 777,647 affiliates worldwide.4 The scale of the concentration of economic power is illustrated by the statistics: of the world’s hundred largest economic entities, 51 are multinational companies and 49 are nation states. The Texaco Corporation functioned for years in Ecuador with annual global …

Shirking The Duty To Defend In Florida: Is Assignment The Exception To Argonaut?, Matthew J. Jowanna

Matthew J. Jowanna

A lawsuit is filed by a plaintiff and the defendant is served. The defendant has a drawer full of liability insurance policies and, therefore, the insured defendant sends a copy of the served complaint to any and all insurance carriers that may provide coverage for the claim. The insured defendant then receives a few coverage denials for reasons such as the event at issue did not occur within a certain policy period or that the insured’s private automobile policy does not provide coverage for a commercial general liability claim. In any event, the denials appear to be valid -so the …

The First Liability Insurance Cartel In America, 1896-1906, Sachin S. Pandya

Sachin S. Pandya

This article studies the rise and fall of the first liability insurance cartel in the United States. In 1886, insurance companies in America began selling liability insurance for personal injury accidents, primarily to cover business tort liability for employee accidents at work and non-employee injuries occasioned by their business operations. In 1896, the leading liability insurers agreed to fix premium rates and share information on policyholder losses. In 1906, this cartel fell apart. Although largely forgotten until now, the rise and fall of this cartel confirms the expectations of both cartel theory and past studies of insurance cartels, largely in …

Fairness In Disparity: Challenging The Application Of Disparate Impact Theory In Fair Housing Claims Against Insurers, Matthew Jordan Cochran

Matthew Jordan Cochran

This article responds to courts and commentators that have expressed willingness to apply the familiar "disparate impact" analysis--which is a creation of Title VII (employment discrimination) jurisprudence--in suits against homeowners' insurers. Specifically, these insurers' credit-based pricing mechanisms systems are attacked under the Fair Housing Act as having a discriminatory effect on members of protected classes with poor credit. Unfortunately, there are a number of legal, conceptual, and practical arguments against application of this Title VII standard in such cases. Yet courts endorsing this standard do not appear to have given due consideration to the possibility that some disparities simply might …

Proximate Cause In Maritime Insurance, Angelo Giampietro Avv.

Angelo Giampietro Avv.

The proximate cause in marine insurance is the “dominant cause” of the loss. It was decided per Bingham L J in T M Noten BV v Harding that the dominant cause of the loss is to be determined by “applying the common sense of a business or seafaring man.” In determining the proximate cause of the loss, The Court recognized that it had to find the cause that was proximate in efficiency, and to do so they had to apply the test of the sentence expressed by Bingham LJ. Nevertheless, at the light of the recent decision of the Supreme …

El Derecho De Sucesiones Se Debe Atemperar A Los Cambios De La Sociedad Del Siglo Xxi, Edward Ivan Cueva

Edward Ivan Cueva

No abstract provided.

Special Economic Zones In India: Labor Issues And Key Considerations., Varun Vaish

Varun Vaish

Michel Chossaovsky recognizes that this era of globalization, is marked by a relocation of the Industrial base of advanced countries to cheap labour locations in developing countries. The obvious requirement is that of a cheap, stable and disciplined industrial labour force in a “secure political environment”. In tune with Global adjustment requirements various measures are being adopted to promote export competitiveness by the governments in these countries. These measures attempt to fulfill the hidden agenda of structural adjustment programmes, which endorse the development of a cheap-labour export economy, and drive down world commodity prices. Post 1991 in line with the …

Some Misleading Influences On The Reading Of Reinsurance Contracts: A Plea For Express Intent, Graydon S. Staring

Graydon S. Staring

Reinsurance is a business of transactions that cross national and state boundaries in great numbers and great values measured by premiums, risks and recoveries. It has very old roots as an innovative market free of control by any single nation, responsive to the intentions of parties and governed by the usages and ethical understandings of its principals inherited as part of international commercial practice. It is important that the intentions represented in its contracts be understood in whatever venue they are questioned to the same effect as they were to those who negotiated them. Although this laudable aim will occasionally …

Credit Arrangements, Angelo Giampietro Avv.

Angelo Giampietro Avv.

International trade transactions can be regulated for their payment in various ways: by means of letters of credit or by cash and kind. Therefore, credit arrangements are a common and protection against risk solution. One of the most important challenges for traders involved in a transaction is to secure financing so that the transaction may actually take place. The faster and easier is the process of financing an international transaction, the more trade will be facilitated. The method of payment is crucial for the decision about the opportunity of the trading. Therefore, the arrangements for credit in international trade, play …

Revenue-Cycle Management And Reimbursement: The Impact Of Health Law And Health Reform On Providers, Timothy D. Martin

Timothy D Martin

Healthcare payment systems are complex and difficult to administer. Over the years, providers have developed a complex process, called revenue-cycle management, for administering their interactions with payers operating under various payment systems. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 will have a significant impact on payment systems—as will other recent reform measures. This paper contains primers on revenue-cycle management, health insurance systems, medical claims, claim coding, electronic-data interchange (EDI), claims processing, and public and private reimbursement methods for hospitals and physicians. But its focus is on the impact recent healthcare reform initiatives have had and are likely to …

Religion And The Alien Tort Statute, Chad G. Marzen

Chad G. Marzen

The paper generally discusses the relationship between religion and the Alien Tort Statute.

The Wrap Up Of Wrap-Ups? Owner Controlled Insurance Programs And The Exclusive Remedy Defense, Chad G. Marzen

Chad G. Marzen

Large scale, complex commercial construction projects today often utilize Owner-Controlled Insurance Programs (OCIPS, also referred to as “Wrap-Up” programs), which streamline various insurance coverages into a single consolidated program (the OCIP), where the owner, through the OCIP, establishes and administers insurance coverage for the general contractor and all the subcontractors on the project.

OCIPs have been lauded for several reasons – efficient claims management, efficient coordination of the program, and potentially significant cost savings for the owner. Although the benefits of OCIPs have been cited in court decisions throughout the country, at least two courts have held that an owner, …

Energy Revolution And Disaster Response In The Face Of Climate Change, Prof. Elizabeth Burleson

Prof. Elizabeth Burleson

Nuclear meltdown in Japan and civil society strife across the Middle East highlight the degree to which resilience is core to international peace and security. This article considers the means by which communities can become increasingly resilient through shared best practices across a range of climate change measures.

Stolen Art, Looted Antiquities, And The Insurable Interest Requirement, Robert L. Tucker

Robert L Tucker

Trafficking in stolen art and looted antiquities is a multi-billion dollar enterprise. Stolen art and looted antiquities are ultimately sold to museums or private collectors. Sometimes the purchasers acquire them in good faith. But other times, the purchasers know, suspect, or willfully blind themselves to the possibility that the piece was stolen or illegally excavated and exported up the chain of title.

This problem is compounded by customs and course of dealing in the art and antiquities trade. Dealers generally decline to provide meaningful information to prospective purchasers about the provenance of a piece, and sophisticated purchasers customarily acquiesce in …

Constitutionality Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Under The Commerce Clause And The Necessary And Proper Clause, Wilson Huhn

Wilson R. Huhn

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a comprehensive federal statute that attempts to extend health insurance coverage to tens of millions of Americans and to expand health insurance coverage by eliminating exclusions for preexisting conditions, increase medical loss ratios, abolish annual and lifetime limits, and other reforms. A necessary provision of this law (the individual mandate) requires most individuals to maintain health insurance coverage. The individual mandate has been challenged in a number of lawsuits on the ground that Congress lacks the power under the Constitution to require individuals to purchase health insurance. The power of Congress to …

Combining Forces: The Joint Defense Agreement In Civil Litigation, Stephen Messer

Stephen Messer

From day one of law school aspiring lawyers are taught that information shared in confidence between a lawyer and his client is confidential. Although all lawyers are well aware of this, surprisingly few know that conversations with a client and someone else's lawyer can also be privileged. This is what happens when a joint defense agreement is created; Joint defense agreements extend the attorney client privilege throughout the entire defense camp in cases where multiple defendants and their counsel have common interests in the litigation. This often overlooked, yet highly effective legal strategy may serve as a valuable tool for …

The Impact Of Regionally Differentiated Entitlement To Ei On Charter-Protected Canadians, Sujit Choudhry, Michael Pal

Sujit Choudhry

Under Canada’s Employment Insurance (EI) program, access to unemployment benefits varies according to the regional unemployment rate. Previous studies have shown that this regime works to the disadvantage of certain provinces and urban areas. In this paper we measure the impact of the variable regional entrance requirements on specific minority workers, including visible minorities, linguistic minorities, recent immigrants, and naturalized citizens. We find that over the period 2000-2010, the regional variation in access to EI results in certain minority workers being required to work modestly more hours to qualify for EI than the average worker. Though the findings with regard …