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Articles 1 - 30 of 783
Full-Text Articles in Human Rights Law
Economic Hardship As Coercion Under The Protocol On International Trafficking In Persons By Organized Crime Elements, Linda A. Malone
Economic Hardship As Coercion Under The Protocol On International Trafficking In Persons By Organized Crime Elements, Linda A. Malone
Linda A. Malone
No abstract provided.
Human Rights In The Middle East, Linda A. Malone
Human Rights In The Middle East, Linda A. Malone
Linda A. Malone
No abstract provided.
Book Review Of Federal Courts And The International Human Rights Paradigm And World Justice? U.S. Courts And International Human Rights, Linda A. Malone
Book Review Of Federal Courts And The International Human Rights Paradigm And World Justice? U.S. Courts And International Human Rights, Linda A. Malone
Linda A. Malone
No abstract provided.
Arab-Israeli Conflict, Linda A. Malone
Three Grotian Theories Of Humanitarian Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Three Grotian Theories Of Humanitarian Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
This Article explores three theories of humanitarian intervention that appear in, or are inspired by, the writings of Hugo Grotius. One theory asserts that natural law authorizes all states to punish violations of the law of nations, irrespective of where or against whom the violations occur, to preserve the integrity of international law. A second theory, which also appears in Grotius’s writings, proposes that states may intervene as temporary legal guardians for peoples who have suffered intolerable cruelties at the hands of their own state. Each of these theories has fallen out of fashion today based on skepticism about their …
Standing For Human Rights Abroad, Evan J. Criddle
Standing For Human Rights Abroad, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
When may states impose coercive measures such as asset freezes, trade embargos, and investment restrictions to protect the human rights of foreign nationals abroad? Drawing inspiration from Hugo Grotius’s guardianship account of humanitarian intervention, this Article offers a new theory of states’ standing to enforce human rights abroad: under some circumstances, international law authorizes states to impose countermeasures as fiduciary representatives, asserting the human rights of oppressed foreign peoples for the benefit of those peoples. The fiduciary theory explains why all states may use countermeasures to vindicate the human rights of foreign nationals abroad despite the fact that they do …
Proportionality In Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, Evan J. Criddle
Proportionality In Counterinsurgency: A Relational Theory, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
At a time when the United States has undertaken high-stakes counterinsurgency campaigns in at least three countries (Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan) while offering support to insurgents in a fourth (Libya), it is striking that the international legal standards governing the use of force in counterinsurgency remain unsettled and deeply controversial. Some authorities have endorsed norms from international humanitarian law as lex specialis, while others have emphasized international human rights as minimum standards of care for counterinsurgency operations. This Article addresses the growing friction between international human rights and humanitarian law in counterinsurgency by developing a relational theory of the use …
The Fiduciary Constitution Of Human Rights, Evan Fox-Decent, Evan J. Criddle
The Fiduciary Constitution Of Human Rights, Evan Fox-Decent, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
We argue that human rights are best conceived as norms arising from a fiduciary relationship that exists between states (or statelike actors) and the citizens and noncitizens subject to their power. These norms draw on a Kantian conception of moral personhood, protecting agents from instrumentalization and domination. They do not, however, exist in the abstract as timeless natural rights. Instead, they are correlates of the state’s fiduciary duty to provide equal security under the rule of law, a duty that flows from the state’s institutional assumption of irresistible sovereign powers.
Protecting Human Rights During Emergencies: Delegation, Derogation, And Deference, Evan J. Criddle
Protecting Human Rights During Emergencies: Delegation, Derogation, And Deference, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
Leading human rights treaties permit states as a temporary measure to suspend a variety of human rights guarantees during national crises. This chapter argues that human rights derogation is best justified as a temporary mechanism for empowering states to protect human rights, rather than as a device for enabling national authorities to advance their own interests in a manner that compromises human rights protection. Human rights treaties use broad legal standards to entrust states with responsibility for deciding what measures are best calculated to maximize human right protection during emergencies. For this delegation of authority to operate effectively, international tribunals …
Humanitarian Financial Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Humanitarian Financial Intervention, Evan J. Criddle
Evan J. Criddle
Over the past several decades, states have used international asset freezes with increasing frequency as a mechanism for promoting human rights abroad. Yet the international law governing this mechanism, which I refer to as ‘humanitarian financial intervention’, remains fragmented. This article offers the first systematic legal analysis of humanitarian financial intervention. It identifies six humanitarian purposes that states may pursue through asset freezes: preserving foreign assets from misappropriation, incapacitating foreign states or foreign nationals, coercing foreign states or foreign nationals to forsake abusive practices, compensating victims, ameliorating humanitarian crises through humanitarian aid or postconflict reconstruction, and punishing human rights violators. …
Unequal Enforcement Of The Law: Targeting Aggressors For Mass Atrocity Prosecutions, Nancy Amoury Combs
Unequal Enforcement Of The Law: Targeting Aggressors For Mass Atrocity Prosecutions, Nancy Amoury Combs
Nancy Combs
It is a central tenet of the laws of war that they apply equally to all parties to a conflict. For this reason, a party that illegally launches a war benefits from all the same rights as a party that must defend against the illegal aggression. Countless philosophers have shown that this so-called equal application doctrine is morally indefensible and that defenders should have more rights and fewer responsibilities than aggressors. The equal application doctrine retains the support of legal scholars, however, because they reasonably fear that applying different rules to different warring parties will substantially reduce overall compliance with …
Inter-Country Adoption And The Special Rights Fallacy, James G. Dwyer
Inter-Country Adoption And The Special Rights Fallacy, James G. Dwyer
James G. Dwyer
No abstract provided.
Diamonds On The Souls Of Her Shoes: The Kimberly Process And The Morality Exception To Wto Restrictions, Karen E. Woody
Diamonds On The Souls Of Her Shoes: The Kimberly Process And The Morality Exception To Wto Restrictions, Karen E. Woody
Karen Woody
This Article analyzes the events predicating the Kimberley Process and examines the validity of the Kimberley Process in relation to international trade obligations. Part I describes the background of conflict diamonds and their role in African wars. The section outlines the need for regulation in the diamond industry and examines how other attempted measures at curbing the illicit diamond trade have fallen short. Part II details the Kimberley Process and its guidelines. This section analyzes the relevant U.S. legislation passed in 2003, the Clean Diamond Trade Act. Part II also suggests that because the Kimberley Process ("KP") is predicated upon …
Karen E. Woody, Putting Pandora On Trial, 98 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 699 (2008) (Reviewing Mark A. Drumbl, Atrocity, Punishment, And International Law (2007)), Karen E. Woody
Karen Woody
In the wake of increasing globalization over the past fifty years, international criminal law has transformed from a toothless shadow into a concrete reality; the International Criminal Court is the most recent and impressive institutional accomplishment. Unfortunately, international criminal law has enjoyed this progress on the heels of increasingly horrific international crimes. International adjudicatory institutions have taken many forms and the sentences they deliver have varied widely. In Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law, Mark Drumbl reviews the strides made in international criminal law from the Nuremberg trials through present-day trials, particularly those related to the crimes committed in Rwanda and …
Backlash Against International Courts In West, East And Southern Africa: Causes And Consequences, Karen J. Alter, James T. Gathii, Laurence R. Helfer
Backlash Against International Courts In West, East And Southern Africa: Causes And Consequences, Karen J. Alter, James T. Gathii, Laurence R. Helfer
James T Gathii
This paper discusses three credible attempts by African governments to restrict the jurisdiction of three similarly-situated sub-regional courts in response to politically controversial rulings. In West Africa, when the ECOWAS Court upheld allegations of torture by opposition journalists in the Gambia, that country’s political leaders sought to restrict the Court’s power to review human rights complaints. The other member states ultimately defeated the Gambia’s proposal. In East Africa, Kenya failed in its efforts to eliminate the EACJ and to remove some of its judges after a decision challenging an election to a sub-regional legislature. However, the member states agreed to …
The Variation In The Use Of Sub-Regional Integration Courts Between Business And Human Rights Actors: The Case Of The East African Court Of Justice, James T. Gathii
The Variation In The Use Of Sub-Regional Integration Courts Between Business And Human Rights Actors: The Case Of The East African Court Of Justice, James T. Gathii
James T Gathii
No abstract provided.
Understanding Crime Gravity: Exploring The Views Of International Criminal Law Experts, Stuart Ford
Understanding Crime Gravity: Exploring The Views Of International Criminal Law Experts, Stuart Ford
Stuart Ford
No abstract provided.
Youth Activism, Art And Transitional Artist: Emerging Spaces Of Memory After The Jasmin Revolution, Arnaud Kurze
Youth Activism, Art And Transitional Artist: Emerging Spaces Of Memory After The Jasmin Revolution, Arnaud Kurze
Arnaud Kurze
This project explores the creation of alternative transitional justice spaces in post-conflict contexts, particularly concentrating on the role of art and the impact of social movements to address human rights abuses. Drawing from post-authoritarian Tunisia, it scrutinizes the work of contemporary youth activists and artists to deal with the past and foster sociopolitical change. Although these vanguard protesters provoked the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in 2011, the power vacuum was quickly filled by old elites. The exclusion of young revolutionaries from political decision-making led to unprecedented forms of mobilization to account for repression and injustice under …
The Role Of Transnational Identity And Migration, Enid Trucios-Haynes
The Role Of Transnational Identity And Migration, Enid Trucios-Haynes
Enid F. Trucios-Haynes
No abstract provided.
Human Rights Ngos In East Africa: Defining The Challenges, Makau Mutua
Human Rights Ngos In East Africa: Defining The Challenges, Makau Mutua
Makau Mutua
Published as Chapter 1 in Human Rights NGOS in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions, Makau Mutua, ed.
The Role Of International Actors In Promoting Rule Of Law In Uganda, Joseph M. Isanga
The Role Of International Actors In Promoting Rule Of Law In Uganda, Joseph M. Isanga
Joseph Isanga
African conflicts have been caused in part by regimes that do not respect democracy. Uganda is an illustrative case. International actors have played along under an undeclared policy of constructive engagement, but this has essentially served only to delay democratic evolution. As a result, Ugandan leaders have become increasingly autocratic. In such circumstances, reliance on the military and personal rule based on patronage--as opposed to democracy and the rule of law-have become critically important in governance. Yet forceful measures often only beget forceful reactions. The best hope for democracy is for courts to enforce the will of the people as …
Counter-Terrorism And Human Rights: The Emergence Of A Rule Of Customary International Law From U.N. Resolutions, Joseph M. Isanga
Counter-Terrorism And Human Rights: The Emergence Of A Rule Of Customary International Law From U.N. Resolutions, Joseph M. Isanga
Joseph Isanga
This article is divided into four sections. Section I will discuss how a rule of customary international law generally develops, including discussions of development from conventional sources and the use of United Nations resolutions for finding a rule of customary international law generally. Section II will expound the treatment of and reliance upon the United Nations resolutions as a source of law by the International Court of Justice, in order to facilitate our discussion of an emerging rule of customary international law from resolutions. Section III will consider the limitations for using resolutions as binding statements of opinio juris. Finally, …
Foundations Of Human Rights And Development: A Critique Of African Human Rights Instruments, Joseph M. Isanga
Foundations Of Human Rights And Development: A Critique Of African Human Rights Instruments, Joseph M. Isanga
Joseph Isanga
This Article argues that, of the contemporary human rights theories, sustainable African development necessitates grounding human rights in complete alignment with the broader perspective of natural law theory, as opposed to narrower perspectives such as utilitarian, positivist, and kindred theories.3 Part I presents pertinent philosophical theories and modes of analysis in conjunction with general international legal jurisprudence. Part II then uses this philosophical analysis to examine specific African human rights instruments and jurisprudence. Part III considers African traditional human rights conceptions. Part IV recommends a natural law foundation for African development. [excerpt]
The Politics Of Human Rights: Beyond The Abolitionist Paradigm In Africa (Review Essay), Makau Mutua
The Politics Of Human Rights: Beyond The Abolitionist Paradigm In Africa (Review Essay), Makau Mutua
Makau Mutua
Review of Claude E. Welch, Protecting Human Rights in America: Strategies and Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations (1995).
Putting Humpty Dumpty Back Together Again: The Dilemmas Of The Post-Colonial African State (Review Essay), Makau Wa Mutua
Putting Humpty Dumpty Back Together Again: The Dilemmas Of The Post-Colonial African State (Review Essay), Makau Wa Mutua
Makau Mutua
Reviewing Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority, I. William Zartman, ed.
An Emerging Uniformity For International Law, David H. Moore
An Emerging Uniformity For International Law, David H. Moore
David H. Moore
No abstract provided.
Special International Zones In Practice And Theory, Tom W. Bell
Special International Zones In Practice And Theory, Tom W. Bell
Tom W. Bell
Rehabilitation In Article 14 Of The Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman, Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment, Claudio M. Grossman, Nora Sevaass, Felice Gaer
Rehabilitation In Article 14 Of The Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman, Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment, Claudio M. Grossman, Nora Sevaass, Felice Gaer
Claudio M. Grossman
Standard Setting In Human Rights: Critique And Prognosis, Makau Mutua
Standard Setting In Human Rights: Critique And Prognosis, Makau Mutua
Makau Mutua
This article interrogates the processes and politics of standard setting in human rights. It traces the history of the human rights project and critically explores how the norms of the human rights movement have been created. This article looks at how those norms are made, who makes them, and why. It focuses attention on the deficits of the international order, and how that order - which is defined by multiple asymmetries - determines the norms and the purposes they serve. It identifies areas for further norm development and concludes that norm-creating processes must be inclusive and participatory to garner legitimacy …
Just Back From The Human Rights Council, Makau Mutua
Just Back From The Human Rights Council, Makau Mutua
Makau Mutua
The piece critically looks at the transition from the UN Commission on Human Rights to the UN Human Rights Council in 2006 and questions whether the change is one of substance or form. It argues that the same paralysis that dogged the Commission will continue to afflict the Council because power politics and regional blocs - fueled by the global asymmetries of power - will not go away. The piece also contends that the charge by the West that the Commission was utterly compromised by the Third World was without merit because it was the one forum where developing could …