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Articles 1 - 30 of 199
Full-Text Articles in Fourteenth Amendment
Behind The Screen: Examining The Human Consequences And Constitutional Ramifications Of The Virtual Criminal Defendant, Mallory Kostroff
Behind The Screen: Examining The Human Consequences And Constitutional Ramifications Of The Virtual Criminal Defendant, Mallory Kostroff
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
Defendants are waiting behind a screen to learn their fate in their criminal proceedings. This Note sounds the alarm that having incarcerated defendants appear virtually for their criminal proceedings will lead the criminal justice system further down a path of mass incarceration and destruction. This Note demonstrates and argues that there are no benefits for having an incarcerated defendant appear virtually because there are no real benefits to the defendant themselves. Courts further try to argue that video appearances are efficient as they save time and money but as this Note shows those arguments are misleading and miss the point …
The Black Fourth Amendment, Charisma Hunter
The Black Fourth Amendment, Charisma Hunter
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
Policing Black bodies serves at the forefront of the American policing system. Black bodies are subject to everlasting surveillance through institutions and everyday occurrences. From relaxing in a Starbucks to exercising, Black bodies are deemed criminals, surveilled, profiled, and subjected to perpetual implicit bias when participating in mundane activities. Black people should have the same protections as white people and should possess the ability to engage in everyday, commonplace, and routine activities.
The Fourth Amendment was not drafted with the intention of protecting Black bodies. In fact, Black bodies were considered three-fifths of a person at the drafting of the …
It Just Makes Sense: An Argument For A Uniform Objective Standard For Incarcerated Individuals Bringing Claims Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Pearce Thomson Embrey
It Just Makes Sense: An Argument For A Uniform Objective Standard For Incarcerated Individuals Bringing Claims Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Pearce Thomson Embrey
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
In July 2020, the New York Times published an article on a Department of Justice report detailing the systematic abuse of incarcerated individuals by prison guards within the State of Alabama’s Department of Corrections. This report evidences the challenges faced by incarcerated individuals seeking to vindicate their Eighth Amendment rights. In a legal sense, those individuals who turn to the court system for relief face an almost insurmountable burden of proof. This Note begins by surveying the history of excessive force claims under the Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments, as well as deliberate indifference claims under the Eighth and Fourteenth …
Murdering Crows: Pauli Murray, Intersectionality, And Black Freedom, Lisa A. Crooms-Robinson
Murdering Crows: Pauli Murray, Intersectionality, And Black Freedom, Lisa A. Crooms-Robinson
Washington and Lee Law Review
What is intersectionality’s origin story and how did it make its way into human rights? Beginning in the 1940s, Pauli Murray (1910–1985) used Jane Crow to capture two distinct relationships between race and sex discrimination. One Jane used the race-sex analogy to show that race and sex were both unconstitutionally arbitrary. The other Jane captured Black women’s experiences and rights deprivations at the intersection of race and sex. Both Janes were based on Murray’s fundamental belief that the struggles against race and sex discrimination were different phases of the fight for human rights.
In 1966, Murray was part of the …
Minority And Vulnerable Populations Voting By Mail: A Convenience Or A Disadvantage, Kylan Sophia Josephine Memminger
Minority And Vulnerable Populations Voting By Mail: A Convenience Or A Disadvantage, Kylan Sophia Josephine Memminger
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
Mail-in voting has feverishly gained popularity in the United States over the last few primary and general elections. In light of this new balloting reality, a trend has emerged. Statistics from minority and vulnerable populations reveal that mail-in ballots composed and sent by these groups have been consistently rejected at a higher rate compared to majority populations. This Note begins by surveying the constitutional background for bringing a challenge to voting rights legislation, while confronting the divisive history of legal precedent surrounding these claims. This Note then analyzes the Supreme Court’s decision in Crawford v. Marion County Election Board and …
Equity Over Equality: Equal Protection And The Indian Child Welfare Act, Lucy Dempsey
Equity Over Equality: Equal Protection And The Indian Child Welfare Act, Lucy Dempsey
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
In 2018, a Texas District Court shocked the nation by declaring the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) unconstitutional pursuant to the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The decision was overturned by the Fifth Circuit but may well be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The ICWA provides a framework for the removal and placement of Indian children into foster and adoptive homes in such a way that attempts to reflect the unique values of Indian culture and supports the autonomy of the tribe. In doing so, the law treats Indian children differently than it would White children. But …
Giving Due Process Its Due: Why Deliberate Indifference Should Be Confined To Claims Arising Under The Cruel And Unusual Punishment Clause, Shad M. Brown
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
This Note discusses culpability requirements for claims brought by pretrial detainees and convicted prisoners. The initial focus is on deliberate indifference, a culpability requirement formulated under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause but symmetrically applied to claims arising under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Note then shifts to Kingsley v. Hendrickson, a landmark Supreme Court decision that casts doubt on the application of Eighth-Amendment standards to Fourteenth-Amendment claims. Finally, this Note advocates for the application of objective unreasonableness, a different culpability requirement, to claims arising under the Due Process Clause. It does so on the …
Enforcement Of The Reconstruction Amendments, Alexander Tsesis
Enforcement Of The Reconstruction Amendments, Alexander Tsesis
Washington and Lee Law Review
This Article analyzes the delicate balance of congressional and judicial authority granted by the Reconstruction Amendments. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments vest Congress with powers to enforce civil rights, equal treatment, and civic participation. Their reach extends significantly beyond the Rehnquist and Roberts Courts’ narrow construction of congressional authority. In recent years, the Court has struck down laws that helped secure voter rights, protect religious liberties, and punish age or disability discrimination. Those holdings encroach on the amendments’ allocated powers of enforcement.
Textual, structural, historical, and normative analyses provide profound insights into the appropriate roles of the Supreme Court …
If A Fetus Is A Person, It Should Get Child Support, Due Process, And Citizenship, Carliss N. Chatman
If A Fetus Is A Person, It Should Get Child Support, Due Process, And Citizenship, Carliss N. Chatman
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
This Article was originally published in The Washington Post on May 17, 2019. It has been edited and updated prior to its publication in the Washington and Lee Law Review.
Alabama has joined the growing number of states determined to overturn Roe v. Wade by banning abortion from conception forward. The Alabama Human Life Protection Act subjects a doctor who performs an abortion to as many as ninety-nine years in prison. The law has no exceptions for rape or incest. It redefines an “unborn child, child or person” as “[a] human being, specifically including an unborn child in utero …
Under Ten Eyes, Anthony Michael Kreis
Under Ten Eyes, Anthony Michael Kreis
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
Carliss Chatman’s If a Fetus Is a Person, It Should Get Child Support, Due Process and Citizenship brilliantly captures the moment America is in, where abortion rights hang in the balance as state legislators, like those in Alabama, Georgia, Ohio, and elsewhere clamor to embrace fetal personhood. But, as Professor Chatman illustrates, legislators have expressed no interest in the full logical extent of this policy or the rights that should attach to a fetus if their measures ultimately become effective. The article incisively demonstrates how fetal personhood is singularly focused on ending abortion in the United States and is gaining …
Personhood: Law, Common Sense, And Humane Opportunities, Helen M. Alvaré
Personhood: Law, Common Sense, And Humane Opportunities, Helen M. Alvaré
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
It is pointless to approach Professor Chatman’s argument on its own terms (to wit, “tak[ing] our laws seriously,” or equal application across myriad legal categories of “full personhood” rights) because these terms are neither seriously intended nor legally comprehensible. Instead, her essay is intended to create the impression that legally protecting unborn human lives against abortion opens up a Pandora’s box of legal complications so “ridiculous” and “far-fetched” that we should rather just leave things where they are under the federal Constitution post-Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. This impression, in turn, is a tool to …
Isolation For Profit: How Privately Provided Video Visitation Services Incentivize Bans On In-Person Visitation Within American Correctional Facilities, J. Tanner Lusk
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
American correctional facilities are banning in-person visitation in lieu of privately provided and expensive video visitation services. This Note discusses the types of private services provided; how video visitation negatively affects inmates’ mental health and finances; and the ongoing legal battle occurring in Knox County, Tennessee, regarding whether the Knox County Jail’s ban on in-person visitation violates the Constitution. Because of the significant degree of deference courts grant correctional facilities when considering whether challenged regulations violate the Constitution, it will be difficult for the Knox County Jail inmates to successfully argue that the jail has violated their constitutional rights. There …
Originalism And Congressional Power To Enforce The Fourteenth Amendment, Christopher W. Schmidt
Originalism And Congressional Power To Enforce The Fourteenth Amendment, Christopher W. Schmidt
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
In this Essay, I argue that originalism conflicts with the Supreme Court’s current jurisprudence defining the scope of Congress’ power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment. Under the standard established in Boerne v. Flores, the Court limits congressional power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to statutory remedies premised on judicially defined interpretations of Fourteenth Amendment rights. A commitment to originalism as a method of judicial constitutional interpretation challenges the premise of judicial interpretive supremacy in Section 5 jurisprudence in two ways. First, as a matter of history, an originalist reading of Section 5 provides support for broad judicial …
Dignity And Second Amendment Enforcement—Response To William D. Araiza’S, Arming The Second Amendment And Enforcing The Fourteenth, Darrell A. H. Miller
Dignity And Second Amendment Enforcement—Response To William D. Araiza’S, Arming The Second Amendment And Enforcing The Fourteenth, Darrell A. H. Miller
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
William Araiza’s insightful article, Arming the Second Amendment, has one essential, hidden component: dignity. Dignity helps explain the peculiar hydraulics of Congress’s power to enforce section five of the Fourteenth Amendment—a jurisprudence in which the less scrutiny the Court itself applies to a given class or right, the more scrutiny it applies to congressional efforts to protect that same class or right. Dignity helps explain the Court’s halting approach to Reconstruction Amendment enforcement power more generally – an approach in which constitutional versus unconstitutional legislation turns on seemingly insignificant regulatory distinctions. And dignity’s role in § 5 enforcement helps explain …
The Inequality Of America‘S Death Penalty: A Crossroads For Capital Punishment At The Intersection Of The Eighth And Fourteenth Amendments, John D. Bessler
The Inequality Of America‘S Death Penalty: A Crossroads For Capital Punishment At The Intersection Of The Eighth And Fourteenth Amendments, John D. Bessler
Washington and Lee Law Review Online
No abstract provided.
Keeping Cases From Black Juries: An Empirical Analysis Of How Race, Income Inequality, And Regional History Affect Tort Law, Donald G. Gifford, Brian Jones
Keeping Cases From Black Juries: An Empirical Analysis Of How Race, Income Inequality, And Regional History Affect Tort Law, Donald G. Gifford, Brian Jones
Washington and Lee Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Virginia Gardasil Law: A Constitutional Analysis Of Mandated Protection For Schoolchildren Against The Human Papillomavirus, Christina O. Hud
The Virginia Gardasil Law: A Constitutional Analysis Of Mandated Protection For Schoolchildren Against The Human Papillomavirus, Christina O. Hud
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
The Future Of Discriminatory Local Ordinances Aimed At Regulating Illegal Immigration, John Ryan Syllaios
The Future Of Discriminatory Local Ordinances Aimed At Regulating Illegal Immigration, John Ryan Syllaios
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
The Unconstitutionality Of Mississippi's Employment Protection Act And A Framework For Assessing Similar State Immigration Employment Laws, Nicholas Neidzwski
The Unconstitutionality Of Mississippi's Employment Protection Act And A Framework For Assessing Similar State Immigration Employment Laws, Nicholas Neidzwski
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
The Liberty Of Innocent Delights: Obscene Devices And The Limits Of State Power After Lawrence V. Texas, E. Benton Keatley
The Liberty Of Innocent Delights: Obscene Devices And The Limits Of State Power After Lawrence V. Texas, E. Benton Keatley
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Katrina Voting Wrongs: Aftermath Of Hurricane And Weak Enforcement Dilute African American Voting Rights In New Orleans, William P. Quigley
Katrina Voting Wrongs: Aftermath Of Hurricane And Weak Enforcement Dilute African American Voting Rights In New Orleans, William P. Quigley
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Young, Illegal, And Unaccompanied: One Step Short Of Legal Protection, Raya Jarawan
Young, Illegal, And Unaccompanied: One Step Short Of Legal Protection, Raya Jarawan
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Wake Of The Flood: Examining The Dissipation Of Property Rights Through A Model Of Post-Katrina New Orleans, Nicholas P. Devereux
Wake Of The Flood: Examining The Dissipation Of Property Rights Through A Model Of Post-Katrina New Orleans, Nicholas P. Devereux
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Substantive Due Process And Discourse Ethics: Rethinking Fundamental Rights Analysis, Timothy P. Loper
Substantive Due Process And Discourse Ethics: Rethinking Fundamental Rights Analysis, Timothy P. Loper
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Humphries V. Ozmint No. 03-14, 2005 Wl 267962, At *1 (4th Cir. Feb. 4, 2005)
Humphries V. Ozmint No. 03-14, 2005 Wl 267962, At *1 (4th Cir. Feb. 4, 2005)
Capital Defense Journal
No abstract provided.
"Can I See Your Papers?" Local Police Enforcement Of Federal Immigration Law Post 9/11 And Asian American Permanent Foreignness, Mohar Ray
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
No abstract provided.
Richmond V. Polk 375 F.3d 309 (4th Cir. 2004)
Richmond V. Polk 375 F.3d 309 (4th Cir. 2004)
Capital Defense Journal
No abstract provided.
Wilson V. Ozmint 352 F.3d 847 (4th Cir. 2003)
Wilson V. Ozmint 352 F.3d 847 (4th Cir. 2003)
Capital Defense Journal
No abstract provided.
Palmer V. Clarke 293 F. Supp. 2d 1011 (D. Neb. 2003)
Palmer V. Clarke 293 F. Supp. 2d 1011 (D. Neb. 2003)
Capital Defense Journal
No abstract provided.
Prejudiced By The Presence Of God: Keeping Religious Material Out Of Death Penalty Deliberations, Terrence T. Egland
Prejudiced By The Presence Of God: Keeping Religious Material Out Of Death Penalty Deliberations, Terrence T. Egland
Capital Defense Journal
No abstract provided.